Group 3
Urban Transportation
According to Geography of Transport System, considering that a
growing share of the global population lives in cities, urban
transportation issues are of foremost importance to support the
mobility of passengers in large urban agglomerations.
Transportation in urban areas is highly complex because of the
modes involved, the multitude of origins and destinations, and the
amount and variety of traffic.
Traditionally, urban transportation has focused on passengers, as
cities were viewed as locations of utmost human interactions with
intricate traffic patterns linked to commuting, commercial
transactions, and leisure/cultural activities. However, cities are also
locations of production, consumption, and distribution linked to
freight mobility.
Conceptually, the urban transport system is intricately linked
with urban form and spatial structure. Urban transit is an important
dimension of mobility, notably in high-density areas.
Transportation Planning
* Transportation planning is a preparation planning to move/transfer
human, animal or another item to some place to another place.
* This planning will be related to the operation of the highway
system, geometry, and operation of traffic facilities.
Function of Transportation Planning
* To identify highway system component
* To define transportation planning
* To recall the process and purpose of construction planning design
* To identify 4 models of transportation
Important of Transportation Planning
* Efficiency - to achieve efficient management and better
management of existing resources
> Effective use of transportation system
> Uses of technology
> Land use and resource controlling
* Quality - o reduce a negative impact to the traffic that produce a
pollution
* Equity - to meet travel demand at response for all communities
Transportation Planning Period
Short Term (Action Plan)
- review matters that can be completed within three years and
involve high costs.
Example: program an engineers to optimize the use of existing
transportation systems by installing various traffic control devices
such as signs and signals
Long Term (* 5 years)
- This type of planning is more structured and complicated and it
must be designed better than short term planning
- Urban transportation planning process involves planning the next
20 to 25 year
Characteristic of Transportation Planning
* Determine the transportation needs make/built a transportation
formulas
* Study the profitability
* Traffic/travel pattern is clear, stable and can be control
* Relationship between the various modes of transportation
* The transportation system can influence the development for that
area and needy to serve it.
Transportation Planning Element
Planning Process
Situation definition
- Involve all of the activities required to understand the situation
that gave rise to the perceived need for a transportation
improvement. Information about surrounding area, its people and
their travel habits may be obtained.
Problem definition
- To describe the problem in term of objectives to be accomplished
by the project.
- Objectives are statements of purpose such as to reduce traffic
congestion, to improve safety etc.
Search for solution
- Consideration is given to variety of ideas, design, location, and
system configuration that might provide solution to the problem.
Analysis of performance
- To estimate how each of the proposed alternatives would perform
under present and future conditions
Evaluation of alternative
- To estimate how each of the proposed alternatives would perform
under present and future conditions
Choice of project
- Made after considering all the factors involved.
Specification and Construction
- Once the transportation project has been selected, the project
move into the detailed design phase which each of the components
of the facilities is specified.
Common types of Urban Land uses
Urban Land Use
Urban land use refers to the way we use the landscape in urban
areas. Of the land use types, five are urban land uses. These
include:
· Industrial · Commercial
· Residential · Transportation
· Recreational
Urban land use can be identified as land for the use of retailing,
management, manufacturing, residence/housing, or industrial
activities. These activities are for the benefit of society and the
economy and ultimately aim to increase the development of a
location.
Land Use - Key takeaways
Land use is the way in which society uses and modifies the
land.
Agricultural, industrial, commercial, residential, recreational,
and transportation are the main six different types of land use.
Land use policies are used to manage and plan land use in a
more sustainable way.
Environmental impacts of land use include deforestation,
habitat destruction, monocultures, the spread of invasive
species, greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and soil
degradation. Social impacts include urban sprawl and
infrastructure congestion.
Transportation Studies in Planning Process
Spot speed studies
Conducted to estimate the distribution of speeds of vehicles in
a stream of traffic at particular location.
Carried out by recording the speed of a sample of vehicles at
specific location
Will be valid only for the traffic and environmental conditions
that exist at the time of study.
Application of spot speed data
Establish parameter for traffic operation such as speed zones,
speed limits, and passing restriction
Evaluate the effectiveness of traffic control devices such as
variable message sign at work zone.
Evaluate/determine the adequacy of highway geometric
characteristic Evaluate the effect of speed on highway
Determine speed trends. Travel time and delay studies
A travel time study determines the amount of time required to
travel from one point to another on a given route.
Information may also collect on the location, duration, and
causes of delays.
Data also aid the traffic engineer in identifying problems at
the location.
Application of time & delay data
Determine the efficiency of a route with respect to its ability to
carry traffic
Identification of locations with relatively high delay and the
causes for those delay.
Determine the traffic times on specific link for use in trip
assignment models
Performance of economic studied in the evaluation of traffic
operation alternative that reduce travel time.
To evaluate the change in efficiency and level of service with
time.
Parking studies
The need of parking spaces is usually very great in the areas
where land uses including business, residential and
commercial activities
Providing adequate parking space to meet the demand for
parking in central parking district may affect the level of
service.
Application of parking data
To get the valid information (before and latest)
To know whether it is adequate parking or not
To provide information needed to enable the implementation
of payment by the parties involved.
General policy of transportation
Social aspects
improve the social aspects as can be done safely and
comfortably.
Economic aspects
with the existence variety of travel pattern, activities such as
employment, population and household income will be
increase.
Physical aspects
create an efficient transportation system because there are
various modes of transportation introduced,
in an effort to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas, the
following elements have been introduced
capacity- widening access, traffic lights, sidewalks, traffic
lights, parking (cars, motorcycles, bicycles)
priority - priority to bus routes, truck, space is limited
(pedestrian), parking
restraint - access control, incentives to use public transport,
car sharing, land- use policy.
The role of transport policy
high quality urban transport impacts on the pattern of living,
including:
1. affect/improve the productivity and economic growth
2. provide increased accessibility and influence and prices and land
use
3. affect the standard of living 4. affect the environment in the city