Traffic and Transportation

Planning - II
Land Use-Transportation
Introduction
Urban areas originated when the benefits of living in dense settlements
outweighed its disadvantages.

Benefits Disadvantages

Reduced transport cost Higher cost of living

Large markets and choices High crime rate

Availability and sharing of services High pollution and mortality

Exchange of knowledge Travel time

Safety in numbers

Economies of scale
Introduction

• Technological development also required the division of labor

between agriculture and other trades.
• Spatial separation between these two also led to goods transport
between rural and urban area
• Urban areas also grew as trade outposts and became origins and
destinations of freight.
• Once land in an urban area became scarce more lands were
acquired along with divisions in its uses facilitating efficient
provision of services while following market forces.

• Initially all travel was on foot, the horsecar, then railway and later
the automobile gradually reduced the time and cost of travel thus
resulting in vast urban expanses and sprawls.
 Evolution of Transportation and Urban Form, Technological Impacts

Pedestrian:. No specific transport mode.

People have access to only what can be
reached (walked) in less than 45 minutes
(4 to 6 km). Very high urban densities. I
II
Tramway : Urban extension along main IV III
tramway lines. Enabled the emergence of
a specialized downtown area with
commercial and service activities.
Automobile : First suburbs with increased I - Walking-horsecar
ethnic and economic segregation. First II - Streetcar
decentralization of commercial and III - Automobile
industrial activities. In order to facilitate IV - Freeway
the diffusion of the road as a mode of
urban transportation
Urban land use transportation linkage
• Land use and transportation systems are inseparably linked.
• Land use development, requires spatial interaction which is met
by the transportation system of a city.
• The transportation system on the other hand determines spatial
development on the virtue of improving accessibility.
Factors affect on Urban land use transportation linkage

• Employment and population distribution

• Commercial, institutions, offices, residential buildings
• Travel behavior(Choice of mode, route, destination)
• Networks and travel time
• Urban environment
• Rules, regulations, Laws etc.
Urban local self government
In India land is a state subject and the State Government is responsible for planning
and development.
74th Constitution Amendment Act (74th CAA), 1st June 1993
Formation of local self government in urban areas has now become constitutional
obligation.
A) Constitution of Municipalities
• Nagar panchayats : transitional areas
• Municipal Council : small urban areas
• Municipal corporation : large urban areas
Urban local self government

B) Constitution of Ward Committees

C) Election in Municipalities every 5 years
D) Responsibilities and power to execute items listed in 12th Schedule
E) Municipal Finances and State Finance commission
F) Committee for District Planning, Metropolitan Planning
 Land use and transportation are independent urban systems,
they are also linked.
 Urban Land use planning and provision of transportation
infrastructure, facilities and services are both the responsibility of
urban local bodies.
 Urban land use and transportation planning is also guided by
several rules, regulations and laws which both act as constraints
as well as guidelines for developing our future urban areas.
Planning process
 Vision, aims and objectives (stakeholder participation)
 Determining the status of current development(demographic,
spatial, socio-economic , infrastructure environment)
 Identification of gaps and needs as per planning guidelines and
statutes Projecting the growth of the urban area(spatial) and status
of development (business as usual scenario(BAU))
 Determination of projected gaps and needs for the BAU scenario
 Scenario analysis (Policy, standards and guideline testing)
 Plan formulation (Realistic, Sustainable, Financially viable, Inclusive
& should meet statutory obligations)
 Review and revision of plans
 Plan modification

Scope and purpose of the plan, Time Frame, Spatial area

Types of Plans
Perspective Plan : Vision and policy for a 20 year period in form of a concept plan.
Regional Plan :Coordinates and consolidates individual plans for urban rural and
semi- urban areas considering migration, resources, knowledge,
investment opportunities for a 20 year period.
Region is a large area with multiple urban and rural settlements and other areas
which are either linked through administrative boundary, economic dependencies,
geographical features or through adjacency.

Intra and Inter regional transportation and other linkages and dependencies.
Aspects of Regional Planning
Sustainability (resource management, sprawl prevention, cultural resources)
Environment (pollution prevention, green cover maintenance )
Disaster management (hazard zoning)
Balanced development(reduce migration)
Inclusive development(preventing regional disparities)
Land use classification for Regional Planning
Urbanized Zone
Transport and Communication Zone
Primary Activity Zone - Industrial Zone
Open Area Zone - Protective and Eco Sensitive Zone
Special Area Zone
Development Plan/ Master Plan
 Development plan is a statutory plan (based on perspective plan)
 Strategies and physical proposals for integrating land use and transportation
considering economic and social needs, user perception and aspiration of the
people and available resources.
 Broad directions related to infrastructure development.
 Planning period ranges from 20-30 years and undertaken in phases.
Local Area Plan
• Detail land use plan and connects it with urban infrastructure
and services.
• Planning period ranges from 5-20 years.
• Zonal plan, Ward Committee plan, Town planning schemes,
Urban redevelopment plans etc.
Special Purpose Plan
Annual Plan
Projects
National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP), 2006, 2014
A national level framework to guide urban transportation planning at state level.
Evaluation of plans for financial assistance.
Parity of plans and their objectives.

Integrated Land Use and Transport Planning

• Prevents sprawl and guides peri-urban development
• Helps decide on transportation and other urban infrastructure investment
decisions
• Helps in travel demand management (reduces trip length, travel time, efficiency)
• Guides the city form and land use pattern (Transit oriented development)
• Multi modal transportation system(motorized, non-motorized, private and public
transport
Planning regions

Administrative (District Regions or Metropolitan Regions, ULBs)

Investment Regions(manufacturing zones, industrial and freight corridors
Primarily based on potential to attract investment and subsequent economic
develop
Infrastructure gap Identification and provision of last mile connectivity to regional an
national highways
e.g.,
Delhi—Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project
Chennai- Bangalore Economic Corridor
Bangalore-Mumbai Economic Corridor

Special regions(environmental and culturally sensitive areas )

Purpose, time frame and region determine the scope of preparation of any plan.
Land use and transportation plans are guided by the National urban planning
guidelines and National urban transport policy and have to be developed
following an integrated planning framework.
Land Use and Land Cover
• Land use refers to the purpose the land serves or the different activities carried out in them.
For example, residential, commercial, recreation etc.
• Land cover refers to the surface cover on the ground, whether water bodies, natural
vegetation, rocks/soils, artificial cover and others and also changes in them due to land
transformations.
Both land use and land cover and its transformation over time is important in urban planning
since they provide a history and background of the urban growth process.

It also helps urban planners to decide what to retain, where to plan for new development
and type of development, what to connect and what to protect.

Land
Land Cover suitability Land Cover
analysis
Land Use and Land Cover
Development Plan required both Land Cover and Land Use
• Base map preparation
• Existing Land use map/plan
• Proposed land use plan
 Land Use Classification

More than 40 land use categories at the Master Plan level and 10 at the Perspective
Plan level
Spot Zoning: Changing or relaxing the land use of a small area or zone.
Permissions for different activities as per:
Permitted, Restricted and Prohibited activities
Overlaps
Discretion of local planning body

This results in continuous transformations in an urban area.

Land use update for the entire area needs to be taken up during each plan
preparation.
Census of India 2011
• Urban Settlements Minimum population(5000)
• 75% of the male main working population (non-agricultural JOBS)
• Population density (more than 400 persons per sq. km)
Carrying capacity
Carrying capacity of an urban area can be defined as the
maximum number of people that can be supported by that area
considering;
• Desired levels of congestion
• Infrastructure capacity
• Institutional capacity
• Environmental capacity
• Sustainable capacity level
F.S.l and ground coverage(Municipal bye laws)
FSI/Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

Ratio between total covered floor area (Built up Area) to the plot area (land) of the
building. Indicator of built up area per acre (Based on FAR consumed)

FAR for a particular zone/plot Is set based on:

• Width of street
• Present and future traffic load
•Parking availability
• Land use and locality
• Utilities and infrastructure(Drainage, water supply) /
• Population Density
• Type of construction
•Firefighting services
Ground coverage
Setbacks in plots based on:
•building height
• road width
•plot size
•fire safety requirements
Comprehensive mobility plan(CMP)

• Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) is a long-term vision document to improve

mobility of people and goods in a city.
• This is also designed to improve accessibility which influences urban land use
pattern.
• It also provides strategies and investment programs to achieve this vision.
• CMP also promotes better use of existing infrastructure through improvement of
public
• transport(PT), pedestrian infrastructure and other non-motorized transport(NMT)
facilities
• Land use and transport development is thus integrated in a seamless process.

Key points
Equity
Low carbon mobility
Service level Benchmarks
Contents of CMPs
Review of existing travel demand and land use
Transport demand survey
Preparation of future land use scenarios
Future transport network and other technological scenarios
Transport demand forecast model and network evolution
Model carbon di oxide emissions and air pollutants Social and
environmental impact assessment
Preparation of implementation programs Stakeholder consultation
City Development Plan (CDP)
Infrastructure vs Mobility

Development plan /Master Plan

• Master plan both acts as input and output of CMPs
• Optimization of land use to achieve mobility goals
• Future land use determination using CMPs

Comprehensive Traffic &Transportation Studies

Vehicle flows vs Mobility
Policy analysis
Comprehensive Mobility Plan
Objectives and vision
Planning area and time frame (30 years and review at the end of 5
years)
City profile, Land use pattern and population
density

Growth directions
New development areas
Future growth pattern(prediction)
Land use patterns
PROPOSED SURVEY
LOCATIONS –
INNER CORDON
OUTER CORDERN
Traffic
analysis
zones(TAZs)
•Large TAZs size
results in intra
zonal trips.
•Cordon line
•External zones
•Population of
external zones are
surveyed but
sample size is
lower

TAZs as per administrative boundaries, physical barriers, road network and public
transport network, homogeneity in land use, special traffic generators.
Comprehensive mobility plans Tasks
For each TAZ: Population/Households as per income categories(Household
assets/percapita floor area)
Percentage of land under different land uses
Residential and job density
Floor space index(F.S.l), floor space used per activity and building use
Existing transportation system(modes, services and infrastructure)
Review, data collection(primary survey and secondary sources)
Travel behavior survey
• All members of family
• Different socio-economic groups and trip purposes(tour or activity pattern
can also be considered))
• People’s perception for various modes of transport(time, cost, comfort,
• safety and security)
• Household and road side interviews (1-2% of population depending on
• city size
Comprehensive mobility plans Tasks
Energy, emission and environment
Improvement in Service level benchmarks (PT, NMT, Intelligent transport system(ITS),
Travel speed, Parking, Safety, Pollution, Integrated land use transport system)
Scenario analysis Business as usual(BAU)
Socio-Economic Projections(TAZ)
•Economic transition (Industrial growth and job creation)
•Demographic transition (Migration, natural growth, family size, age, gender)
•Employment projections

•Land use transition (simulation tools)

How much and what kind of land use?
How much vacant land will be built up?
Change in land use from one type to another.
•Allocation of residential and non-residential land use Technology transitions
Comprehensive mobility plans Tasks

Travel demand analysis (4 stage model)

Model is developed and calibrated using base year data for continuous trip producing
and attracting zones. Incorporates socio-economic attributes, employment attributes,
land use changes, travel behavior. Single destination, separable purpose, daily trip based
approach using four steps.
These steps are sequential with output from each step being taken as the input for the
next step.
Comprehensive mobility plans Tasks

Travel demand analysis (4 stage model)

Trip generation Trip generation includes trip production and

model attraction models which are used to predict number
of trips produced from and attracted to each zone.

Trip distribution Trip distribution model is used to allocate purpose

model specific trips between origin and destinations.

Modal Split model The modal split model determines the most likely
travel modes for the inter zonal travel volume.

In the trip assignment model mode specific inter-

Trip Assignment zonal traffic volumes are assigned to one or more
routes, or paths.
Information needs may be classified under four broad
categories

Study Area

Urban Activities

Transportation System

Travel Information
Study Area
Defining the Boundaries

 Before forecasting travel for an urban area, it is necessary to define clearly the
exact area to be considered

 The area generally includes all the developed land plus the undeveloped land that
the urban area will encompass in the next 20 to 30 years

 The boundary of the planning area is known as the cordon line

 Urban Activities

 Zone1:Central Business District

Employment :452 retail ,1100 non-retail

Zone 2: Suburban shopping center

Parking spaces:700
Employment : 120 retail, 43non-retail Zone2
Zone1
Zone 5:Residential
Zone3
Population:1350
Households:395 Zone 4
Average Income : Rs. 10,00,000
Zone 5
Transportation System

 The urban activities to communicate with one another :people travel to work, to
shop, and to visit friends
 In cities some areas are not directly connected, some roads are faster than
others, and some areas have no transit service
 This variation in accessibility requires the planner to describe the transportation
system in term so fits Geometry and its Level of Service
Network Geometry
 The transportation system consists of networks that represent the available
modes

 The network description is an abstraction of what is actually on the ground but

does not include every local street or collector street in the area

 Network Geometry Network descriptions of auto and Transit

 Network geometry includes numbering the intersections called nodes so as to

identify the segments between them called links
Network Geometry
 The transit network is different from the vehicle network in that both the links and the
sequence of links to establish routes ( must be identified

 As both links and lines must be represented, the network description is two tiered

 The first level is a system of links that define the segments of travel facilities
between nodes Travel times, speeds, and distances are required for links
Level of Service
• Once network geometry (i.e. how points can be connected) is known, it is
necessary to quantify the ease with which the connections are made
• Whether two zones are connected by an arterial street or free way is an important
distinction in travel forecasting: Difference in travel speed and link capacity.
• For vehicle network description, specific data to be collected to determine the level
of service one link:
 Link length
 number of lanes
 type of facility (freeway, arterial, etc.)
 location in urban area, etc.
Travel Information

 Information on how, when, and where people are currently traveling is

importance in the forecasting process

 This information is studied to determine the underlying factors causing people to

make certain travel decisions so that models can be calibrated and used to
forecast how people will travel in the future or in response to changing
conditions now
Origin- Destination Data
 Information on where trips come from, where they go, by what mode, for what
purpose, and characteristics of trip maker and activities at the origin and destination

 Origin destination survey data are generally available in sufficient detail and of proper
statistical stability to allow accurate estimates of the model parameters

 Various data collection techniques are used to collect O- D data which are discussed
later
 Initial Decisions

Before proceeding with the processing of travel data, some decisions must be
made

To use vehicle trips or person trips in the analysis?

How to stratify trip purpose classifications?

Vehicle Trips or Person Trips

The decision is directly related to the needs and objectives of the study
 Areas with significant public transit issues regardless of size, require mode usage
models to be developed requiring person trip models for trip generation and trip
distribution
Stratification of Trip Purpose Classifications

 The number of classifications depends on the size of the study area and
the scope and objectives of the study
 It is necessary to make sure that enough trips are recorded under each
classification
 The amount of data preparation time, computer time, and analysis time
should also be considered while deciding the stratification
Trip purpose stratification
Home based work- Trips between a person's home and place of employment for
work purpose

Home based other- Trips between a person's home and any other destination for
any other purpose

Non home based- Trips that have neither end at home, regardless of purpose

Internal External trips- Trips with one end inside the study area and one outside the
study area

Through trips- Trips that have neither end in the study area but pass through it
Characteristics Of Travel
Spatial and Temporal Variations
Trip Purpose and Market Segments
Trip Types
Information Needs for Travel Demand Forecasting
Travel information
Origin Destination Data
Vehicle Trips or Person Trips
Trip purpose stratification
Defining Productions and Attractions
Processing Travel Data
Developing calibration files, trip tables, initial travel impedances
Comprehensive mobility plans Tasks
Peak hour model and not a daily demand model.
What about shared mobility?(Both supply and demand vary throughout the day.
What about work from home?
Public transit planned for peak hour mobility leads to inefficiency.(Demand responsive
transit)
People defer/change travel, destination, route etc. using open source traffic data

Scenario analysis (Sustainable Urban Transport Scenarios)

Limiting private vehicle ownership and use
Improving urban form, NMT infrastructure, Public transport improvement
Regulatory and financial measures
High density mixed use development
Closure of city centers for car traffic.
Para transit as feeders to transit systems and intermodal facility provision
Transit oriented development
Components of Comprehensive Urban Mobility Plan

• Integrated Land Use and Urban Mobility Plan

• Public Transport Improvement Plan
• Road Network Development Plan
• NMT Facility Improvement Plan
• Freight Movement Plan
• Mobility Management Measures
• Development of Fiscal Measures
• Preparation of the Implementation Program
• Identification and Prioritization of Projects
• Funding of Projects
• Monitoring of CMP Implementation
Comprehensive mobility plan for smaller cities
Population of more than 0.5 million: Full CMP
Cities with population less than 0.5 million
Computer based models and extensive data analysis is optional
Indicator based approach
Future travel demand can be estimated using trip rates and trip lengths of
present year C02 Emissions and Air Quality dispersion modeling is also
optional for smaller cities
Comprehensive mobility plans
The goal of a comprehensive plan is to enhance the mobility of both
individuals and goods by integrating land use and transportation
planning. It is essential to anticipate changes in land use,
demographics, economic factors, and technological advancements
within an urban area to evaluate their effects on travel demand and
behavior. The traditional 4-step transportation model is utilized to
analyze travel demand and behavior.