Course Title: Fundamentals of Architecture

CHAPTER ONE :

Introduction To Architecture
By:-Selehadin.N

CONTENTS
▪ Architecture?
▪ Why we need Architecture?

▪ What is Design?

▪ Design Process

▪ Basic Design Factors

▪ Functional Planning of Building Considerations

WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE ?
ARCHITECT
URE

3
 Definitions:

▪ It is meticulous(extreme or excessive care)

representation of a life style.

▪ Is an intellectual representation of functions into spaces

and time.

▪ Is an interpretation of social structure, values and

practices.

5
▪ Is an art and science of designing buildings to put up

structures that draw emotional responses from users

and observers.

6
Famous Architects ARCHITECTURE

▪ “I don’t think that Architecture is only about

shelter, is only about a very simple
enclosure. It should able to excite you, to
calm you, to make you think.” Zaha
Hadid

7
▪ “For me, architecture is not just creating a space to protect
people but to make them dream as well.” Mario Botta

▪ “My buildings will be my legacy… they will speak

for me long after I’m gone.” Julia Morgan

Famous Architects ARCHITECTURE

▪ “The ultimate goal of the architect … is to create paradise.
Every house, every product of architecture… should be a fruit

8
of our endeavor to build an earthly paradise for people.” Alvar
Aalto

▪ “The mother art is architecture.

Without an Architecture of our own
we have no soul of our own
civilization.” Frank Lloyd Wright.

9
▪ “Architecture is about experience; not only visual but also
what you can touch, what you can feel.” Ma Yansong

WHY WE NEED
ARCHITECTURE ?

10
❑Architectural designs try to respond to the three kinds of
basic human needs (from the building).

1. Physical needs

2. Physiological needs

3. Psychological needs

11
 ARCHITECTURE

1. Physical needs
✓ It deals with the relationship between human shape, size
and movement with the details of buildings.
✓ Needs analysis of average human measurement and
posture, movement and growth which results in a set of
dimensions for parts of buildings, landscapes, interiors
and furniture's.

12
 ARCHITECTURE

Such as:-
✓ Doors must allow people to pass.

✓ Seats must beat a right level and inclination for

comfort for different purpose.

✓ Steps must have dimensions evolved from basic

human movement pattern.

13
 ARCHITECTURE

2.Physiological needs

✓ This need results from the interaction of the inner

biological condition of an individual with the
surrounding environment.
✓ People need food, air, water, exercise and protection
from excess of heat and cold

14
 ARCHITECTURE

✓ Health or disease may be regarded as expression of

the success or failure of an organism to respond
adaptively to environmental change.

✓ We need to achieve Homeostasis in our space

(maintaining the environment in an

approximately permanent state)

15
 ARCHITECTURE

✓ Ventilation, room temperature…

3. Psychological needs

✓ The definition of health by UN health organization is

‘the state of physical, mental and social well-being’
✓ This is the most difficult part for architects for achieving
and even to define it and relate it to space

16
 ARCHITECTURE

✓ The need differs from multiple dimensions such as

social class, age, religion, past experience..
▪ Social needs – group empathies
▪ Individual need – privacy, comfort, security
▪ Self-expression – dominancy, achievement, power..
▪ Enrichment – knowledge, beauty, creativity, aesthetics

17
 Architecture is a discipline which deals about re-arranging
the given
environment/space for peoples to
live/work/shop/worship/relax/ enjoy/learn/….

Design is a process of structuring the given

environment/space.
Study/research
Thoughts

18
 Sketches/drafting
compositions
Building/Structured Space

Design
CultureTime
ContextPlace
Social SetupCondition
Physical nature/ environment
 Architecture
WHAT IS DESIGN ?

20
 DESIGN

Definitions:
✓ Is the organization of parts into a coherent whole.
✓ A creative endeavor(continuously do some thing)
to solve a problem.
✓ The need of a design is a desire for order.
❑Major characteristic features about design:

21
 DESIGN

o Process o Problem solving o

Creative activity
 DESIGN

Problem Solving Process Creativity

23
Design process

24
 Design process

▪Design process is a progressive method of analyzing

functional spaces, site potentials and constraints, building

enclosures and the overall surrounding to ensure that project

objectives are achieved with suitable design solutions.

25
 Design process

▪ Without a wisely performed design process, the resulting

building is just a random collection of unrelated decisions.

▪ The design process works with information and ideas

simultaneously on many

levels.

26
 Design process

▪ One assembles the puzzle picture by searching for fits; piece after

piece is picked up, tried, and found to be a misfit until, finally, the

right piece steps into place.

▪ The designers mind searches memory to find elements that meet

their needs of the given problem.

27
 Design process

Design process
▪ Feasibility study ▪ Schematic design

▪ Literature review ▪ Presentation drawings and model

▪ Construction document preparation (blue prints and

▪ Case study
specification)
▪ Site analysis
▪ Tender
▪ Program development
▪ Construction and supervision
▪ Concept development
Functional Planning of Buildings

28
▪ Functional planning of buildings is one of the basic
considerations under architectural design process.

29
 Functional Planning of Buildings

▪ The planning of a building is both an art and a science since

it assumes certain laws and basic principles which are
applicable with a variety of creative approaches.

▪ The objective of planning a building is to arrange and set out

all different units so as to satisfy their functional requirements
by making use of the available space economically.
▪ The following are the basic considerations during planning of a
building :

30
 Functional Planning of Buildings

1. Aspect 6. Flexib
ility
2. Prospect
7. Sanit
3. Privacy ation

4. Grouping 8. Aesth
etics

9. Econo
my
5. Circulation
1. Aspect

31
 Functional Planning of Buildings

▪Aspect means skillful arrangement of doors and windows (openings) in the

external wall of a building which allows the occupants to enjoy the natural gift
such as :- sunshine, breeze, scenery, etc.

2. Prospect
32
 Functional Planning of Buildings

▪It is the arrangement of windows and doors in external wall of the

structure so as to reveal certain desired views and at the same time
concealing undesired views from inside.

33
 Functional Planning of Buildings

3. Privacy

▪Is a technique of securing privacy of residents inside a building from

outside or another building
34
 Functional Planning of Buildings

an fromon roo toanothe

.
d e m r

4. Grouping

35
 Functional Planning of Buildings

▪ Is arranging units(rooms) of abuilding to join (group together), so that the

people visiting one unit from the other should feel invited.

36
 Functional Planning of Buildings

5. Circulation

▪Circulation designates movement inside the building in the horizontal

plane or in vertical plane.

Horizontal
circulatio
n
37
 Functional Planning of Buildings

▪Short and visible circulations are more preferable.

38
 Functional Planning of Buildings

5. Circulation
Vertical circulation

39
 Functional Planning of Buildings

6. Flexibility

40
 Functional Planning of Buildings

▪ Flexibility as a quality of a design to accommodate changes in the plan of

the building in future if necessary.

▪ For example, plan rooms with appropriate geometry and removable

partitions so that they become a single large rooms when necessary.

41
 Functional Planning of Buildings

7. Sanitation

▪ Sanitation includes proper planning of wet areas in the building and

provision of sufficient light, ventilation and facilities for sanitary units.

42
Functional Planning of Buildings
Sanitary system

43
 Functional Planning of Buildings

8. Aesthetic
s
▪Beaut i th mos essentithin tha satisfieever huma bein. Thus
y s e t al g t s y n g
aesthetics/ of a buildinappearancreat feelingof joy relaxatioan
beauty g ce es s , n d
luxurtoit user.
y s s

44
 Functional Planning of Buildings

9. Economy

45
 Functional Planning of Buildings

▪ The cost of building materials and their durability, a space and cost-
effective building design, and efficient construction ensure economic

realization of a building project.

46
Common design factors

47
Common design factors
✓ When designing any form of landscape, interior, or buildings
it can be affected by:
▪ The use and function
▪ Orientation
▪ Topography
▪ Access and circulation
▪ Architecture and
▪ Boundaries
48
Common design factors

✓ The source of the plan form, the Use &

landscape component and the function

materials are majorly selected based

on the needed function or use
✓ Thus, the design should satisfy the
program requirements located and
connected according to the site plan
✓ Public gardens, recreational places,
49
Common design factors

children playing areas ..

50
Common design factors
Orientation
✓ Has an important bearing on the amount of sun

received during different

season or times of the day and
any adverse wind effect
✓ This dictates plan types and

the need for shades

51
Common design factors
✓ View, wind direction, sun ray, value…

52
Common design factors
Topography

✓ Reaction to the geographic and

other natural features.
✓ The composition of built up and
planting patterns
✓ Affects sight lines and visual
exposure
✓ Can affect circulation pattern
53
Common design factors
✓ It is developed considering the relationship of the site with
adjacent buildings, entrances, paths and road.
✓ Any design should be
well informed about the
surrounding situation of
circulation, traffic and
access.

54
Common design factors
Access & circulation

55
Common design factors

✓ The surrounding Architect

buildings and ure
structures have
a direct effect
on any design.
✓ The basic plan
organization.
✓ The building

56
Common design factors

near by may project an

imaginary lines.
✓ The material selected should
consider others.

57
Common design factors
✓ The shape of the site is the fundamental Boundaries
source of the plan form
E.g. the alignment of play fields,
parking lots, buildings and
paths.

58
 Common design factors
✓ Other factors: material availability, construction
technique, Maintenance factors …
✓ From the point of efficiently use of space

59
To be
continued…
End of Lecture - I