BE Fifth Semester

Subject: Structural Analysis - II

Name of faculty: Rakesh Shambharkar, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering

Unit 4
Beam
Basic concept, Degree of Freedom, Direct Stiffness Method. Formulation of elemental/local
stiffness matrix and global stiffness matrix for beam members (without axial deformation)
and
Plane Frames
Member load matrix due to concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads.

Transformation matrix, Assembly of global/ structural load matrix up to three elements.

Solution to problems with maximum degree of freedom three.

As one of the methods of structural analysis, the direct stiffness method, also known as the
matrix stiffness method, is particularly suited for computer-automated analysis of complex
structures including the statically indeterminate type. It is a matrix method that makes use of the
members' stiffness relations for computing member forces and displacements in structures. The
direct stiffness method is the most common implementation of the finite element method (FEM).
In applying the method, the system must be modeled as a set of simpler, idealized elements
interconnected at the nodes. The material stiffness properties of these elements are then, through
matrix mathematics, compiled into a single matrix equation which governs the behaviour of the
entire idealized structure. The structure’s unknown displacements and forces can then be
determined by solving this equation. The direct stiffness method forms the basis for most
commercial and free source finite element software.

The direct stiffness method originated in the field of aerospace. Researchers looked at various
approaches for analysis of complex airplane frames. These included elasticity theory, energy
principles in structural mechanics, flexibility method and matrix stiffness method. It was through
analysis of these methods that the direct stiffness method emerged as an efficient method ideally
suited for computer implementation.

History

Between 1934 and 1938 A. R. Collar and W. J. Duncan published the first papers with the
representation and terminology for matrix systems that are used today. Aeroelastic research
continued through World War II but publication restrictions from 1938 to 1947 make this work
difficult to trace. The second major breakthrough in matrix structural analysis occurred through
1954 and 1955 when professor John H. Argyris systemized the concept of assembling elemental
components of a structure into a system of equations. Finally, on Nov. 6 1959, M. J. Turner, head
of Boeing’s Structural Dynamics Unit, published a paper outlining the direct stiffness method as
an efficient model for computer implementation (Felippa 2001).
Stiffness matrix for beam member in Local Axis

i j

Let, i and j are two end node of truss member

Let, 1 = Vertical direction at node i 2 = Rotation at node i
3= Vertical direction at node j 4 = Rotation at node j
Case 1: - Unit displacement is imposed at node i along y-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e.
u2 = u3 =u4 = 0
12 EI 6 EI 12EI
F11  3 u1 F21  2  u1 F31   3 u1
L L L
6 EI
F41  2  u1
L
Case 2 : - Unit rotation imposed at node i along. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u1=u3=u4= 0
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
F21  2 u 2 F22   u2 F32   u2 F42   u2
L L L L
Case 3 : - Unit displacement is imposed at node j along x-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e.
u1 = u2 =u4 = 0
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
F31   3 u 3 F23   2  u 3 F33  3 u 3 F43   2  u3
L L L L
Case 4 : - Unit displacement is imposed at node j along y-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e.
u1 = u2 =u3 = 0
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
F14  2 u 4 F24   u4 F34   2  u4 F44   u4
L L L L
As practically it is not possible thatat a time any all other nodes are fixed, hence assembling all
the cases we have,
 12EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 
 L3  3
L 2
L L2  u
 f1   F11  F12  F13  F14   6 EI 4EI 6 EI 2EI   1 
 f  F  F  F  F   2  2  
 2   21 22
 23 24 
  L L L L  u2 
    12EI 6EI 12EI 6 EI  u3 
 f3   F31  F32  F33  F34   3    
 f 4  F41  F42  F43  F44   L L2 L3 L2  u4 
 6 EI 2EI 6 EI 4EI 
 2  2 
 L L L L 
In Short,  f   k  u
Where, [f] = Force nodal matrix in local axis
[k] = Stiffness matrix in local axis for beam member
{u} = Displacement matrix
Numerical:-
1. Analyze the continuous beam shown in figure 8 by stiffness method and Draw its
BMD. Take EI = I Units.

Answer:-
Step – 1 Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement
Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement are shown in figure
4 3 2 1

Step – 2 Degree of Freedom

DOF = 3
Step – 3 Formation of Member Stiffness Matrix
 4EI 2EI 
 L 
K m   2LEI 4EI 
 
 L L 
Member AB Member BC Member CD
L=4m L=6m L=6m
4 3 3 2 2 1
 4 2  4 2  4 2
 4  6  6
K AB  EI   4
2 4
K BC  EI   6
2 4
K BC  EI   6
2 4
     
4 4 6 6 6 6

Step – 4 Formation of Reduced Global Stiffness Matrix

2 1 
3 3 0
 
K G   1 4 1 
3 3 3
 1 5
 0 3 3 
Step – 5 Formation of Reduced Global load Matrix
We know F    f J   f ML
1) Member Load
Member AB Member BC
  WL2   80   WL2 
 f 4  M AB   12   3   f 3  M BC   12   90
   2      2  
 f 3   M BA   WL   80   f 2   M CB   WL   90 
 12   3   12 

Member CD
 Wab 2 Wab 2 
 f 2   M CD    L2  L2    75 
   2 2    
 f1   M DC    Wa b  Wa b   75 
 L2 L2 

Assemble Member Load

   
 f1   75   75 
     
 f 2     75  90    15 
 f   90  80    190 
 3 
 3   3 

2. Joint Load
 f1  0
   
 f 2   0
 f  0
 3 J  

Global load Matrix

F    f J   f 1
   
 F1   f1   f1  0  75   75
           
F2    f 2    f 2   0   15     15
F   f   f     190 190 
 3   3 J  3 ML 0 
 3   3 
Step – 6 Assembly displacement Matrix
U 1  U 1 
   
U 2   U 2 
U   
 3 G U 3 
Step – 7 Determination of Primary Unknown
F   K U 
U   K 1F
1
2 1    3860 
 0    33 
U1  
3 3
  75  116.969
  1 1 4 1   1  295  1  
U 2   EI      15     8.939 
U   3 3 3   190  EI  33  EI  
 3  1 5    1195   36.212 
 0 3 3   3   33 
Step – 8 Determination of Secondary Unknown
F m  K m U m  F Am
Member AB
4 2
 F4   M AB    1  0   26.67   8.57 
     EI   42 44     
 F3  AB  M BA    EI 36 .21  26.67   62.88 
4 4
Member BC
4 2
 F3   M BC   6 6  1 36.21  90   62.88
     EI   2 4     
 F2  BC  M CB    EI  8.94   90   108.03 
6 6
Member CD
4 2
 F2   M CD   6 6  1  8.94   75  108.03
     EI   2 4     
 F1 CD M DC    EI  116.97  75   0 
6 6
Step – 9 Interpretation of Result
wL2/8 = 135 108.03kNm
2
wL /8 = 40 wa = 75
62.88kNm
8.57kNm

Calculation for SFD

1. For Member AB

2okN/m
62.88
8.57

VA VBA

M A 0   V  0

 8.57  20  4 
4
 62.88  VB  4  0 VA  VBA  20 4  0
2 VA  53.58  80  0
4
VB  4  8.57  20  4   62 .88  214 .31 VA  26.42kN
2
VBA  53.58kN

2. For Member BC

30kN/m
108.03
62.88

VBC VCB
M B 0  V  0
6 VBC  VCB  30  6  0
 62 .88  30  6   108 .03  VCB  6  0
2 VBC  97.53  180  0
VCB  97.53kN
VBC  82.48kN
3. For Member CD

50kN
108.03

VCD VD

M C 0  V  0
 108.03  50 1.5  50  4.5  VD  6  0 VCD  VD  50  50  0
VD  6  191.7 VCD  31.95  100  0
VD  31.95kN VCD  68.05kN

97.53kN
53.58kN

31.95kN 31.95kN

18.05kN
26.42kN

68.05kN 68.05kN
82.48kN
 2. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure. Draw SFD and BMD using stiffness method. EI is
Constant.

Answer:-
Step – 1 Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement
Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement are shown in figure
3 2 1

Step – 2 Degree of Freedom

DOF = 2
Step – 3 Formation of Member Stiffness Matrix
 4EI 2EI 
 L 
K m   2LEI 4EI 
 
 L L 
Member AB Member BC
L=3m L=4m
3 2 2 1
4 2 4 2
 3  4
K AB  EI   3
2 4
K BC  EI   4
2 4
   
3 3 4 4

Step – 4 Formation of Reduced Global Stiffness Matrix

4 1
 
K G   14 72 
 
2 3
Step – 5 Formation of Reduced Global load Matrix
We know F    f J   f ML
1) Member Load
Member AB Member BC
 WL 2
  Wab2 
 3   FAB   12
f M   15  f 2  M FBC   L2   15
   2      2  
 f 2  M FBA   WL   15   f1  M FCB   Wa b   15 
 12   L2 

Assemble Member Load

 f1   M C   M CB   15  15 
     
 f 2   M B   M BA  M BC  15  15   0 
 2. Joint Load
 f1  0 
   
 f 2  J 0 

Global load Matrix

F    f J   f 1
 F1   f1   f1  0  15   15 
           
 F2   f 2  J  f 2  ML 0   0   0 
Step – 6 Assembly displacement Matrix
U 1  U 1 
   
U 2 G U 2 
Step – 7 Determination of Primary Unknown
F   K U 
U   K 1F
1
4 1   84 
 1
U 1  4 2   15  1  5   1  16.8
   EI   1 7     18   
U 2     0  EI   EI  3.6 
2 3  5 
Step – 8 Determination of Secondary Unknown
 f m  k m um   f Am
Member AB
4 2
 F3   M AB  3 3 1  0   15  12.6 
     EI   2 4     
 F2  AB  M BA    EI 3.6   15   19.8 
3 3
Member BC
4 2
 F2   M BC    1  3.6   15  19.8
     EI   42 44     
 F1  BC  M CB    EI  16.8  15   0 
4 4
Step – 9 Interpretation of Result
wL2/8 = 22.5 Wab/L=30
19.8kNm

12.6kNm

Calculation for SFD

1. For Member AB
 2okN/m
19.8
12.6

3m
VA VBA

M A 0   V  0
3 𝑉 + 𝑉 − 20 × 3 = 0
−12.6 + 20 × 3 × + 19.8 − 𝑉 × 3 = 0
2 𝑉 + 32.4 − 60 = 0
3 𝑉 = 60 − 32.4 = 27.6𝑘𝑁
𝑉 × 3 = −12.6 + 20 × 3 × + 19.8 = 97.2
2
𝑉 = 32. .4𝑘𝑁
2. For Member BC

30kN
19.8

VBC VC

M C 0   V  0
−19.8 − 30 × 2 + 𝑉𝑩𝑪 × 4 = 0 𝑉 + 𝑉 − 30 = 0
𝑉 × 4 = 79.8 19.95 + 𝑉 = 30
𝑉 = 19.95𝑘𝑁 𝑉 = 10.05𝑘𝑁

27.60kN

19.95kN

10.05kN
32.4kN
Plane Frames
Stiffness matrix for plane frame member in Local Axis

i j

Let, i and j are two end node of truss member

Let,1 = Horizontal direction at node i 2 = Vertical direction at node i 3 = Rotation at node i
4 = Horizontal direction at node j 5 = Vertical direction at node j 6 = Rotation at node j
Case 1:-Unit displacement is imposed at node i along x-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u2=u3=u4=u5=u6=0
AE AE
F11  u1 F21  0  u1 F31  0  u1 F41    u1 F51  0  u1 F61  0  u1
L L
Case 2:- Unit displacement is imposed at node i along y-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u1=u3=u4=u5=u6=0
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
F12  0  u2 F22  3
u 2 F32  2  u 2 F42  0  u 2 F52   u2 F62   u2
L L L3 L2
Case3:-Unit displacement is imposed at node i along rotation. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u1=u2=u4=u5=u6=0
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
F13  0  u3 F23  2
u 3 F32   u 3 F43  0  u3 F53   u 3 F63   u3
L L L L
Case 4:-Unit displacement is imposed at node j along x-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u1=u2=u3=u5=u6=0
AE AE
F14   u 4 F24  0  u 4 F34  0  u 4 F44    u 4 F54  0  u 4 F64  0  u 4
L L
Case 5:-Unit displacement is imposed at node j along y-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u1=u2=u3=u4=u6=0
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
F15  0  u5 F25   3
u 5 F35   2  u 5 F45  0  u 5 F55  3
u 5 F65   2  u5
L L L L
Case6:-Unit displacement is imposed at node i along rotation. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u1=u2=u3=u4=u5=0
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
F16  0  u6 F26  2
u 6 F36   u 6 F46  0  u 6 F56   u6 F66   u6
L L L L
As practically it is not possible that at a time any all other nodes are fixed, hence assembling all the cases we have,
 AE AE 
 L 0 0  0 0 
L
 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 
 f1   F11  F12  F13  F14  F15  F16   0 0  
 f  F  F  F  F  F  F   L3 L2 L3 L2   u 
 2   21 22 23 24 25 26 
 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI  1
 2  
 f 3   F31  F32  F33  F34  F35  F36   0 L2 L
0
L L  u 2 
 f   F  F  F  F  F  F    AE AE  
 4   41 42 43 44 45 46
  0 0  0 0  u 3 
 f 5  F51  F52  F53  F54  F55  F56   L L  u 
     12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI   4 
 f 6  F61  F62  F63  F64  F65  F66   0   0  2
L3 L2 L3 L 
 6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 
 0 0  2 
 L2 L L L 
In Short,  f   k  u
Where, [f] = Force nodal matrix in local axis
[k] = Stiffness matrix in local axis for beam member
{u} = Displacement matrix
1. Analyse the plane frame by stiffness method shown in figure. Take E = 25 x 103 N/mm2
and member cross-section as 200 x 400 mm. Use stiffness method and neglect axial
deformaton.

Step – 1 Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement

Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement are shown in figure 1 2
Step – 2 Degree of Freedom
As the axial deformation is neglected,
DOF = 1
Step – 3 Formation of Member Stiffness Matrix
 4 EI 2 EI  3
 L 
K m  L
2 EI 4 EI 
 
 L L 

Member AB Member BC
L = 5m L = 4m
12 1 3
4 2 4 2
 5  4
K AB  E I    5
2 4
K AB  E I    4
2 4
   
 5 5  4 4

Step – 4 Formation of Global Stiffness Matrix

9 2 2
5 5 4
2 4 
K G  EI  0
5 5 
2 4
4 0
 4 

Step – 5 Formation of Global load Matrix

1) Member Load
Member AB Member BC Assembly of Member Load 2) Joint Load
 WL2   f1  0  f1   53.33  f1  0
 f1   12   53.33    f    f   
 f3  0  2    53.33   2   0
  
2     f3   0   f 3  0
 f 2   WL   53.33         
 12 
 Global load Matrix : - F   f J   f ML
 F1  0  53.33  53.33 
       
F2   0   53.33    53.33
 F  0  0   0 
 3   J    

Step – 7 Determination of Primary Unknown

F   K U 
U   K 1F
1
9 2 2
5 5 4
U1   53.33 
  1  2 4   
0  0  53.33
 0  EI  5 5   0 
  2 4  
4 0
 4 
1
U1   9 
 53.33   29.63
 5EI   EI 
Step – 8 Determination of Secondary Unknown
F m  K m U m  F Am
Member AB
4 2
F3  M AB  5 5  1  0   11.852
     E I    2 4  EI 29.63 23.704
 F1  AB  M BA  AB  
 5 5 
Member BC
4 2
 F1  M BC   4  1 29.63   53.33   23.70
     E I   42 4  EI  0   53.33   68.15 
F M
 2  BC  CB  BC  
4 4
2. Analyse the frame as shown in following figure by stiffness method and draw BMD.
Neglect axial deformation.

20kN/m
B C
15kN I

4m
2I 3I

A D

4m

Step – 1 Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement

Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement are shown in figure
1 2
I

2I 3I

4 3

Step – 2 Degree of Freedom

As the axial deformation is neglected,
DOF = 3 (node 1,2, and 3 are free to rotate as can be observe from the figure)

Step – 3 Formation of Member Stiffness Matrix

As in numerical Axial deformation is neglected, hence only 2 x 2 is only the stiffness matrix can
be considered, as given below.

 4 EI 2 EI 
 L 
K m  L
2 EI 4 EI 
 
 L L 
 Member AB Member BC Member CD
L = 4m L = 4m L = 4m
4 1 1 2 2 3
8 4 4 2 12 6 
 4  4  
K AB  E I    4
4 8
K BC  E I    4
2 4
K CD  E I    4 4 
6 12
     
4 4 4 4 4 4

Step – 4 Formation of Stiffness Matrix

 3 0 .5 0 
K G  EI 0.5 4 1.5
 0 1.5 3 
Step – 5 Formation of Global load Matrix
1) Member Load
Member AB Member BC Member CD
𝟐
 f4  0  𝒘𝑳  f2  0 
    𝒇𝟏 𝑴𝑭𝑩𝑪
⎧− ⎫    
 f1  0  = = 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕  f3  0 
𝒇𝟐 𝑴𝑭𝑪𝑩 𝟐
⎨ 𝒘𝑳 ⎬ 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕
⎩ 𝟏𝟐 ⎭
2) Joint load
As from figure it can be observed that there is no joint force (moment) is given. Though, at
joint B a point load acting along the horizontal direction (i.e along the horizontal axis). But
in this numerical axial deformation is neglected, hence it should not be considered in this
joint load.
 f1  0
f   
 2   0
 f 3  0
   

Assembly of Member Load

Global load Matrix: - F   f J   f ML

 F1  0   26 .67   26 .67 
       
 F2   0    26.67    26 .67 
 F  0   0   0 
 3   J    

Step – 7 Determination of Primary Unknown

F   K U 
U   K 1F
1
U1   3 0.5 0   26.67   10.53 
  1     1  
U 2   0.5 4 1.5  26.67   9 .83
U  EI  0 1.5 3   0  EI  4.91 
 3      
Step – 8 Determination of Secondary Unknown
F m  K m U m  F Am
Member AB
8 4
 F4   M AB   4 4  1  0  0  10 .53 
     E I    4 8      
 F1  AB  M BA  AB   EI 10 .53 0  21 .06 
4 4
Member BC
4 2
 F1   M BC    1  10 .53   26.67   21 .06 
     E I    42 44     
 F2  BC  M CB  BC   EI  9.83  26.67   22 .11 
4 4
Member CD
12 6 
 F2 
  
 M CD  
  EI   64 12 4  1  9.83  0    22.125 

 F3 CD  M DC CD   EI  4.91  0   0 
4 4
Step – 9 Interpretation of result
BMD
40 kNm
22.125kNm

21.06 kNm

21.06 kNm 22.125kNm

22.125kNm
21.06kNm

10.53

10.53kNm