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Process

IT2306 - Database Systems

Level I - Semester 2

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 Database Design Process

• Database design and the creation of an entity relationship

diagram (also known as an " ERD” or data model) is an
important yet sometimes overlooked part of the application
development lifecycle.
• An accurate and up to date data model can serve as an
important reference tool for DBAs, developers, and other
members of a JAD (joint application development) team.
• The process of creating a data model helps the team uncover
additional questions to ask of end users Effective database
design also allows the team to develop applications that
perform well, from the beginning.
• By building quality into the project, the team reduces the
overall time it takes to complete the project, which in turn
reduces project development costs.
• The central theme behind database design is to "measure
twice, cut once“ .
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 Data Modeling

• A data model represents a business' data and act as a

blueprint and foundation of a database. If the data model is
flawed, the database and all programs that use the database
will be flawed.
• This data model is a conceptual representation of Data
objects, the associations between different data objects and
the rules.
• The data model and subsequently the database should be
designed, to be extensible and expandable.
• Therefore, understanding the business environment and the
initial reason for the database is essential.
• Data modeling helps in the visual representation of data and
enforces business rules, regulatory compliances, and
government policies on the data.

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 Data Modeling

• Data model emphasizes on what data is needed and how it

should be organized instead of what operations need to be
performed on the data.
• Ex: House Plan
• The two types of Data Models techniques are
• Entity Relationship (E-R) Model
• UML (Unified Modelling Language)
• Many CASE tools are available to assist in data modeling.

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 Goals of Data Modeling

• Ensures that all data objects required by the database are

accurately represented.
• Helps design the database at the conceptual, physical and
logical levels.
• Data Model structure helps to define the relational tables,
primary and foreign keys and stored procedures.
• It provides a clear picture of the base data and can be used
by database developers to create a physical database.
• Helpful to identify missing and redundant data.
• Initial creation of data model is labor and time consuming, in
the long run, it makes the IT infrastructure upgrade and
maintenance cheaper and faster.

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• A poor database design can cripple an application,
producing problems with redundancy, inaccuracy,
consistency, and concurrency of your data.

• Normalization is a process that serves to reduce, if not

eliminate, these problems with data.

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 Database Design Process

• Effective database designers will keep in mind the principles

of normalization while they design a database. Normalization
is a database design approach that seeks the following four
objectives.

1. Minimization of data redundancy,

2. Minimization of data restructuring,
3. Minimization of I/O by reduction of transaction sizes, and
4. Enforcement of referential integrity.

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 Types of Data Models

• Conceptual
• Defines WHAT the system contains.
• This model is typically created by Business stakeholders and Data
Architects. The purpose is to organize, scope and define business
concepts and rules.
• Logical
• Defines HOW the system should be implemented regardless of the
DBMS.
• This model is typically created by Data Architects and Business
Analysts. The purpose is to developed technical map of rules and
data structures.
• Physical
• This Data Model describes HOW the system will be implemented
using a specific DBMS system.
• This model is typically created by DBA and developers. The
purpose is actual implementation of the database.

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 Database Design

• The database design process can be broken down into four

phases.

Phase 1 -Requirements Collection

and analysis
Phase 2 -Conceptual Design
Phase 3 -Logical Design
Phase 4 -Physical Design

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Phases of DB Design

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Types of Database Models

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Types of Data Models

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Conceptual Data Model

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Logical Data Model

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Physical Data Model

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 Database Development Activities

• Enterprise Modelling
• Conceptual Data Modelling
• Logical Database Design
• Physical Database Design and Creation
• Database Implementation
• Database Maintenance

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 Enterprise Modelling

• Analyze current data processing

• Analyze the general business functions and their database
needs
• Justify need for new data and databases in support of
business

Project Identification &Selection

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 Conceptual Data Modelling

• Identify scope of database requirements for proposed

information system
• Analyze overall data requirements for business function(s)
supported by database
• Develop preliminary conceptual data model including
entities and relationships
• Compare preliminary conceptual data model with
enterprise data model

Analyze
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Conceptual Data Modelling...

Analysis

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Logical Database Design

Logical Design

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Physical Database Design

Physical Design
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Database Implementation

Implementation

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 Database Maintenance

• Analyze database and database applications to ensure that

evolving information requirements are met
• Tune database for improved performance
• Fix errors in database and database applications and
recover database when it is contaminated

Maintenance

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Thank You
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