ESP32 Microcontroller:

Overview: The ESP32 is a versatile and powerful microcontroller that has garnered attention
for its remarkable features and capabilities. Developed by Espressif Systems, it is a successor
to the widely recognized ESP8266 and offers significant enhancements over its predecessor.
The ESP32 is a System on Chip (SoC) that integrates Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionalities,
making it an excellent choice for a variety of Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

At the heart of the ESP32 lies a 32-bit Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor, which can be
configured as either a single-core or a dual-core processor, with the ability to operate at up to
240 MHz. This robust processing power allows the ESP32 to handle complex tasks and
support a wide range of functionalities. The ESP32 is also equipped with a rich set of
peripherals, including standard communication interfaces like I2C, SPI, and UART, as well
as more specialized features such as capacitive touch sensors, a Hall effect sensor, and built-
in analog-to-digital (ADC) and digital-to-analog (DAC) converters12.

One of the key advantages of the ESP32 is its low power consumption, achieved through
advanced power management and clock synchronization features. This makes it particularly
suitable for battery-operated devices and applications where energy efficiency is crucial.
Additionally, the ESP32’s design incorporates several RF components, such as a power
amplifier, low-noise receive amplifier, antenna switch, and filters, which simplifies the
hardware design process and reduces the need for external components12.

The ESP32’s integrated Wi-Fi supports the 802.11 b/g/n protocols, providing reliable
connectivity for data transmission and remote access. Its Bluetooth capabilities include both
classic Bluetooth (BR/EDR) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), expanding the range of
possible applications to include wireless audio, beacon-based location tracking, and more12.

In terms of memory, the ESP32 boasts 520 KB of SRAM and 448 KB of ROM, along with
16 KB of RTC SRAM, which can be used for storing data during deep sleep modes. The SoC
is manufactured using TSMC’s ultra-low-power 40 nm technology, further contributing to its
energy efficiency12.

For developers and hobbyists, the ESP32 is a compelling choice due to its ease of use and
compatibility with various development platforms, including the Arduino IDE. Its extensive
feature set, combined with its affordability, makes it a go-to microcontroller for projects
ranging from simple sensor networks to more demanding applications like voice encoding
and music streaming12.

In summary, the ESP32 is a powerful, feature-rich microcontroller that offers a perfect blend
of performance and power efficiency, making it an ideal component for a myriad of IoT
projects and applications. Whether you’re a professional engineer or a DIY enthusiast, the
ESP32 provides the tools and capabilities needed to bring innovative ideas to life12.
Technical Specifications:

Specification Value

Microprocessor Dual-Core 32-bit LX6 or Single-Core

Clock Frequency Up to 240 MHz

SRAM 520 KB

ROM 448 KB

RTC SRAM 16 KB

Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n

Bluetooth v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE

GPIO Pins 34 Programmable, 39 Digital

ADC Channels 18, 12-bit

DAC Channels 2, 8-bit

PWM Output Channels 16

Capacitive Touch GPIOs 10

Operating Voltage 2.2V to 3.6V

Operating Temperature -40°C to 125°C

Package QFN48
 Specification Value

Manufacturing Technology 40 nm TSMC ultra-low-power technology

ESP32 Microcontroller Pin Configuration:

Pin Function Description

3V3 Power Supply Connect to 3.3V power source

GND Ground Connect to ground

EN Enable Powers the chip when high

IO GPIOs General-purpose input/output pins

VP Voltage Sensor Senses analog voltage (input)

VN Voltage Sensor Senses analog voltage (input)

TXD Transmit Data Serial communication transmit pin

RXD Receive Data Serial communication receive pin

CLK Clock Clock signal for SPI/I2C communication

MOSI Data Output Master Out Slave In for SPI communication

MISO Data Input Master In Slave Out for SPI communication

SCL Clock Line Clock line for I2C communication

SDA Data Line Data line for I2C communication

Ye photo bhi deakh ke daal dena khi

Ab motor driver wale ka nxrt page m

L293D Motor Driver:

Technical Specifications:

Specification Value

Supply Voltage (Vcc1) 4.5 V to 36 V

Supply Voltage (Vcc2) 4.5 V to 36 V

Output Current (each channel) 600 mA

Peak Output Current (each channel) 1.2 A

Enable Voltage (min) 2.3 V

Input Voltage (min) 4.5 V

Switching Time 300 ns (rise), 300 ns (fall)

 Specification Value

Operating Temperature -40°C to +150°C

Pin Configuration:

Pin Number Pin Name Pin Function

1 1A Input 1 for Motor 1

2 1Y Output 1 for Motor 1

3 2Y Output 2 for Motor 1

4 GND Ground (0V)

5 GND Ground (0V)

6 2A Input 2 for Motor 1

7 3A Input 1 for Motor 2

8 Vcc2 Motor Supply Voltage

9 Enable 2 Speed Control for Motor 2

10 3Y Output 1 for Motor 2

11 4Y Output 2 for Motor 2

12 GND Ground (0V)

13 GND Ground (0V)

Pin Number Pin Name Pin Function

14 4A Input 2 for Motor 2

15 Vcc1 Logic Supply Voltage

16 Enable 1 Speed Control for Motor 1

 Ye ir sensor ka

IR Sensor Module Overview:

The IR sensor module consists mainly of the following components:

 IR Transmitter: Emits infrared light (IR) in a specific wavelength range.

 IR Receiver (Photodiode): Detects reflected IR light and generates an
electrical signal.
 Op-Amp (LM358): Used as a voltage comparator to process the
photodiode’s output.
 Variable Resistor (Preset): Calibrates the detection range.
 Output LED: Indicates the presence of an obstacle.
 Certainly! Here’s a concise table summarizing the technical specifications and pin
configuration for the IR (Infrared) Sensor:

Specification Value

Operating Voltage 5V DC

I/O Pins Compatibility 5V and 3.3V

Detection Range Up to 20 cm (adjustable)

Supply Current 20 mA

Built-in Ambient Light Sensor Yes

Pin Number Pin Name Pin Function

1 Vcc Connect to 3.3V to 5V DC power supply input

 Pin Number Pin Name Pin Function

2 GND Ground (0V) connection

Output signal (goes low when an obstacle is

3 OUT
detected)

4 Power LED Illuminates when power is applied

Obstacle
5 Illuminates when an obstacle is detected
LED

6 IR Emitter Infrared emitter LED

7 IR Receiver Receives signals transmitted by the IR emitter

Working Principle of IR Sensor:

1. The IR sensor emits infrared light (IR) from the transmitter.
2. Nearby objects reflect this IR light back to the receiver.
3. The receiver detects the reflected IR light and generates an electrical signal.
4. By measuring the time it takes for the signal to return, the sensor determines
proximity and detects motion.
5. IR sensors are widely used in security systems, automatic doors, and proximity
sensors in smartphones.
 V

6.

Motor

12V DC Motor
Overview:
A DC motor operates on direct current power. Its operation relies on
simple electromagnetism. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in
an external magnetic field, it experiences a force proportional to the
current and the strength of the magnetic field. DC motors convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 Specification Value

Operating Voltage 12V DC

No-Load Current 0.5 Amp

Maximum Current (60 seconds) 13 Amp

Maximum Power Output 150 Watts

Motor Weight 50-60 grams

Maximum Operating Temperature +80°C

Speed Control Achievable due to three-phase connection

Working Principle of a 12V DC Motor

The 12V DC motor operates based on the fundamental principle of electromagnetic
induction. Let’s explore how it works:

1. Magnetic Field Creation:

o When the field coil (stator) of the DC motor is energized with direct current (DC), it
generates a magnetic field in the air gap.
o This magnetic field is directed radially from the North pole side of the field coil to
the South pole side.

2. Rotor Interaction:
o The rotor (armature) consists of conductors (usually a coil of wire) that are insulated
from each other.
o As the rotor rotates, these conductors cut across the magnetic field lines.
o According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, a voltage (electromotive
force) is induced in the conductors due to this cutting action.

3. Force and Torque Generation:

o The induced voltage causes current to flow through the rotor conductors.
o When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
force (Lorentz force) perpendicular to both the current direction and the magnetic
field direction.
 o The conductors on one side of the rotor experience a force in one direction, while
those on the other side experience an equal force in the opposite direction.
o These opposing forces create a torque (rotational force) that causes the motor
armature to rotate.

4. Mechanical Rotation:
o The torque generated by the interaction of the magnetic field and the current-
carrying rotor causes the motor shaft to rotate.
o The rotor continues to rotate as long as the current flows through the conductors
and the magnetic field remains active.