REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
BSC – AVIATION
LECTURE NOTES
FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Unit 3
Dilip Fernandez
Aircraft Specifications
ATR:
ATR (Aerei da Trasporto Regionale or Avions de transport régional) is a Franco-
Italian aircraft manufacturer that specializes in the production of regional turboprop
aircraft. ATR was established in 1981 as a joint venture between French aerospace
company Aérospatiale and Italian aerospace company Aeritalia (now Leonardo
S.p.A.). The company's headquarters is in Toulouse, France.
ATR aircraft are known for their efficiency, reliability, and versatility in regional and
short-haul operations. The most popular models produced by ATR include the ATR
42 and ATR 72, which are named according to their seating capacity.
Here are some key features of ATR aircraft:
Turboprop Engines:
ATR aircraft are powered by turboprop engines, which offer a good balance of fuel
efficiency, operating cost, and performance for short to medium-range flights.
Short to Medium-Range Operations:
ATR aircraft are designed primarily for regional and short-haul routes, typically
serving destinations within a few hours' flying time from their base airports.
High-wing Configuration:
ATR aircraft feature a high-wing configuration, which enhances stability and
provides ample ground clearance for operations in various airports, including those
with unpaved runways.
Efficient Cabin Design:
ATR aircraft are renowned for their spacious and comfortable cabins, which are
designed to accommodate passengers and cargo efficiently. The cabin layout can be
customized to meet the specific needs of airlines and operators.
Modern Avionics:
ATR aircraft are equipped with modern avionics and cockpit systems, including
digital displays, flight management systems, and autopilot features, to enhance
safety and operational efficiency.
Environmentally Friendly:
ATR aircraft are designed with fuel efficiency and environmental sustainability in
mind, featuring advanced aerodynamics and efficient propulsion systems to
minimize emissions and noise levels.
ATR (ATR 72-600):
Dimensions:
Length: 27.17 meters
Wingspan: 27.05 meters
Height: 7.65 meters
Weight:
Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW): Approximately 23,000 kg
Performance:
Cruise Speed: Approximately 280 knots (520 km/h)
Range: Approximately 1,500 nautical miles (2,778 km)
Cabin Data:
Typical Seating Capacity: Up to 78 passengers
Cabin Width: 2.57 meters
Operations Limitations:
25,000 ft
MAXIMUM
OPERATING ONE BLEED OFF
ALTITUDE 20,000 ft
MANEUVERING
CLEAN CONFIG = -1 G to 2.5G
LIMIT LOAD
FLAP AND/OR GEAR DOWN = 0G to 2G
FACTORS
CARGO DOOR
OPERATION X-Wind component < 45kt
LIMITATION
MAX PASSENGERS 74
MAX TAXI WEIGHT 22,970 KG
MTOW 22,800 KG
MLDW 22,350 KG
MZFW (zero fuel) 20,800 KG
Vmo (MAX
250kt
OPERATING)
Va (DESIGN
175kt
MANEUVERING)
15° = 185kt
Vfe (FLAP
EXTENDED)
30° = 150kt
Extended = 185kt
Vle (LDG GEAR
EXTENDED)
Lowering = 170kt
Vlo (LDG GEAR
LOWERING)
Retracting = 160kt
Vra (Rough Air) 180kt
Vwo (MAX Wiper) 160kt
MAX TIRE SPEED GS 165kt
Vmcl (MIN CTRL SPD LDG 15° = 98kt
CONFIG) 30° = 98kt
TAIL WIND LIMITATION 15kt
MAX MEAN RWY SLOPE ± 2%
MIN RWY WIDTH 30m
MAX DEMO X-WIND 35kt
10min
RTO Power Time/Temp/TQ
Limitation ITT 800°C
TQ 106.3%
MAX REFUEL PRESSURE 50PSI
USABLE FUEL 2,500 KG each tank
MAX FUEL UNBALANCE 730 KG
Positive +6.35PSI
MAX DIFFERENTIAL Negative -0.5PSI
PRESSURE Landing +0.35PSI
OVBD FULL OPEN +1PSI
DC GEN 400A
INV 500VA
ELEC SOURCE MAX POWER
ACW GEN 20kVA
TRU 60A
TO = 100 ft
VS/IAS during approach and CAT1
= 160ft
Min height for AP Other situation or single Source =
1,000 ft
No AP with stall warning inop
No holding with flaps extended in
FLAPS Limitation icing condition except in single
engine ops
Engine out
Stick shaker/pusher failure
TCAS TA ONLY
Flight with LDG GEAR down
STBY if ATC request
120% - 5secs
106.3% - 10 mins (RTO)
OVERTORQUE LIMIT
if NP below 94%, 106.3% unlimited
time
125°C- = unlimited
ENG OIL TEMP LIMIT
125°C~140°C = 20mins
Cessna:
Cessna is a well-known manufacturer of general aviation aircraft, including single-
engine piston airplanes, turboprops, and business jets. The company, originally
called the Cessna Aircraft Company, was founded in 1927 by Clyde Cessna in
Wichita, Kansas, United States. Over the years, Cessna has become one of the most
prolific manufacturers of light aircraft globally.
Cessna's product line includes a wide range of aircraft, but some of its most famous
and widely used models include:
Cessna 172 Skyhawk: One of the most popular and enduring models in aviation
history, the Cessna 172 is a four-seat, single-engine high-wing aircraft used for
training, personal flying, and various utility roles.
Cessna 182 Skylane: Like the 172 but with a larger engine and higher performance,
the Cessna 182 is also a four-seat, single-engine high-wing aircraft commonly used
for personal and business transportation.
Cessna 206 Stationair: A six-seat, single-engine utility aircraft used for passenger
transport, cargo hauling, and aerial surveying.
Cessna 208 Caravan: A single-engine turboprop aircraft designed for short-haul
passenger and cargo operations, as well as special missions such as air ambulance
and surveillance.
Cessna Citation series: A family of business jets manufactured by Cessna, including
models such as the Citation Mustang, Citation CJ series, Citation Sovereign, Citation
X, and Citation Latitude, among others.
Here are some general pros and cons of Cessna aircraft:
Pros:
Reliability: Cessna aircraft are known for their robust construction and reliability.
They are built to withstand the rigors of daily flying and have a reputation for
durability.
Ease of Maintenance: Cessna aircraft generally have simple systems and
components, making them relatively easy and cost-effective to maintain. Parts
availability is also generally good due to the popularity and widespread use of
Cessna aircraft.
Training: Many flight schools and training centers use Cessna aircraft for pilot
training due to their forgiving flight characteristics and stable handling. Models like
the Cessna 172 are considered ideal training aircraft for student pilots.
Versatility: Cessna produces a wide range of aircraft models suitable for various
missions, including personal and business transportation, training, utility flying, and
even agricultural operations.
Resale Value: Cessna aircraft tend to hold their value well in the resale market.
Their reputation for reliability and widespread use contributes to their desirability
among buyers.
Cons:
Operating Costs: While Cessna aircraft are generally more affordable to operate
than larger jets, they can still be expensive to maintain and operate, especially for
owners who fly frequently or over long distances.
Performance: Some Cessna models, particularly the older piston-engine models,
may have limited performance compared to more modern aircraft. This can affect
factors such as speed, range, and payload capacity.
Limited Range: Most Cessna aircraft have limited range compared to larger
business jets, which may restrict their usefulness for long-distance travel without
fuel stops.
Weather Limitations: Lighter Cessna aircraft may be more susceptible to adverse
weather conditions such as turbulence and strong winds, which can affect their
comfort and handling characteristics.
Avionics and Technology: Older Cessna models may lack modern avionics and
technology features found in newer aircraft, which could impact cockpit capabilities
and pilot workload.
Here are the specifications for the Cessna 172S Skyhawk SP:
Dimensions:
Length: 27 feet 2 inches (8.28 meters)
Wingspan: 36 feet 1 inch (11.0 meters)
Height: 8 feet 11 inches (2.72 meters)
Weight:
Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW): 2,550 pounds (1,157 kilograms)
Empty Weight: 1,670 pounds (757 kilograms)
Useful Load: Approximately 880 pounds (400 kilograms)
Performance:
Maximum Speed (VNE): 163 knots (188 miles per hour, 302 kilometers per hour)
Cruise Speed: 122 knots (140 miles per hour, 225 kilometers per hour)
Range: Approximately 800 nautical miles (920 miles, 1,480 kilometers)
Service Ceiling: 13,500 feet (4,115 meters)
Rate of Climb: 721 feet per minute (3.66 meters per second)
Cabin Data:
Seating Capacity: Up to four occupants (including pilot)
Cabin Width: 39 inches (0.99 meters)
Operational limitations:
Airbus:
Airbus is a European multinational aerospace corporation that designs,
manufactures, and sells commercial and military aircraft, helicopters, satellites,
and related aerospace products and services. It is one of the world's leading
aircraft manufacturers, alongside Boeing.
The company was established in 1970 as a consortium of European aerospace
companies to compete with American manufacturers like Boeing. Its headquarters
is located in Toulouse, France.
Airbus is best known for its family of commercial jetliners, which include the
following main product lines:
Airbus A220 (formerly Bombardier CSeries): A series of narrow-body, twin-engine
jet airliners designed for short to medium-haul flights, typically seating between
100 and 150 passengers. The A220 family consists of the A220-100 and A220-300
variants.
Airbus A320 Family: A series of narrow-body, single-aisle jet airliners designed for
short to medium-haul flights, seating between 100 and 240 passengers. The A320
family includes the A318, A319, A320, and A321 variants.
Airbus A330: A wide-body, twin-engine jet airliner designed for medium to long-
haul flights, typically seating between 250 and 300 passengers. It is available in
several variants, including the A330-200 and A330-300.
Airbus A350 XWB: A wide-body, twin-engine jet airliner designed for long-haul
flights, seating between 300 and 400 passengers. It features advanced
aerodynamics, composite materials, and fuel-efficient engines.
Airbus A380: A double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner designed for high-
capacity, long-haul flights, seating up to 853 passengers in a single-class
configuration. It is the world's largest passenger airliner.
Airbus also produces military aircraft, such as the A400M Atlas transport aircraft
and various helicopter models, including the H135, H145, and H225.
Airbus A320:
• Dimensions:
• Length: 37.57 meters
• Wingspan: 35.8 meters
• Height: 11.76 meters
• Weight:
• Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW): Approximately 78,000 kg (A320
CEO)
• Performance:
• Cruise Speed: Approximately Mach 0.78 (829 km/h)
• Range: Approximately 3,300 nautical miles (6,112 km)
• Cabin Data:
• Typical Seating Capacity: Up to 180 passengers (A320 CEO)
• Cabin Width: 3.7 meters
Operational Limitations:
Boeing:
Boeing is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and
sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, and telecommunications equipment. It
is one of the largest aerospace companies in the world and a leading manufacturer
of commercial jetliners and military aircraft.
Founded in 1916 by William Boeing, the company's headquarters is located in
Chicago, Illinois, United States. Boeing operates through multiple business
segments, including Commercial Airplanes, Defense, Space & Security, Global
Services, and Boeing Capital.
Boeing is best known for its family of commercial jetliners, which include the
following main product lines:
Boeing 737: A narrow-body, twin-engine jet airliner designed for short to medium-
haul flights, typically seating between 85 and 215 passengers. It is one of the best-
selling commercial aircraft models in history.
Boeing 747: A wide-body, four-engine jet airliner known for its distinctive hump-
shaped upper deck. It was the world's first wide-body airliner and is commonly
used for long-haul flights, seating between 366 and 524 passengers.
Boeing 767: A wide-body, twin-engine jet airliner designed for medium to long-haul
flights, typically seating between 181 and 375 passengers. It is used by airlines and
cargo operators worldwide.
Boeing 777: A wide-body, twin-engine jet airliner designed for long-haul flights,
seating between 314 and 550 passengers. It is known for its advanced technology,
fuel efficiency, and long range.
Boeing 787 Dreamliner: A wide-body, twin-engine jet airliner known for its
advanced composite materials, fuel efficiency, and passenger comfort. It is designed
for long-haul flights, seating between 242 and 330 passengers.
Boeing 737 (Boeing 737-800):
• Dimensions:
• Length: 39.5 meters
• Wingspan: 35.79 meters
• Height: 12.5 meters
• Weight:
• Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW): Approximately 79,000 kg
• Performance:
• Cruise Speed: Approximately Mach 0.785 (839 km/h)
• Range: Approximately 3,115 nautical miles (5,765 km)
• Cabin Data:
• Typical Seating Capacity: Up to 189 passengers
• Cabin Width: 3.5 meters
Operational limitations:
Airplane General
Runway slope: +/- 2%
# Maximum Takeoff Component: 10 knots
# Maximum Landing Tailwind Component: 10 knots
15 knots (approved airfields only)
Maximum speeds: Observe gear and flap placards. (250 knots below FL100 unless
approved by ATC and within class A, B or C)
Maximum Operating Altitude: 41,000 ft
Maximum Takeoff and Landing Altitude: 8,400 ft
Weight Limitations
Maximum Taxi Weight: 78,217 Kilograms (or as per Aircraft Weight Certificate)
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 77,900 Kilograms (or as per Aircraft Weight Certificate)
Maximum Landing Weight: 65,317 Kilograms (or as per Aircraft Weight Certificate)
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight: 61,688 Kilograms (or as per Aircraft Weight Certificate)
Air Systems
Pressurization
The maximum cabin differential pressure (relief valves) is 9.1 PSI.
Autopilot / Flight Director System
Use of aileron trim with the autopilot engaged is prohibited.
Do not engage the autopilot for takeoff below 400 feet AGL.
Maximum allowable wind speeds, when conducting a dual channel Cat II or CAT III
landing predicating on autoland operations, are:
▪ Headwind 25 knots
▪ Crosswind 20 knots
▪ Tailwind 10 knots
Maximum and minimum glideslope angles for autoland are 3.25° and 2.5°
respectively. Autoland capability may only be used with flaps 30 or 40 and both
engines operative.
Communications
Do not use VHF-3 (if installed for voice communication) for ATC communications
with ACARS operational.
Use the VHF radio connected to the top of fuselage antenna for primary ATC
communications on the ground.
Engines and APU
Engine Limit Display Markings
Maximum and minimum limits are red.
Caution limits are amber.
APU
Airplanes operating with EASA Certification: APU bleed + electrical load: maximum
altitude 10,000 feet.
APU bleed: maximum altitude 17,000 feet
APU electrical load: maximum altitude 41,000 feet.
APU bleed valve must be closed when:
▪ ground air connected and isolation valve open
▪ engine n°1 bleed valve open
▪ isolation and engine n°2 bleed valves open
Fuel system
Maximum tank fuel temperature is 49°C.
Minimum tank fuel temperature prior to takeoff and inflight is -43°C, or 3°C above
the fuel freezing point temperature, whichever is higher.
Note: The use of Fuel System Icing Inhibitor additives does not change the minimum
fuel tank temperature limit.
Intentional dry running of a center tank fuel pump (low pressure light illuminated)
is prohibited.