11(6) Nuslei

Atomic Nuceus- tomic nucles u te centtal tas o

eve atem m which entire positiue chaage am

almostentire mass ot atom ae Concentated. The
atomi c nucleus u a
ting Aphere of diazrom
Aangug m -1S
1"m l0 Te diametes d.a
.

atom
40 . Heuet mest hspact
atom
e
nucleus macs
p elemeutasy pastickes catled
neuthn omd pAotem.

Htomic Numbet
lemt i t number d
oton present nalda
tAnucles atom o te ot am
element. 94 a also equal
onumber eectraus kevokoug
Va us o»bits
aound he nucleus
ct he atem. 9+
hapersenteod b z.
Mass Numbes i
eloneut A
Potons amod kotal numbe o hA
neutieus preseut
the
imsids the ateuule nucles
elemeut. 9t is
apas eted by A.
Thus, in am
ate, number
Protons =Z
umbe elscrrnt Z
numbe onucleons A
number
omeukrsorg = (A -z)
A nuclide a
speuific ucden a u atom
hlch
Ck4 acteis ed
by i afomic number Z1
435
 amd mas humm b A.

Tt i upeendad ax" where x á te ehuni ca

sambo
sam bol e Apeies. for exama pled, a gold nuelea

seRnted b 197
Au: It coutais 14 protous and

47-19-/10 nutisus.
Mas d4wa_a nuCleus h kst mas
nucleus 4
aluways kome leu Hhau the sum o
Aat mases o fu protons amd neuthms tal
Conltitute .
Huce
marses nautrsus md pwtous oiumig a nueleus }wcke
caeled pass iven b
m
Zp +
(A -z) m» MJ
whert m p m n amd M a t mas o Proton, nlu kon

amd 1 ueleu.

.pla u mile as bo -**f

tude ous aAl boumd together aia

nuckeas 8ce. Heet ome work

atiaetive
$
e erces To sepsaie
Kas t be del aga
aat
a outamce
nucles to such
aRnucleous m
t a n . Thas uwork
nucleas foses behwen
thene o

olane js a measwsL bkrd 4*.

Hemet binolung
fo pli a muc leu uto nucleons.

-
FRis ou's pheaned m a eppeay a epui' valau

Dme2 weic 13 hena olwu ng

.
teefouion
nucle
436
Sptme Snena 1S nef. e nucleas celles bninel
 eprersion o bindu ene_o nucleu
A
Aud nucleus X
e
t t Cousidas a

2 no o Protous
* no.o neutrau
mas no o . protons

mp mam o poten

n mass o neupu
A
M a s onueleus X

Mamas defect Am
veb
Zmp +(a -z)m - M J
einstein 's ma eungg helatiou Suncdj aung

B.E ve

8.E Amc Zmp +(A -Z)m»-MMCc

where vedo ght vaceumt

or

8 Z (p te ] (A-Z) mn - (M tzme]
(Adina Sus me c e bindirg eeucgy /s nezliybé
whee Me elec ass hau Cnmpars to nadea
Nouw ptme man onnge atea
Omc MN Zme M atamic ma
tems a t o i c masses, 5. ve
B.E
z (A z) m - M]e
E n e n y 2uvelnce moc+ K.E E - mc
mi's +ee omporhd'
eu i+ is moviv
Nue S2e Vau ha mu las s etmalesl
yrpeA Mads 2 fnd tat k ppotomal
he mumbe ucleens a muLs
A A
R A here R-> Aadus of muelaus
A mas o
R- RA
-1S
R, x lo m tho dist ef cAat atroach to muclans
Nuclea desat Tu mans havimg diffesst masses
ad d i f e A t valume aing the Cuslat dlemit
mucmucsi.fom udroe t Aaniumu Desi do n
depeol m

mo
Nules mais mA ho #
A
huclen vslme R

M nucea
R muclea hadus
mA
m A

- iS
www m = -66 lo R, ILxj m T 3.14
S 38x io l
Cadvem-volt CeV) L JAs hot amnout e

ve am eletro accelesattel seugh a

boteca I vlt
IeV = 6x lo " J

elechm o uunp
J hat e n Aqukad am

velt
gha pat difp of

438
LsoTo PES Isotopes of om elemet ans tul atonu
ote elemeut which hawe te ame atouic

numbeh but odine2t mas numbes

e , an t otopes o y drogau
e,eate as h o topes liuna.

h sotopes * Canben

So BARS js obars an the atouns

iktest elenede
which Rawe the ame ateic mas o.
but din ekeut atevd c
umbess (z)
or example: - t ,Na amad Ne

an dA4
and
c amd 37
also obass.

1S TONE Jhose
otems whese nuele
nunnbeas hawe sanute
n eutous,

ples:- anc! K 39

becase mber Acbcus otoues. 7h

mb e chborne =
31-17= 2o onel
o1neIs im
Ptteùwm 24 -19 e
Nuce frce ' AS e
6 mes qhaiv *wM eluetstami farce o Aspulsrem is
h e cemes homa otte TAnLe rce ef
atnctisw.
fae duR Ao autch
the bwtoms
keme
do ma 8* ausa each attas to
Ts maw
dastrup Re muelei
rce ouch uees& tha
oumd oathas m muRAL mueless
Called
muleas ree.
Nulea f r a z eltatale fota
36
>
haitatina frree
l38

439
aopertes NuelaL orce
Nuleas toseu
ucleas
ake attastiue thwiue oue
Sepuls ion
dut to cvulonb
betuum
pptou n ueli cam ecAd.
2
Nueta_fovcesae
betw emn
Chasge inolupenolast:- it u some
Proton Prokan and protu -nutkeu.
3 Nuclean ess
sht ange foes
cam euet Euesy nuelusn
fores bto
ditamel i.e. :S X i o ' nagh bouing
m.
nuelwn at
f'x

. Nuele an toree a
dbend om sbu
The orcRs betuem
a paallel Spus ans
Nuelear forus ane not ast aloug the ne
jom
nueless, So tis Horce
ceu al
. Nucleas forces as2
ecchamge fortes. The force
betwem two nutemi came d l to
eccha T
mesen (T,T,Tt) pasticlu.

Yesom tu_7 Nueleas fosces Tau natt g

Nuele as orces
Tn 9 S , Yukawa
ond te preseM
pm b e eer nudenr
nudwr
patids called meson iuside te nuSeHe saie

nuele a
sorcs COme dne to Contiueus

echamge t h e mis o u back emd fosth betwem

neighbouwin nuclees. Mlesoms nH be +ve
ntaal. ie. ni, T, T°
t-actious bethwim n i u e l eons
TRe

440
 ALphes euted u

N P+ P N+TTt
P p' + 7° NS N'+ T°

' profen amd neution m olifestt

e ate tha oninal proton 0 heutrau.
Du to

umbe
excchoe meims, thess is no chauge
neutm or proton

g:What B. E
pe nueLesn and
8mdnq Enea p
packin_aetten
nuekeou i &e
spend kmove a
muclesnd um nuclus.aveage emdrt
Tt i
ven by total
nuas umbel . binding enengt divi dacd
by the
i.e.
Avesage B.FMucleon Totaf 8.6
Righu+ea Mas number
oy Nd nudeom.
Pack act on
94 is dstined
nucleon ot as t
nucle us. mas
datect pe
Pa cking ractiom
Mas du4eet P-F +ve
Mas mum ber A20
Discuss h P.F -Ve A> 20
pe
cho (vasl adi e)
nudeon
he
witm
maiamau bimoli} _ett (8.E)A s bot 180.
stabiitof ucle. um
umbet. ow does
CLuue hat is he does it affect
ie portoue
us-TLe geapk of 8.E
nucle betwem
with mas uaai actio
TKe cwwwe ne, A aveae B.E pe
e Ahos n
Avesage B.E ucleon r uelei 9ke vea Small.

44i
 Avesa B/nueleon Mev
t
 . H e V

20

16 nev
6

ahe

20 238
Mass Numbes (A)

k o r mass mbe.
ha fon i á so,
thet ane shaapil
deftrd peaks eoraponding e',i ete. The peaks
more 8fable than t A ottes nueli
shows ese nuclei

neighberhood.

(3) 8.E cuive a s a broad mar. m tu smge A -30 o

A 120) corespondi to avesage g.E/rucleon = 8.s Mev. 7he

valul ot max. &9 Mev SC

peak for e
As th Mas numbe meneases the . 6 nucleon
dennases aduaLe faleig fo about 6Mev pu
naeleom for . Deorsase à due to coulrmb sepulsiom
betulM Protons.

Heuee feang nuckei ass les stable,

diutauee deer2as es h. forel

(9
,

sepulsion n drases. So hsg ase less sta ble

H meams K auy nuelei an lss stasla

E emitko ea
igain kucler
Gtnpd
udei

hgor
442
Inportomce of B.E. cUve
th B.E mmall
or both zkt aand awy nuelei Ruc whm a hsaw

tucleus 8plitu jnto Pt uelu valus

, tighs 8.
kelease enna m ucle at tission.
Siilan when two ve liqut nuclei combune
tooma huwyucdeus, th qheates B¬. Lades
Cmbnuhm)ssuls
ele ae utngy in muclea uusiu.
4 t o Cunve

Ateme ma unu Ca mu.) 3 ual to

ma Cabon- 12 C atem9 s wed to
phes maKes ? elact3 roTons and nutem
-27

AcL vogado's hapothee, I male a Aubsance

Contalrs atems eul k Avogadrv 'S mumbes.
(N 6.023 x 1o
Hn 1me e Carbon Cae 128) Coitains = 6o23X le oug
12

3
6023x 1o

6'o 23x 1 6 x lo
14 Cr 1 u) 1.cx o
-27

Sd bet amU me ! Acc- to Einsten

E me wsima
He m q.m:u 1 6 X lo
27
E -4dxlox3X1) 1 4 84 1o
E 31.48x lo ev
-6x 1

oE 931 48 Mev
1a mU= 931:48 Mev

443
 O S

welews (A Pvo cais

72so )) nto pRittina a
vo h t e ueli. taaut
-

e
im keatim is
U n' qiven as
( Thmal) 14

val
about 20o Mev
Aleas ed m
fomr-rays. K.E
sleased neuins . etht Ba and ka ad
kaleas ed dul to
o ducts m a is mars
dakect.
diakt ham heactots,
NucleaJ ehhain Lactn ;.
whae 23S
neths akes plact t n issiom thesmal
3 neuBons i.e.
procuced. 9f £ac4m secondas* naubi ons
t these h r u nedros w i t
ssion of thu mest
melei 4 more neubons pecduced
whlch cam mere netons
furthu aaln t
ssion
ssien
U uel. eli omdof nine
coinkLbus saetim
woulod staat callecd chan
and ssachon.
Large autennd
eleased bome micoseconds . As

Lnart ed or peace puDose hen contkuch'an

of ucleas aetor akes pla ce

452
 after ceutrollung the &eactieu. 9f we comnot coalro{

bec Gmmis a t o u beub.

tie t

Fision prooluts ahe not always Ba A Kr but enkgr

Aleased ame
Couditions go cham seasti'ou i mass omcd si q
i ina ble mateia! msf nat be lass t h a caitical

mas Ouno citica! e.

issonable materia must be

pute o .
Cha a ctien deteruime by srocdu cHeu fachor k
Aaxe neutreu proaluctiou
neutsen diusappeastuee
hate e
.e. mas is citi cal. K<

Defin e thnmal neuti@us

Asi Tenm al neutreus Aawig enuft to ev aud vel 22 Km|s.

To theamal neutrans , f a t hut,ons ae pased hroug

Paatie r
ea toafe whde Rawe mere ydro8n dhan

ft mov wi
doogen rucles tas
vel.
intechanged. ves.
qneutus slowecd dewn.

Cr h man mell est oumoud

issile madenid heede for Auteince nucl-ea

chan echon. lbenw weuld Mot
OC h4T
e achua m o matoial ulich llews
extut
ae nutmy to auct,
Aat ou Aeant me
postiue«
hind pa ssin R 5
 Nucleas seacto4
% s 'deice which u based upow
coutelled uleas chain keact'eu. Enngt Producid
ed
for coustuetive psposes. ie. To proci
elechici amd prepase satto iso kopes e

Constuche The bawe parü at:

Nuclear ul 9t is isslonable natental like

,235

amd a0 238 taken

o k o d s sealed n A
Cukinduss. l a u slsw nuutios atesacf wit ful fssiem
start and
eng* leased.
(a
Moderatos : 9t a used to rlorw dos n tho fast
mavi
secmda nutans omltted
dsg fissieu.
No these neutrous jen ana eut*
uthes s s i . Graphite, Carbeu blecks oi tea
wate as modesato
Sieldnga

C e

Supernatid

Coalon eam
Turblne

JC
exclagas

medehado
hs
Cendenet

Control kods :- To contod te chain kLacieu kods ef horou

0 cacnium ase put n a i ele u acto t a ols ired
at. The desind o . og neutons ak404bed or limited

ho. o netras et to produet srio.

Coolant -3t taks P n u r produced u

ueleas ission amd tvastei ts up Laatns zkeam is

454
 prooucl e which hotat & ddves a twhine coupled

wit atectnc enehator.

)Shieldieg- Jt dek wa Lssuudsd h whele

skactn that haellatious euitted during rueleas
eactiom Cou nst procluet tarnfu eftect en pertos
oskun nia reaçor.

roaluc!
Use generate
0
alectie powes ts

beam ok nduions
vaolio aetrve Sotopes, proluec
camc.

wed
truatmaut ot
T ig mtesity,

Keactors n ndia aeiApsana ,zelina,

Phhua, I<R C%.atda Camada Re actor).

Frsion 23

Nadured Uhanjum is a mi , two

23S°
9otopen 45
b med
meicma
be iinmed eveu bj temal

nety (0-03 eV)

mem isptond y 3s
Inoto s omu 36
ich s e l natke
35
2

455
 NucteaA uuGM
ue: t
9aneleus #om tu ts
proces ti fenm a -RAny
wo T
more
ftg hte
hueeu ruelei. The m ass
iakA uelei. Te
entst accordng differsue
duffereuce M
mas
(Am) kel eases
to
Elnsteim mas
:Ame enshay klai en.
e + *
He +u Mev
- n which
proces enrt sile as es
Nueleas #sstn
Nule a fuuio

seleas ed pa
es usis i.e. 2y Mev
wio
tham
emtt leaed 2o0 Mev þet
92
ssion of
much easiu tham
enet kleas ed pe mit na
Rdoaem
pet i t mass
musion 7 enia
i
iesiom.
Conoitious fo nuele a r fusiou
ci This Proces takes plast at to'k
i rotons nadeu Rawe Lanne K.E. 3
thac Car

Conme es e
" nuelean jorces,
A i z h deusiy qwe4 te wll's tous

bethoeen ight nucle ta kes fast.

450
 Nuclear

twoor More liabter nucle

ghApe toqer
onm4Aihgke nucle
mas Preduct mes o Reactat
ost m is cOMveakolL iuto neng-

olp b i t mas i nn s m
wy

H t H't Mey

a tae Releasd21:6 Me V
ich'smuch l e eau euegy neleased h

Rt no deutrom_in lgmo heavy r e

Muca- ep
o naniym.
nuclei n
mucu ueater
much peater
mam
Cg pa Ont
1fbn teau i'hissim