Q.
8 Discuss the Series resonance circuit detail also write down its
characteristics.
R-L-C series A.C. Circuit:
Many AC circuit are very useful for
us, which include resistance,
inductive reactance, inductive
reactance and capacitive
reactance. In this section, we will
look at some implications of
connecting a resistor (R), an
inductor (L), and a capacitor (C)
together in what is called a series
RLC circuit. The simplest and most
important AC circuit we can analyze is the series LRC circuit, illustrated in
figure.
The analysis of this circuit is quite easy since all the circuit elements share the
same current. We can draw a phasor diagram for the current and voltages across the
inductor, capacitor, and resistor. The P.D. across R, is VR = IR in this case VR
is in phase with I. The P.D. across L, is VL = IXL in this case VL leads I by
90° The PD. across C, is Vc = IXc in this case where Vc lags I by 90° VL and Vc are
thus 180° out of phase. In phasor diagram figure (b), AB represents VR, BE
represents VL and BD represents Vc. It may be seen that VL is in phase opposition
to Vc.
It follows that the circuit can either be effectively inductive or capacitive
depending upon which voltage drop (VL or Vc) is predominant. If VL > Vc then the
net voltage drop across L-C combination is VL - Vc and their resultant is in the
direction VL represented by BC. Therefore, the applied voltage V is the phasor sum
of VR and VL - Vc and their result is in the direction VL represented by BC.
Therefore, the applied voltage V is the phasor sum of VR and VL - Vc and
represented by AC.
V² =
V = IZ
Where Z = "(�)" + ( �6 − �9)²
The quantity (XL - Xc) is called the reactance of the circuit, denoted by X X2 =
(XL-Xc)2
So, we can write
Z = "�" + ( �6 − �9)²
Z = "�" + �²
Where Z is the opposition offered to current flow and is called impedance of
the circuit. Circuit power factor,
cos φ =
cos φ =
Since XL, Xc and R, are known, phase angle φ of the circuit can be determined.
tan φ =
tan φ =
So, if the current is represented by a cosine function, I = Im cos wt
The source voltage leads the current by an angle and its equation is I= Im cos
( ωt + φ)
Power consumed, P = V I cosφ
We have seen that the impedance of a R-L-C series circuit is given by Z = "�" +
(�6 − �A)"
i. When XL - Xc- positive (i.e. Xc > Xc) phase angle φ is positive and the circuit
will be inductive. In other words, in such a case, the circuit current I will lag
behind the applied voltage V by φ.
ii. When XL - Xc is negative (i.e. Xc > XL) phase angle φ is negative and the
circuit is capacitive. That is to say the circuit current I leads the applied
voltage V by φ ;the value of φ being given by Eq. (15.31) above.
iii. When XL - Xc = 0 (i.e. XL = Xc), the circuit is purely resistive. In other
words, circuit current I and applied voltage V will be in phase i.e.
φ = 0° the circuit will then have unity power factor.
If the equation for the applied voltage is V = Vm sin ωt, then equation for the
circuit current will be
I = Im Sin (ω t + φ) where Im = Vm / Z
The value of φ will be positive or negative depending upon which reactant (XL or
Xc) predominates.
Figure (c) shows the impedance triangle of the circuit for the case when XL > Xc
whereas impendence triangle in Fig.(d) is for the case when Xc > XL.
In the impedance equation along with the equations for the inductive and
capacitive reactance, we see that impedance has a rather complicated dependence on
the frequency of the oscillator.
Z="�" + (�6 − �9)"
XL = ωL and Xc = !59
When the frequency is very small, the capacitive reactance is large and XC ≈ Z.
When the frequency is very large, the inductive reactance is large and XL ≈ Z.Z is
a minimum when XL = Xc, and Z is a minimum, the current in the circuit is a
maximum. When this happens, the resistance provides the only impedance in the
circuit. Z = R. This condition is called resonance and is electrical analog
to resonance in harmonic oscillators such as a swinging pendulum or a mas on the
end of a spring.
Resonance means to be in step with. When applied
voltage and circuit current in an A.C. circuit in step
with (i.e. phase angle is zero or power factor is unity),
the circuit is said to be in electrical resonance. If this
condition exists in a series A.C. circuit, it is called series
resonance. The frequency at which resonance
occurs is called resonant frequency (fr).
An A.C. circuit containing reactive elements (L and C) is said to be in resonance
when the circuit power factor is unity.
