Chapter # 12
CIRCULATION
• WHAT IS CIRCULATION?
• Circulation is the transport of nutrients, oxygen, CO2 and excretory products to the concerned tissues or
organs.
• For circulation, simple organisms (sponges, coelenterates
etc) use water from their surroundings.
• Complex organisms use body fluids (blood & lymph) for
circulation.
• TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• 1. Open circulatory system
• Here, the blood pumped by the heart passes through large
vessels into open spaces or cavities called sinuses.
• E.g. Arthropods and mollusks.
• 2. Closed circulatory system
• Here, blood pumped by the heart is circulated through blood
vessels.
• It is more advantageous as the flow of fluid can be precisely
regulated.
• Fishes
• E.g. Annelids and • 2-chambered
chordates. • (an atrium + a ventricle).
• CIRCULATORY • Amphibians
PATHWAYS • 3-chambered
• (2 atria + a ventricle).
• Single circulation • Reptiles)
• Incomplete double • 3-chambered
circulation • (incomplete partition for
ventricle).
• Complete double
• Birds & mammals
circulation
(Crocodiles)
• TRANSPORT SYSYTEM IN • 4-chambered.
MAN
• CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• CHARACTERS
• Closed type circulatory system
• Having complete double circuit
• Circulatory fluid--------BLOOD
• Fluid is pumped --------HEART
• Blood circulates --------VESSEL
• Vessels have valve to keep the flow unidirectional.
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• THE HEART
• Heart, the most powerful organ in the circulatory system is conical, hollow & muscular organ.
• It contracts and expands rhythmically to pumps the blood to various parts of the body to meet their nutritive
requirements through the vessels.
• It is present in the mediastinal space of thoracic cavity in between the lungs. behind the sternum with two-
thirds of the mass to the left of midline.
• Human heart 12 cm in length and 9 cm in
breath & about close fist in size.
• Its weight varies in males from 280-340 gm
and in female from 230-280 gm.
• It is surrounded by pericardium.
• What is the pericardium?
• Pericardium is a protective, fluid-filled sac
that surrounds heart and helps it function
properly.
• Pericardium also covers the roots of major
blood vessels as they extend from heart.
• Pericardium has two main layers:
• Fibrous pericardium: This is the tough, outermost layer of pericardium. It’s made of connective tissue
• Serous pericardium: This is the inner layer of pericardium. It’s actually made of two layers, described below.
• Parietal layer: This is the outer layer Visceral layer: This is the innermost layer
• Serous Pericardium produces pericardial fluid that lubricates your heart as it beats.
• WALL OF HEART:
• The heart wall is made up of three layers:
• The inner comprised of a layer of endothelial cells, and a layer of subendocardial connective tissue called
ENDOCARDIUM.
• Middle muscle layer comprised of cardiomyocytes called MYOCARDIUM and
• Outer visceral layer of serous pericardium called EPICARDIUM.
• These are surrounded by a double-membraned sac called the pericardium.
• STRUCTURE OF HEART
• Human heart has four chambers; the two small upper chambers are called the atria and the two lower, large
chambers the ventricles.
• A thin, muscular wall called the inter- atrial septum separates the right and the left atria.
• Whereas a thick-walled, the inter-ventricular septum, separates the left and the right ventricles.
• The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by a valve formed of three muscular
flaps or cusps, the tricuspid valve.
• Whereas a bicuspid valve or mitral valve guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
• The openings of the right and the left ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta respectively are
provided with the semilunar valves.
• The valves in the heart allow the flow of blood only in one direction and prevent any backward flow.
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• FUNCTION OF HEART
• Right atrium receives venous blood from the whole body & pump it to the right ventricle through the right
atrioventricular (tricuspid opening) valve.
• Right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from right Atrium and pumps it to the lungs through pulmonary
aorta for oxygenation.
• Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins and pumps it to the left
ventricle through the left atrioventricular orifice (mitral or bicuspid).
• Left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from left atrium & pumps it into the aorta.
• CARDIAC CYCLE:
• Sequence of events which take pace during completion of one heart beat is called “Cardiac Cycle”.
• In this cycle, the contraction phase is called systole.
• The relaxation phase is the diastole.
• A single heart beat comprises a systole and diastole in both atria and ventricles.
• These events are known as atrial-systole and ventricular systole.
• The blood volume pump per minute by left ventricle into the systemic circulation is called cardiac output.
• HEART BEAT:
• The contraction of heart chambers are known heart beat which are regular, rhythmic.
• Our heart normally beats 70-75 times i n a minute (average 72 beats/ min).
• During each cardiac cycle the heart sound produced which can be easily heard.
• The first sound is (LUB) it is due to closure of the atrioventricular valves at the beginning of the ventricular
systole.
• The second sound is of (DUP). It is caused at the end of the ventricular systole by the closure of semilunar valve.
• CONTROL OF HEART BEAT
• S – A Node:
• S - A node found near upper end of superior vena cava in R. Atrium called Sino-atrial node.
• It Initiates the contraction of heart chambers through impulses & also transmits to AV node.
• A – V Node:
• It is found in lower end of R. Atrium. Structurally it is similar to S - A node.
• It transmits nerve impulses to ventricles for contraction rhythmically.
• AV bundles red divided into small fibres which penetrate the ventricle wall also known as purkinje fibers.
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• BLOOD VESSELS:
• Blood flows through your body in a complex system of tubes called blood vessels. Blood vessels carry blood to
every part of your body. Blood vessels consist of Arteries, Capillaries and Veins.
• ARTERIES:
• Carry blood from heart to all parts of the body
• They are made up of three layers.
• Innermost layer is called endothelium, middle layer is made up of smooth muscles and elastic tissues and outer
layer is made up of collagen fibers and other supporting tissues.
• Aorta divides into large arteries, large arteries into smaller arteries, and smaller arteries into arterioles and
then they give rise to capillary.
• Because of elastic walls, the arteries stretched when blood enters and then recoil slowly. It is called pulse.
• They withstand the high blood pressure and maintain the flow of blood.
• The arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary arteries.
• CAPILLARIES:
• Arteries on reaching to different body parts divides into very small vessels called capillaries.
• They are very thin walled. They consist of single celled layer so narrow that only one RBC can move in line.
• Gases, hormones, and other wastes are exchanged by simple diffusion and they join to form veins.
• VEINS:
• The vessels that bring blood from all parts of body to heart carrying blood back to the heart from all parts of
body are called veins.
• They are less elastic. Valves are present in veins which prevent the backflow of blood. The veins carry
deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins.
• BLOOD PRESSURE (BP)
• It is the pressure exerted by flow of blood on the wall of blood vessels (arteries).
• BP reading consist of two parts:
• Systolic blood pressure
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• (i) It is the pressure which the blood exerts on the wall of arteries at the time of ventricular contraction (systole).
• (ii) In normal adult person at resting condition it is about 120 mm of Hg.
• (iii) It is higher limit of arterial blood pressure.
• 2. Diastolic blood pressure
• (i) It is the pressure which the blood exert on the wall of arteries at the time of relaxation (diastole) of ventricle.
It is about 80 mm of Hg.
• Blood pressure in normal person is 120/80 mmHg.
• Note: The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure. Its normal value is 40
mmHg.
• The device used for measuring blood pressure is called Sphygmomanometer.
• BLOOD
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• LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• A System of blind vessels (lymphatic) that drains lymph from all over the body back into blood stream is called
lymphatic system. Lymphatic system consists of:
• Lymph
• Lymph nodes
• Lymphatic vessels.
• Lymph:
• Lymph is the name given to the tissue fluid; it can be defined as
“Color less body fluid that contains lymphocytes (a granular
WBC’S), small proteins & fats”.
• Lymphatic tissue is essential for immunologic defenses of the
body against viruses & bacteria.
• Lymph Node:
• These are small round structures (Microscopic to one inch). They
are distributed throughout the course of the lymphatic vessels,
through which the lymph must pass.
• Which trap the micro-organisms and foreign proteins. They are
later on killed by lymphocytes and macrophages.
• Lymphatic Vessel:
• Lymphatic vessels are blind tubes which carry/ drained water
(lymph fluid) from tissues and bring it to heart.
• These capillaries though present in many tissues
are absent in epidermis, hairs, nails, cornea,
cartilages, CNS and bone marrow.
• The lymphatic capillaries join into larger vessels.
The larger vessels pass to local or remote lymph
nodes.
• Some organs are also part of the lymphatic
system. These include the spleen, thymus
gland, adenoids, and tonsils, as well as the bone
marrow.
• FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Lymphatic circulation along with blood
circulation plays a key role in maintaining the
fluidity in all regions of the body.
• It absorbs fat from the digestive tract through
lacteal.
• It also functions as body’s defense system
against microorganisms and other harmful
substances.
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