MATHEMATICS 1B (MATH141)

TUTORIAL 7 (9–13 SEPTEMBER 2024)

nth Remainder

1. (a) Find the fourth-order Taylor polynomial of ln x about x = 1. (Ans: (x − 1) −

(x−1)2 (x−1)3 (x−1)4
2
+ 3
− 4
)
(b) Hence estimate ln(1.1) and show that the error of the approximation is less than
2 3 4
10−5 . (Ans: ln(1.1) ≈ 0.1 − (0.1) 2
+ (0.1)
3
− (0.1)
4
)
√
2. Write down the first four terms of the Taylor polynomial √ for f (x) = 4
x about x =
4
16. Use your result to find an approximation for 16.02. Estimate the error of your
approximation. √
(Ans: p3 (x) = 2 + 215 (x − 16) − 2312 (x − 16)2 + 2718 (x − 16)3 , 4
16.02 ≈ 2 + 215 (0.02) −
−8
3
212
(0.02)2 + 2718 (0.02)3 , |R3 (16.02)| < 277
22 × 10 )

3. Use the first three terms of an appropriate Taylor polynomial to approximate sin 44 ◦ .
Estimate the error of your approximation.
(Ans: f (44π/180) ≈ √12 − √12 (π/180) − 2√1 2 (π/180)2 , |R2 (44π/180)| < 61 (π/180)3 )
√
4. Use an nth -order Maclaurin polynomial x
√ for e to estimate
√ the value of e with error less
than 0.001. (You may assume that e < 2.) (Ans: e ≈ 1 + 12 + 18 + 48
1 1
+ 384 )

5. Obtain an interval containing x = 0 over which f (x) = sin x can be approximated by the
x3
polynomial x − with an error less than 0.001. (Note that p3 (x) = p4 (x). So a better
3! √
estimate of the error will be |R4 (x)|.) (Ans: |x| < 5 3/25)

Power series

1
Answer the following questions using the series we obtained for the functions , ex ,
1−x
sin x and cos x.

6. Find a series representation for the following functions in powers of x.

1 ∑
∞
(2x)k
(a) (Ans: (−1)k for |x| < 3/2)
3 + 2x k=0
3k+1

1−x ∑
∞
(b) (Ans: 1 + 2 (−1)k xk for |x| < 1)
1+x k=1
∑∞
x2k
(c) cosh x (Ans: for all x)
k=0
(2k)!

sin(x2 ) ∑
∞
x4k+1
(d) (Ans: (−1)k for all x)
x k=0
(2k + 1)!
∑
∞
x2k+2
(e) sin2 x (Ans: (−1)k 22k+1 for all x)
k=0
(2k + 2)!
 7. Obtain series representations for
∑
∞
2k (x + 1)k
2x+3
(a) e in powers of x + 1 (Ans: e for all x)
k=0
(k)!

1 ∑
∞
(x + 5)k
(b) in powers of x + 5 (Ans: − for −10 < x < 0)
x k=0
5k+1

1 ∑ ∞
8. Use differentiation to show that = kxk−1 for |x| < 1.
(1 − x) 2
k=1
1 ∑ ∞
k(k − 1) k−2
Hence find the Maclaurin series for . (Ans: x for |x| < 1)
(1 − x) 3
k=2
2

∑
∞
xk+1
9. (a) Use integration to show that (i) ln(1 + x) = (−1)k for |x| < 1 and
k=0
k+1
∑
∞
x2k+1
(ii) tan−1 x = (−1)k for |x| < 1. (We can in fact show that the series
k=0
2k + 1
for ln(1 + x) converges to ln(1 + x) on the half open interval −1 < x ≤ 1 and that
the series for tan−1 x converges to tan−1 x on the closed interval −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.)
(b) Hence identify series representations for
( ) ∑∞
1+x x2k+1
(i) ln in powers of x (Ans: 2 for |x| < 1)
1−x k=0
2k + 1
∑
∞
(x − 2)k+1
(ii) ln x in powers of x − 2 (Ans: ln 2 + (−1) k+1 k
for 0 < x < 4)
k=0
2 (k + 1)
∑
∞
x2k+3
−1
2
(iii) x tan (x/3) in powers of x (Ans: (−1)k for |x| < 3)
k=0
32k+1 (2k + 1)

10. Find Maclaurin series for

∫ x ∑
∞
x4k+1
(a) cos(t2 ) dt (Ans: (−1)k for all x)
0 k=0
(4k + 1)(2k)!
∫ ∑
∞
x
1 − et xk
(b) dt (Ans: − for all x)
0 t k=1
k.k!
∫ 1+x ∑∞
ln t xk+1
(c) dt (Ans: (−1)k for |x| < 1)
1 t−1 k=0
(k + 1)2