PHYSICS
Heat
• Heat is that form of energy which flows from one body to other body due to difference is
temperature between the bodies. The amount of heat contained in a body depends upon the mass
of the body.
• Units of Heat
• C.G.S unit : calorie = It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of pure water
through 1°C.
• International calorie : It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of pure water
from 14.5°C to 15.5°C.
• F.P.S. unit : B.Th.U (British Thermal Unit) = It is the amount of heat required to raise the temp, of 1
pound of pure water through 1°F.
• Temperature : Temperature is that physical cause which decides the direction of flow of heat from
one body to other body. Heat energy always flows from body at higher temperature to body at
lower temperature.
• Measurement of Temperature
• Thermometer : The device which measures the temperature of a body is called thermometer.
• Scales of temperature measurement
• To measure temperature two fixed points are taken on each thermometer. One of the fixed points
is the freezing point of water or ice point as lower fixed point (LFP). The other fixed point is the
boiling point of water or steam point as upper fixed print (UFP).
• Celsius was initially known as centigrade.
• While expressing temperature on kelvin scale 0 (degree) is not used.
• Freezing point (F.P) of mercury is -39°C. Hence to measure temperature below this temperature,
alcohol thermometer is used. F.P of alcohol is -115°C.
Range of different thermometers
• Mercury Thermometer : from -30°C to 350°C
• Constant volume gas thermometer : from -200°C to 500°C (with H2), below - 200°C upto -
268°C (with He) above 1000°C upto 1600°C (with N2 gas and bulb of glazed porcelain)
• Platinum resistance thermometer : from - 200°C to 1200°C
• Thermocouple thermometer: from - 200°C to 1600°C
Total Radiation Pyrometer
• When a body is at high temperature, it glows brightly and the colour of radiation emitted by the
body is directly proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature of the body. Radiation
pyrometer measures the temperature of a body by measuring the colour of radiation emitted by the
body.
• This thermometer is not put in contact with the body. But it can not measure temperature below
800°C because at low temperature emission of radiation is very small and can not be detected.
This is why it is used to measure temperature inside metallurgical furnace.
• Specific Heat Capacity : Specific heat capacity of a material is the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of unit mass of substance through 1°. Its SI unit is Joule/kilogram kelvin
(J/kgK).
• One calorie of heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1°C. Hence
specific heat capacity of water is 1 cal / gram °C.
• 1 calorie / gram °C = 4200 Joule/kg kelvin.
• For a gas, specific heat capacity can be defined in infinite number of ways as the amount of heat
required to increase the temperature depends upon the condition under which gas is being heated.
The following two specific heat of a gas are of special significance:
• Specific heat of a gas at constant volume (sv)
• Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure. (sp)
• If in place of unit mass, one mole of gas is heated, the heat required to increase the temperature
by unity is called molar heat capacity. We have two types of molar heat capacity also
• Molar heat capacity at constant volume (Cv)
• Molar heat capacity of constant pressure (Cp).
Expansion
• When a body is heated its length, surface area and volume increase. The increase in length, area
and volume with the increase in temperature are measured in terms of coefficient of linear
expansion or linear expansivity (alpha), coefficient of superficial expansion or superficial
expansivity (beta) and coefficient of cubical expansion or cubical expansivity(gama).
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