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REPORT
EXPERIMENT 5: FACTORS AFFECTING
REACTION RATE

Group: _______3_______ Class: ___Tuesday Morning___ Date: __11/6/2024__

Group members:

Declaration of
Full name Student ID Signature
Contribution

1 Vũ Trần Anh Huy BTFTIU21165 20%

2 Võ Huỳnh Anh Khôi BTFTIU21168 20%

3 Nguyễn Hữu Khánh ITCSIU21076 20%

4 Nguyễn Việt Thy BTFTIU21198 20%

5 Nguyễn Ngọc Phương Thảo BEBEIU22135 20%

Total score: _______/100

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Table of Contents
Part 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3

1. Objective .................................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 3

Part 2. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................................ 3

1. Materials and Equipments ....................................................................................................................... 3

2. Methods ......................................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON REACTION TIME ........................................................ 4

2.2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION RATE ................................................... 5

2.3 EFFECT OF A CATALYST ON THE REACTION RATE ......................................................... 5

Part 3. Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 5

1. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON REACTION TIME .................................................................... 5

2. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION RATE ............................................................... 8

3. EFFECT OF A CATALYST ON THE REACTION RATE................................................................... 10

Part 4. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 11

References............................................................................................................................................................ 11
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Part 1. Introduction

1. Objective

In this experiment, the factors will be investigated by how they change the reaction rate. There
are three factors used to investigate: temperature, concentration, and catalyst. Understanding the
factors that increase reaction rates will be important for this experiment

2. Introduction

Chemistry is a field of different chemical reactions between various types of compounds, atoms,
molecules. Chemistry is the study of the structure of matter, the properties of matter, the
transformation of matter into other matter, and the energy that accompanies the change of matter
[1]
. In general, it can be said that a chemical reaction is a natural process of transforming the
unstable substances to the stable ones [2].

There are many factors that can affect the rate of the reactions. These factors can be from the
temperature, pressure, concentration, surface area, or even the nature of the participating
substances. Depending on the changing of them that can lead to the rate of the reaction
increasing or decreasing. For example, as the concentration of reactants increases, the rate of the
reaction also increases because there are more molecules that can make the reaction become
faster. Moreover, when the temperature increases, the higher temperatures typically enhance the
reaction rate by providing the reactant molecules with more kinetic energy and allowing them to
more easily overcome the activation energy barrier. Furthermore, when the pressure increases,
the distance between the particles decreases leading to increasing in the frequency of collisions
then the faster the reaction will happen. For reactions involving solids, as the surface area
increases, the reaction rate increases. Finally, the introduction of a catalyst provides an
alternative, lower-energy pathway for the reaction, significantly increasing the rate without the
catalyst itself being consumed in the process.

Moreover, in industrial processing, the rate of the reactions plays an important role in enhancing
productivity by setting up the optimum conditions for the reactions can happen as fast as it can
and also for high yield.

Part 2. Materials and Methods

1. Materials and Equipments
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Equipments Materials
- Test tube - 0.1M (NH4)2S2O8
- Test tube rack - 0.005M Na2S2O3
- Volumetric pipette - 0.2M KI
- Test Tube Clamp - Distilled Water
- Breaker - 0.33M H2C2O4
- Funnel - 0.01M KMnO4
- Glass Rod - 3M H2SO4
- Pipet - 3% H2O2
- Green pump - MnCl2
- Stirring rod - MnO2
- Cylinder - NaCl
- Water bath - CaCl2
- Zn
- KNO3
- Fe(NO3)

2. Methods
2.1 EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON REACTION TIME
Prepared 3 beakers with the solutions respectively measured by cylinder: ~50mL 0.1M
(NH4)2S2O8, ~30mL 0.005M Na2S2O3, ~50mL 0.2M KI. Added 0.1M (NH4)2S2O8 and
distilled water from tube #1, #3, #7 and tube #9 already marked for solution A (Check Table
1), added 5mL 0.005M Na2S2O3 and then added 4mL starch for each tube. For solution B,
added 0.2M KI and distilled water from tube #1, #3, #7 and tube #9 already marked (Check
Table 1). Next, mixed solution A and solution B, then stirred the thread and watch the time
until first color sign appears (deep blue), recorded the result, and did it continuously until
tube #11. Then, calculated the iodide and peroxydisulfate ion starting concentrations for each
of the mixtures. Plotted the concentration of iodide ion versus time for mixtures # 1, #3. Time
should be on the X – axis and the concentrations should be on the Y – axis, plotted the
concentration of peroxydisulfate ion versus time for mixtures # 1, 7, 9. Again, time should be
on the X – axis and the concentrations should be on the Y – axis.
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Table 1. Chemical preparation for the experiment on the effect of concentration on

reaction time

2.2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION RATE

Prepared 3 test tubes with each tube had ~5mL 0.33M H2C2O4 already marked #1A, #2A,
#3A and 3 test tubes with each tube had ~1mL 0.01M KMnO4 + 5mL 3M H2SO4. For test
tubes #1A and #1B, placed the test tube at room temperature, then poured test tube #1B into
test tube #1A. Observe the reaction at room temperature and record the time. Placed test tubes
#2A and #2B in 50oC water bath (~3 mins), then poured test tube #2B into test tube #2A and
recorded the time for the purple color to disappear. Placed test tubes #3A and #3B in 90oC
water bath (~3 mins), then poured test tube #3B into test tube #3A and recorded the time for
the purple color to disappear.
2.3 EFFECT OF A CATALYST ON THE REACTION RATE
Prepared 5mL 3% H2O2 for 7 test tubes already marked from #1 to #5 (with #1: MnCl2, #2:
MnO2, #3: NaCl, #4: CaCl2, #5: Zn). Add a “pinch” of each of the following reagents to
separate test tubes. Mixed the substance and observe the change with the production of gas
bubbles. Record each reaction rate as fast, slow, very slow, or none in the data table.
Compared the response rate (the interval during which air bubbles first form) and noted
findings. From quickest (01) to slowest (05), rank them in decreasing order.
Part 3. Results and Discussion
1. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON REACTION TIME
Reaction 1: 2I-+ S2O82- → I2+ 2SO42-
Iodide ion + Peroxydisulfate ions → Iodine + Thiosulfate ions (slow)
Reaction 2: I2 + 2S2O32- → 2I- + S4O62-
Iodine + sulfate ions → Iodide ion + Tetrathionate ions (fast)
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Calculate the initial concentrations of I- and S2O82- ions:

Mixture # 5:
[I-] = ( V x Cₘ)/ Vtotal = ( VKI x CKI)/ Vtotal = (4 mL x 0.2 mL/L)/25mL = 0.32 mol/L
[S2O82-] = [S₂O₈²⁻] =(V x CM)/ Vtotal = (V(NH4)S2O8 x C(NH4)S2O8)/Vtotal = (10 mL x
0.1ml/L)/ 25 ml = 0.04 mol/L
The initial concentrations of iodide and peroxydisulfate ion in mixture # 1:
[I⁻] = (10 mL) × (0.2 ml/L) / 25 mL = 0.08 mol/L
[S2O82-] = (10 mL) × (0.1 ml/L) / 25 mL = 0.04 mol/L
The initial concentrations of iodide and peroxydisulfate ion in mixture # 3:
[I⁻] = (7 mL) × (0.2 ml/L) / 25 mL = 0.056 mol/L
[S2O82-] = (10 mL) × (0.1 ml/L) / 25 mL = 0.04 mol/L
The initial concentrations of iodide and peroxydisulfate ion in mixture # 7:
[I⁻ ] = (10 mL) × (0.2 ml/L) / 25 mL = 0.08 mol/L
[S₂O₈²⁻ ] = (8.5 mL) × (0.1 ml/L) / 25 mL = 0.034 mol/L
The initial concentrations of iodide and peroxydisulfate ion in mixture # 9:
[I⁻] = (10 mL) × (0.2 ml/L) / 25 mL = 0.08 mol/L
[S₂O₈²⁻ ] = (5.5 mL) × (0.1 ml/L) / 25 mL = 0.022 mol/L
Mixture Iodide ion Peroxydisulfate Time in seconds
1 0.08 0.04 5p30’(330s)
3 0.056 0.04 8p20’(500s)
Mixture Iodide ion Peroxydisulfate Time in seconds
7 0.08 0.034 7p (420s)
9 0.08 0.022 12p43 (763s)

Plotting the concentration of iodide ion versus time: [Note: X – axis: time; Y – axis: concentrations].
* Mixtures # 1-3:
- Graph
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Figure 1. The concentration of iodide ion versus time for mixture#1-3.

- The order of reaction with respect to iodide ion:
Mixture #1 > >Mixture #3
- Discussion:
With 2 points #1 and #3, the decreasing order of reaction with respect to the concentration of
iodide ions led to a decrease in time of reaction. The concentration of Iodine decreased
because the volume decreased. Therefore, the reactions occurred slower, and the time would
be longer. Since the concentration decreased, the particle in Iodine solution was further in
experiments, led to the decrease in collision and slower reactions. This can be explained
based on the theory that increasing the concentration of reactants generally increases the rate
of reaction because more of the reacting molecules or ions are present to form the reaction
products. The addition of high temperature starch makes the reaction occur quicker, so the
result will be more exact. In conclusion, the starch’s temperature can affect the speed of
reaction.
* Mixtures # 1-7-9:
- Graph
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Figure 2. The concentration of iodide ion versus time for mixture #1-#7-#9.
- The order of reaction with respect to iodide ion:
Mixture #1 > Mixture #7 > Mixture #9
- Discussion:
The order of reaction with respect to peroxydisulfate ion: Mixture # 1 > 7 > 9. The reaction’s
order of peroxodisulfate ions was based on the time of each reaction. The mixture 1 having
the shortest time was 330 seconds so this reaction was evaluated as the fastest reaction,
followed by 330 seconds, 420 seconds, 763 seconds respectively; then the last one having the
longest time was 763 seconds. Because the concentration of peroxydisulfate declined as
volume decreased while the concentration of iodide was constant, the reaction rate was slow
and took a longer time. There was a drop in colliding particles, the particle in peroxydisulfate
solution was farther in each trial as concentration declined, which led the collision to decrease
and the reaction to proceed slowly. When starch was added at a high temperature, the reaction
occurred faster, resulting in a more precise outcome. We may conclude that the temperature
of starch influences the rate of reaction.
The line graph illustrates the changing of the concentration of iodide ions versus reaction
time. With R2 = 0.9818, most of the values of the concentration were on the straight line.

2. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION RATE

Reaction System:
5H2C2O4(aq) + 2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq) → 2MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 10CO2(g)
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Description of Predicted Reaction

Observation Discussion
conditions outcome time
At the room temperature, which
was approximately 25 degrees
Celsius, it took over 1 minute for
Room
Slowest Colorless 82s the solution to lose its purple color.
temperature
The room temperature was not
high, resulting in the slowest
reaction.
At 50 degrees Celsius, the reaction
time was 12 seconds, which was
nearly 7 times faster than the
500C Fast Colorless 12s reaction placed at room
temperature. The temperature was
higher than the room temperature,
so the reaction was faster.
At 90 degrees Celsius, the initial
purple color disappeared
completely almost immediately and
Fastest the reaction time recorded was only
900C Colorless 1s
(immediately) 1 seconds. This temperature was
the highest one among three
experiments above, so the reaction
time was expected to be the fastest.
Note:
When the temperature increases, reactant molecules gain more kinetic energy, allowing them to cross
the activation energy barrier that separates reactants and products. This increased energy leads
molecules to travel faster, leading to more frequent collisions. As a result, a higher percentage of these
molecules reach the minimal energy threshold required for effective collisions, which result in
chemical change. The rise in effective collisions accelerates the rate of reaction by converting more
reactant molecules into product molecules in a given time frame. A connection between temperature
and reaction rate is a fundamental notion in chemical kinetics, demonstrating how thermal energy
affects molecular interactions and chemical reactions.
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3. EFFECT OF A CATALYST ON THE REACTION RATE

Reaction System: H2O2 (aq) → H2O (l) + O2 (g)

Trial Description Predicted Observation Explanation Image

of outcome (Reaction
conditions rate)
1 + MnCl2 Slow The bubbles After a brief period,
(90s) slowly when MnCl2 was
appeared. added to the
solution, the
reaction began to
react. Air bubbles
started to form
gradually and at a
moderate rate. Thus,
MnCl2 could be a
good catalyst.
2 + MnO2 Very fast The reaction The reaction
(3-5s) has a large immediately
amount of released heat and
bubbles. effervescence when
MnO2 was added to
the solution. Hence
MnO2 was an
effective catalyst.
3 + NaCl Very slow Almost no When NaCl was
(7 mins) bubbles added to the
appeared in solution, the
the test tube reaction rate was
very slow and was
challenging to
notice because the
reaction was not
much and strong.
Hence, NaCl might
not be a catalyst for
this reaction.
4 + CaCl2 Slow The air When CaCl2 was
(88s) bubbles added to the
appeared solution, the
slowly. reaction did not
happen
immediately, it took
an amount of time
for the reaction to
start appearing
effervescent. Thus,
CaCl2 was not a
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suitable catalyst.

5 + Zn Very slow The extreme The reaction rate

(3 mins air bubbles was very sluggish
20s) appeared when Zinc was
slowly. added to the
solution, but
eventually bubbles
started to slowly
and in little amounts
emerge. Hence, Zn
was not a good
catalyst.

The order of catalyst activity: MnO2 > CaCl2 > MnCl2 > Zn > NaCl

The catalysts were the chemicals added to the reaction, leading it to proceed more strongly than usual
while preserving the integrity of the response. All the actual observations matched the predicted
outcome.
Through phenomena such as the formation of bubbles and evaporation, among others, the catalysts
that affected the reaction rate were clearly illustrated that MnO2, CaCl2, and MnCl2 were the most
efficient catalysts for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, while Zn and NaCl were the least efficient.

Part 4. Conclusions
In this report, three factors were investigated their effectiveness in the rate of the reaction. First of all,
with the amount of the concentration difference, they will show the differences in the time of the
reaction. Moreover, about the temperature factors, the experiment was investigated in three ranges of
temperature and the result showed that the higher temperature is higher in the rate of the reaction.
Finally, with the catalyst, the third experiment examined how a catalyst affected the rate of reaction.
The formation of bubbles and evaporation were two examples of how catalysts influence the rate of
reaction. However, there are still problems that lead to undesirable results. In the first experiment, the
number 1 tube was swirling excessively which made the color become dark blue instead of light blue.
Moreover, the concentration of the chemical was not exactly enough making the result not as good as
the expectation. The reason for this can come from errors in measuring tools and people measuring.
Finally, improving and solving the problems during the experiment, the results of next experiment will
be better in the future.

References

[1] Silberberg M S (2009) Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change Fifth Edition (New York:
McGraw-Hill Companies)

[2] Lam, A. Y., & Li, V. O. (2012). Chemical reaction optimization: a tutorial. Memetic Computing, 4, 3-17.

END.