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PART A: Grammar
Directions: Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or
phrases marked(]), (2), (3), and (4). Choose the one word or phrase that best complete the sentence.
Then mark your answer sheet.
1- I .............. a new fitness regimen next month, and I .............. to see results by summer since I .............. to
a strict diet and exercise plan.
1) start/ expect/ would stick 2) am starting/ expect/ am going to stick
3) will start/ am going to expect/ will stick 4) am going to start/ have expected/ have stuck
2- They .............. the terms of the contract for months before they finally .............. an agreement that
satisfied both parties.
1) have negotiated I reach 2) had been negotiating / reached
3) were going to negotiate I would reach 4) had negotiated/ had reached
3- He .............. frequently for business, visiting multiple countries each year, but now he .............. remotely
and enjoys the stability of being home.
1) was used to traveling/ works 2) traveled/ used to work
3) used to travel/ works 4) would travel/ used to work
4- I .............. a solution to the current issue with the software later today, and I .............. to make sure the
fix is effective and permanent.
1) will provide/ shall follow up 2) am going to provide/ followed up
3) provide/ am going to follow up 4) am going to provide/ shan't follow up
5- She .............. such a challenging hike until she climbed the steep mountain trail, testing her endurance
and determination.
1) had already been experiencing 2) had already experienced
3) had never experienced 4) had been experiencing
6- After they .............. the extensive renovations, their home looked more beautiful and modern than they ............ .
1) had completed/ had ever imagined 2) completed/ ever imagine
3) had completed/ had never imagined 4) completed/ have been imagined
7- He .............. a presentation on the new project next week, but we .............. a preliminary meeting to
discuss the key points he should cover beforehand.
1) will give/ were going to have 2) is going to give/ going to have
3) has decided to give/ would have 4) is giving/ are going to have
8- After the storm .............., the residents .............. the damage to their homes and .............. the long
process of recovery and rebuilding.
1) passed/ had surveyed/ began 2) had passed/ had surveyed/ had begun
3) passed/ surveyed/ had begun 4) had passed/ surveyed/ began
9- She .............. bread from scratch every week, enjoying the process and the fresh results, but her busy
schedule has made it difficult to maintain this tradition.
1) was baking 2) got used to baking 3) used to bake 4) had baked
10- A: Could you check the document and suggest any changes before we proceed?
B: Sure, I .............. the necessary changes to the document today, and I .............. it back to you for final
approval before we proceed further.
1) will make/ will send 2) am going to make/ am going to send
3) will make/ am going to send 4) make/ am sending
11- By the time the train arrived, they .............. on the platform for over an hour, growing increasingly
anxious about their delayed journey.
1) had waited 2) had been waiting 3) have been waiting 4) have waited
12- Given the rate at which the river is rising and the forecast for more rain, it .............. the nearby homes,
displacing many families if precautions aren't taken.
1) will flood 2) will have been flooding 3) will have flooded 4) 's going to flood
13- By the time she .............. her research next year, she .............. to ten different countries to gather data
for her thesis, which .............. pivotal for her career.
1) will finish/ will travel/ is being 2) finishes/ will have traveled/ will be
3) has finished/ will travel/ is going to be 4) has finished/ will have traveled/ has
14- They .............. for a suitable new apartment for several months before they .............. one that ............. .
all their requirements and preferences.
1) had searched/ found/ had met 2) had been searching/ had found/ had met
3) had searched/ had found/ met 4) had been searching/ found/ met
15- At this time tomorrow, the engineers .............. the new equipment, monitoring performance metrics,
and making adjustments to ensure it .............. all technical specifications and quality standards.
1) will be testing/ meets 2) will test I will meet
3) are going to test I had met 4) will have tested I is meeting
 PART B: Vocabulary
Directions: Questions 16 -35 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words
or phrases marked (1), (2), (3), and (4). Choose the one word or phrase that best complete the sentence.
Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet.
16- Public .............. of the company improved significantly after it adopted more environmentally friendly
practices and transparent business operations.
1) enthusiasm 2) aggravation 3) commonsense 4) perception
17- To improve health, it is important to .............. harmful habits such as smoking and excessive
consumption of junk food.
1) eliminate 2) descend 3) neglect 4) starve
18- During her .............. time, she enjoyed reading novels, taking long walks in the park, and practicing
yoga to unwind.
1) auditory 2) campus 3) leisure 4) habit
19- The company hired a consultant to .............. an extensive market study and provide recommendations
for strategic growth.
1) carry out 2) prune off 3) match up 4) take away
20- Efforts to combat .............. include international aid programs that provide essential food supplies and
promote sustainable agricultural practices.
1) articulation 2) starvation 3) circulation 4) detection
21- The detective conducted a/an .............. investigation, leaving no stone unturned in the quest to solve the
mysterious case.
1) enormous 2) deliberate 3) thorough 4) intriguing
22- She received .............. approval for the project, with the condition that certain modifications be made to
meet regulatory standards.
1) symbolic 2) predictive 3) spontaneous 4) provisional
23- Living in a .............. area offers a peaceful environment away from the hustle and bustle of city life, but
it can also mean limited access to certain amenities and services.
1) municipal 2) rural 3) metropolitan 4) urban
24- Before drafting the report, she created a detailed .............. to organize her thoughts and ensure that all
relevant points were addressed in a logical and coherent manner.
1) portrayal 2) evidence 3) prompt 4) outline
25- The .............. translation of the speech allowed attendees from different countries to understand the
message in their own languages.
1) simultaneous 2) constructive 3) speculative 4) provisional
26- Understanding the needs and preferences of each .............. is crucial for delivering products and
services that exceed expectations.
1) audience 2) colleague 3) client 4) vendor
27- To evaluate the effectiveness of the new policy, it is essential to .............. assess its impact on various
stakeholders, considering both positive outcomes and potential drawbacks.
1) symbolically 2) uniquely 3) critically 4) exclusively
28- Scientists continue to .............. the depths of the ocean, uncovering new species and ecosystems that
were previously unknown.
1) approach 2) explore 3) refine 4) assemble
29- The forest was so .............. that sunlight barely penetrated through the thick canopy, creating a dim,
mysterious atmosphere.
1) humid 2) bubbly 3) enormous 4) dense
30- It's natural to .............. about the future, but making concrete plans requires more than just guesswork
and assumptions.
1) speculate 2) rehearse 3) indicate 4) articulate
31- Different people may .............. the same situation in vastly different ways, influenced by their personal
experiences and biases.
1) perceive 2) utilize 3) debate 4) inspire
32- He skillfully .............. the difficult question during the interview, redirecting the conversation to a more
comfortable topic.
1) revived 2) sniffed 3) alerted 4) evaded
33- The .............. of complex ideas in a clear and concise manner is a valuable skill in both academic and
professional settings.
1) deprivation 2) deliberation 3) discrimination 4) articulation
34- The advertisement was designed to .............. consumers into thinking the product was more effective
than it actually was.
1) reform 2) mislead 3) appreciate 4) represent
35- She ............ decided to take a road trip, packing her bags and setting off on an adventure with no fixed
destination.
1) perceptively 2) economically 3) spontaneously 4) comprehensively
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PART C: Sentence Structure

Directions: Choose the sentence with the best word order for each of the following series. Then mark
the correct choice on your answer sheet.
36-
1) I will start my new research project next semester, and I shall focus on innovative techniques, believing
that this will contribute significantly to advancements in my field.
2) I will be starting my new research project next semester, and I shall focus on innovative techniques,
believing that this to contribute significantly to advancements in my field.
3) I shall start my new research project next semester, and I had focused on innovative techniques, believing
that this contributes significantly to advancements in my field.
4) I'm going to start my new research project next semester, and I will focus on innovative techniques,
believing that this shan't contribute significantly to advancements in my field.
37-
1) She had always dreamed of traveling to distant lands, but it hadn't been until she had retired that she
finally had had the opportunity.
2) She already dreamed of traveling to distant lands, but it wasn't until she retired that she finally had had the
opportunity.
3) She already dreamed of traveling to distant lands, but it hadn't been until she had retired that she finally
had had the opportunity.
4) She had always dreamed of traveling to distant lands, but it wasn't until she retired that she finally had the
opportunity.
38-
1) She is going to fly to New York on Friday, she is going to attend a conference on sustainable development,
where she will present her research findings to a panel of international experts.
2) She is flying to New York on Friday to attend a conference on sustainable development, where she will be
presenting her research findings to a panel of international experts.
3) She is flying to New York on Friday to attend a conference on sustainable development, where she will
have presented her research findings to a panel of international experts.
4) She is going to fly to New York on Friday, she will attend a conference on sustainable development, where
she will be presenting her research findings to a panel of international experts.
39-
1) By the time you arrive at the conference next week, we will be discussing the latest research findings, and
we will have completed the preliminary analysis.
2) By the time you will arrive at the conference next week, we will discuss the latest research findings, and
we will complete the preliminary analysis.
3) By the time you will arrive at the conference next week, we will be discussing the latest research findings,
and we will have completed the preliminary analysis.
4) By the time you arrive at the conference next week, we will be discussed the latest research findings, and
we will have completed the preliminary analysis.
40-
1) The children have been playing energetically in the park all afternoon before they called home for dinner,
exhausted but happy from their adventures.
2) The children were playing energetically in the park all afternoon before they had been called home for
dinner, exhausted but happy from their adventures.
3) The children had been playing energetically in the park all afternoon before they were called home for
dinner, exhausted but happy from their adventures.
4) The children had played energetically in the park all afternoon after they called home for dinner, exhausted
but happy from their adventures.
PART D: Language Functions
Directions: Read the following conversations between two people and choose the answer choice (1), (2),
(3), or (4) that best completes the blank in the conversations. Then mark the correct choice on your
answer sheet.
A: I saw your presentation today. You were head and ...41... above everyone else!
B: Thanks! I was shaking in my shoes at first, but then I just focused and went for it.
A: Well, you really hit the ...42 ... on the head with your points. Everyone was impressed.
41- 1) shoulders 2) function 3) neck 4) activities
42- 1) nail 2) hammer 3) tail 4) goal
A: I heard you're in the market for a new laptop. Have you found any good deals yet?
B: Yes, I found a first-rate model with all the ...43..., but I'm still undecided since money is tight right now.
A: I get that. Did you try ...44... with the seller to see if you can get a better price?
B: Not yet. I ...45 ... some help with that. I'm not very good at negotiating.
43- 1) fine print 2) hidden fees 3) mint condition 4) bells and whistles
44- 1) swinging by 2) haggling 3) slacking off 4) arranging
45- 1) could use 2) threw in 3) got stuck 4) miss out
 PART E: Cloze Test
Directions: Read the following passage and decide which choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) best fits each space.
Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet.
The Olympic Games have seen a remarkable evolution in the variety of sports included ...46... their
modern inception in 1896. ...47..., the Games featured just nine sports, including athletics, cycling, and
fencing. Over the decades, the Olympic program has expanded significantly to ...48... global sporting
interests and advancements. By the mid-20th century, sports such as basketball, introduced in 1936, ...49...
Olympic staples. The inclusion of new sports often mirrors cultural shifts and technological ...50..., with
events like triathlon and BMX cycling debuting in 2000 and 2008, ... 51... . The Tokyo 2020 Olympics ...52.. .
skateboarding, surfing, and sport climbing, showcasing the Games' adaptability to contemporary ...53 ... .
This continuous evolution ensures that the Olympics remain ...54... and exciting, embracing both traditional
sports and modern innovations, ...55... fostering a spirit of global unity and athletic excellence.
46- 1) while 2) since 3) yet 4) already
47- 1) Frequently 2) Accordingly 3) Initially 4) Practically
48- 1) reflect 2) gather 3) fortify 4) compile
49- 1) have become 2) became 3) becoming 4) had become
50- 1) progress 2) quality 3) insight 4) intention
51- 1) thoroughly 2) undoubtedly 3) respectively 4) commonly
52- 1) had welcomed 2) is welcoming 3) welcomed 4) was welcomed
53- 1) swings 2) trends 3) contexts 4) elements
54- 1) numerous 2) capable 3) evident 4) relevant
55- 1) thereby 2) despite 3) in addition to 4) whereas
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PART F: Reading Comprehension

Directions: In this part of the test you will read three passages. Each passage is followed by five
questions. Answer the questions by choosing the best choice, (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark your
answer sheet.
Passage 1:
Paul Auster's "City of Glass", the first novel in his "New York Trilogy", delves deeply into the theme of
urban isolation, portraying a city that, despite its bustling exterior, is a labyrinth of solitude. The novel's
protagonist, Daniel Quinn, a reclusive writer of detective fiction, becomes entangled in a bizarre case after
receiving a misdirected phone call. Set against the backdrop of New York City, the novel explores how the
vastness of the metropolis can magnify feelings of loneliness and disconnection.
As Quinn navigates the city, Auster illustrates how the urban environment, with its endless crowds and
towering buildings, can be both alienating and dehumanizing. Despite being surrounded by millions of
people, Quinn experiences profound isolation, as his interactions with others become increasingly
fragmented and impersonal. The city, in Auster's narrative, is depicted not as a place of connection, but as
a maze where individuals become lost, both physically and metaphorically.
Auster's portrayal of New York emphasizes the paradox of urban life: the closer people live to one
another, the more distant they often become. Quinn's descent into the city's underworld is symbolic of his
internal journey into his own fragmented psyche. The novel blurs the line between reality and illusion,
mirroring Quinn's growing sense of detachment from the world around him. His quest, which begins as an
attempt to solve a mystery, ultimately leads him into a deeper existential crisis, exacerbated by the
overwhelming, impersonal nature of the city.
In "City of Glass", Auster masterfully captures the essence of urban isolation, presenting a city that,
while teeming with life, can nonetheless render its inhabitants profoundly alone.

56- What underlying message does the passage imply about the nature of personal connection in a modern
urban environment?
1) The passage suggests that the physical proximity of people in a city inherently fosters deep, meaningful
connections.
2) It implies that despite the multitude of social opportunities in a city, individuals often experience profound
emotional detachment.
3) It indicates that urban environments provide ideal conditions for forming lasting friendships and close-knit
communities.
4) It proposes that modem urban life is designed to enhance personal connections through organized social
events and activities.
57- What is the main purpose of the second paragraph in the passage?
1) To describe the setting of the novel and its significance to the plot
2) To provide a detailed analysis of the novel's narrative style
3) To explain the historical context of the novel's publication
4) To introduce a secondary character who plays a crucial role in Quinn's journey
58- What does the phrase "blurs the line between reality and illusion" in the passage most likely refer to?
1) Quinn's confusion between what is real and what is imagined in his quest
2) The city's physical appearance changing as the novel progresses
3) The interactions Quinn has with other characters becoming increasingly surreal
4) The narrative style shifting between different genres throughout the novel
59- In the context of the passage, what is meant by the term "existential crisis"?
1) A profound personal conflict about the meaning and purpose of life
2) A physical ailment that affects one's ability to function in society
3) A temporary state of confusion about one's career or education
4) A legal or financial problem that threatens one's livelihood
60- Based on the passage, what can be inferred about Paul Auster's view of urban life?
1) Auster sees urban life as a source of creativity and inspiration for artists.
2) Auster views urban life as inherently isolating and alienating for individuals.
3) Auster believes that urban life offers a unique sense of community and belonging.
4) Auster considers urban life to be a temporary challenge that individuals can overcome with effort.
Passage 2:
Binary numbers form the fundamental language of computers, playing a critical role in how these
machines operate and process information. At the core of computing is the binary system, which utilizes
only two symbols: 0 and 1. These symbols correspond to the off and on states of a computer's electronic
components, respectively. In contrast to the more familiar decimal system, which is based on ten digits (0-
9), binary operates with just two, making it perfectly suited for the digital nature of computers.
When a computer processes data, it converts everything into binary. For instance, the letter "A" in a
text document is stored as the binary sequence 01000001, according to the ASCII standard. Similarly,
images, audio, and even complex software programs are ultimately reduced to long strings of Os and ls.
This simplicity allows computers to perform billions of calculations per second, as they swiftly switch
between the two states represented by binary digits, or bits.
Understanding how binary numbers are used in arithmetic operations is crucial for grasping the
computational power of computers. For example, in binary addition, the process is similar to decimal
addition but with different rules. When adding 1 and 1 in binary, the result is 10, which means you write
down O and carry over 1 to the next higher bit. This basic operation is the foundation of more complex
mathematical functions performed by the central processing unit (CPU).
In essence, binary numbers are the backbone of computing, enabling machines to execute commands,
perform calculations, and process vast amounts of data with incredible speed and accuracy. Without
binary, modern computers as we know them would not exist, highlighting the profound impact of this
simple yet powerful numerical system on technology.
61- Which of the following best explains why binary numbers are particularly well-suited for the digital
nature of computers, as described in the passage?
1) The binary system uses fewer digits than the decimal system, making it easier to compute complex
mathematical functions.
2) Binary numbers align with the two physical states (on/off) of a computer's electronic components,
allowing for efficient data processing and storage.
3) Binary code can easily represent characters and images, making it versatile for various types of data.
4) Binary arithmetic mirrors human cognitive processes, making it the most intuitive system for
computational tasks.
62- Why does the author likely choose to explain the binary representation of the letter "A" using ASCII in
the passage?
1) To illustrate how binary can be used to simplify text encoding, making it more efficient than other systems
2) To demonstrate the practical application of binary in converting human-readable characters into machine­
readable format
3) To show that binary numbers are not only useful for arithmetic but also for representing non-numerical
data such as text
4) To emphasize the limitations of binary in representing complex text characters, requiring additional
systems like ASCII for accuracy
63- What might be the reason the author discusses the storage of images, audio, and complex software in
binary in the second paragraph?
1) To introduce a new topic that the passage will explore in greater depth later
2) To shift the focus from basic arithmetic operations to more advanced applications of binary in computing
3) To suggest that while binary is used in data storage, other systems are more effective for representing
multimedia content
4) To reinforce the idea that binary is a versatile and universal system capable of representing all forms of
digital data
64- Considering the explanation of binary addition in the passage, what might be the implications for how
computers handle more complex operations such as multiplication and division?
1) Computers apply similar principles of carry-over and bit manipulation to perform complex operations
efficiently in binary, allowing rapid processing.
2) Complex operations require significantly more computational power in binary, which limits the speed and
efficiency of computers.
3) Binary is unsuitable for complex operations, leading to a reliance on additional algorithms for
multiplication and division.
4) Computers likely avoid using binary for complex operations and instead convert to decimal or other systems.
65- Given the passage's explanation of binary's role in data processing, how might the efficiency of binary
impact the development of future computing technologies?
1) The efficiency of binary will likely lead to its continued use, but new systems might be developed to
supplement it for handling more complex data.
2) Binary's efficiency will be surpassed by more advanced systems, making it obsolete in the near future.
3) The inherent efficiency of binary suggests it will remain the cornerstone of computing, driving further
advancements in processing speed and data handling.
4) Binary's limitations in efficiency may lead to the development of entirely new computing paradigms that
do not rely on binary at all.
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Passage 3:
Long before Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the movable-type printing press in the mid-15th
century, Asia had already developed sophisticated printing techniques that significantly influenced the
dissemination of knowledge. The origins of printing in Asia can be traced back to China during the Tang
Dynasty (618-907 AD). The Chinese pioneered the use of woodblock printing, a method in which text and
images were carved into wooden blocks, inked, and then pressed onto paper or cloth. This technique
enabled the mass production of texts and was instrumental in spreading religious and literary works across
the vast Chinese empire.
One of the earliest known printed books, the "Diamond Sutra," was produced in 868 AD using
woodblock printing. This Buddhist text represents a remarkable achievement in the history of print,
showcasing the technical and artistic skills of Chinese printers. Woodblock printing also played a crucial
role in the production of illustrated texts, maps, and other visual materials, which facilitated the exchange
of ideas and cultural practices within and beyond China.
In Korea, the advancement of printing technology took a significant leap during the Goryeo Dynasty
(918-1392 AD). Korean artisans developed a unique form of movable metal type printing as early as the
13th century, predating Gutenberg's invention by over 200 years. This innovation was exemplified by the
"Jikji," a collection of Korean Buddhist teachings printed in 1377. The Jikji is considered the oldest extant book
printed with movable metal type, highlighting Korea's pivotal role in the evolution of printing technology.
These early Asian printing methods laid the groundwork for the global spread of knowledge,
demonstrating that the technological and cultural achievements in printing were not confined to Europe
but were part of a broader historical narrative.

66- Based on the passage, why is the "Diamond Sutra" significant in the context of early printing history?
1) It was the first book to use movable metal type.
2) It marked the beginning of the use of lithographic techniques.
3) It is one of the earliest surviving examples of woodblock printing.
4) It was exclusively used for decorative purposes rather than for textual content.
67- What can be inferred about the role of illustrated texts and maps in early Asian printing methods
based on the passage?
1) They were crucial in the dissemination of knowledge and cultural practices, beyond religious contexts.
2) They were secondary to religious texts and had minimal impact on the spread of knowledge.
3) They were primarily used for artistic purposes rather than educational or informational content.
4) They were rarely produced due to technological limitations.
68- How does the passage address the technological and cultural contributions of Korea to the history of printing?
1) It recognizes Korea's early development of movable metal type and its role in advancing printing technology.
2) It emphasizes that Korean contributions were purely artistic and did not influence technology.
3) It suggests that Korea's contributions were insignificant compared to China's innovations.
4) It minimizes Korea's contributions by focusing solely on European advancements.
69- In the context of the passage, what does the term "extant" mean?
1) recently discovered 2) recently printed
3) still in existence 4) created in large quantities
70- Why is it significant that the passage emphasizes the achievements in Asian printing before Gutenberg?
1) To minimize the impact of Gutenberg's inventions
2) To highlight that only religious texts were printed in Asia
3) To argue that European printing technology was superior
4) To demonstrate that printing technology evolved globally and not solely in Europe
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