Question 1

State which is not a common characteristic of an electrovalent compound?

High melting point.
Conducts electricity when molten.
Consists of oppositely charged ions.
Ionizes when dissolved in water.
State why CCl4 is a non-electrolyte.

Question 2
State the terms defined in each case:
A bond formed by –
(a) a shared pair of electrons, each bonding atom contributing one electron to the pair.
(b) a shared pair of electrons with both electrons coming from the same atom.

Question 3
The one which is composed of all the three kinds of bond [ionic, covalent and coordinate bond] is:
Sodium chloride
Ammonia
Carbon tetrachloride
Ammonium chloride

Draw the structural formula of carbon tetrachloride and state the type of bond present in it.
Select the correct answer from A, B, C and D — Metals lose electrons during ionization — this
change is called:
Oxidation
Reduction
Redox
Displacement

Select the right answer from the choices — covalent bond / ionic bond / covalent & coordinate
bond for each of the following —
(i) Sodium chloride
(ii) Ammonium ion
(iii) Carbon tetrachloride

(i) In covalent compounds, the bond is formed due to ............... [sharing/transfer] of electrons.
(ii) Electrovalent compounds have a ............... [low/high] boiling point.
(iii) A molecule of ............... contains a triple bond, [hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen]

Draw an electron dot diagram: showing the lone pair effect for formation of — NH 41+ ion from
NH3 gas and H1+.

Give reasons — Hydrogen chloride can be termed as a polar covalent compound.

Draw an electron dot diagram of the structure of — hydronium ion. State the type of bonding
present in it.

There are three elements E, F, G with atomic numbers 19, 8 and 17 respectively. Give the molecular
formula of the compound formed between E and G and state the type of chemical bond in this
compound.
A chemical term for: A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons coming from
the same atom.

Among the compounds identify the compound that has all three bonds [ionic, covalent and
coordinate bond].
Ammonia
Ammonium chloride
Sodium hydroxide
Calcium chloride

State which is not a typical property of an ionic compound?

High melting point.
Conducts electricity in molten and in the aqueous solution state.
Are insoluble in water.
Exist as oppositely charged ions even in the solid state.

Compare carbon tetrachloride and sodium chloride with regard to solubility in water and electrical
conductivity.

Compound 'X' consists of only molecules. 'X' will have —

A Crystalline hard structure
A low melting and boiling point
An ionic bond
A strong force of attraction between it's molecules.

The molecule which contains a triple covalent bond is:

ammonia
methane
water
nitrogen

Give word/phrase for : Formation of ions from molecules.

Give a reason why covalent compounds exist as gases, liquids or soft solids?
Bonding in which —
CCl4
H2
HCl
NH4Cl
— involves coordinate bonding.

Give scientific reasons: Carbon tetrachloride does not conduct electricity.

Explain the bonding in methane molecule using electron dot structure.

An element L consists of molecules.

(i) What type of bonding is present in the particles that make up L?
(ii) When L is heated with iron metal, it forms a compound FeL. What chemical term would you use
to describe the change undergone by L?

Fill in the blanks from the choices given :

Electrovalent compounds have .............. [high/low] melting points.

Elements — W, X, Y & Z have electronic configurations:W = 2,8,1 X = 2,8,7 Y = 2,5 Z = 1

(i) What type of bond is formed between:
(a) W and X
(b) Y and Z
(ii) What is the formula of the compound formed between :
(a) X and Z
(b) W and X
Draw an electron dot diagram to show the formation of ammonium ion [N = 7, H = 1]

Fill in the blanks:

The compound that does not have a lone pair of electrons is ............... [water, ammonia, carbon
tetrachloride].

State which of the following is a common characteristic of a covalent compound.

High melting point
Consists of molecules
Always soluble in water
Conducts electricity when it is in the molten state.

State the type of bonding in the following molecules:

(i) Water
(ii) Calcium Oxide

Draw an electron dot diagram to show the formation of each of the following compounds —
(i) Methane
(ii) Magnesium chloride
[H = 1, C = 6, Mg = 12, Cl = 17]

Give one word or a phrase for — Process of formation of ions from molecules which are not in the
ionic state.

Give a reason for — Ionic compounds have a high melting point.

Fill in the blank with the correct choice given in the bracket —
Ionic or electrovalent compounds do not conduct electricity in their ............... state. [fused/solid]

State the meaning of 'lone pair of electrons'. Draw the electron dot diagram of Hydronium ion. [H =
1, O = 8]

Give the appropriate term for : The covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally
between the combining atoms.

Draw the electron dot structure of :

(i) Nitrogen molecule [N=7]
(ii) Sodium chloride [Na=11, Cl=17]
(iii) Ammonium ion [N=7, H=1]

Choose the correct answer from the options given :

A compound with low boiling point is :
Sodium chloride
Calcium chloride
Potassium chloride
Carbon tetrachloride

Give one word or a phrase for : The chemical bond formed by a shared pair of electrons, each
bonding atom contributing one electron to the pair.

Fill in the blanks from the choices given :

The polar covalent compound in gaseous state that does not conduct electricity is ............... [carbon
tetrachloride, ammonia, methane].
Draw the electron dot diagram for the compounds given. Represent the electrons by [.] and [x] in
the diagram.
[Ca=20, O=8, Cl=17, H=1]
(i) Calcium oxide
(ii) Chlorine molecule
(iii) Water molecule

Question 1
State the force which holds two or more atoms together as a stable molecule.

Draw the geometrical atomic structure representing the electronic configuration of atoms of
elements of :
Period-2
group 14 [IVA] — carbon [at no. 6]
group 15 [VA] — nitrogen [at. no. 7]
group 16 [VI A] — oxygen [at no. 8]
Period-3
group 1[IA] — sodium [at no. 11]
group 2[IIA] — magnesium [at. no. 12]
group 17[VIIA]— chlorine [at. no. 17]
Period-4
group 2[IIA] — calcium [at. no. 20].

Question 3
What is meant by the term 'chemical bond' and 'chemical bonding'.

Question 4
State why noble gases are unreactive while atoms of elements other than noble gases are
chemically reactive.

Question 5
State the reasons for chemical bonding between two atoms and the methods involved for achieving
the same. State how 'duplet and octet' rules are involved for an atom to achieve stable electronic
configuration.

Question 6
State the type of compounds formed by transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another,
and explain the method of formation of the same. State the role of 'cations' and 'anions' in their
formation.

Question 7
Define the terms:
(i) Electrovalent or ionic bond
(ii) Electrovalent or ionic compound.

Question 8
What is meant by the term 'electrovalency'. State why Na [at. no. 11] has a electropositive valency
of +1 and Cl (at. no. 17) an electronegative valency of -1.

Question 9
State three differences between 'X' and 'X 1+' i.e. an atom and an ion.

Question 10
Explain the terms 'oxidation' and reduction' with reference to an atom or ion.
Question 11

(a) (i) Cu ⟶ Cu2+ + 2e-

State which of the following are oxidation reactions and which are reduction reactions.

(ii) Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu

(iii) Sn4+ + 2e- ⟶ Sn2+
(iv) 2Cl- ⟶ Cl2 + 2e-
(v) Fe2+ ⟶ Fe3+ + 1e-
(vi) X + 2e- ⟶ X2-
(vii) Y - 1e- ⟶ Y1+
(viii) Z3+ + 1e- ⟶ Z2+
(b) (i) Zn ⟶ Zn2+
(ii) S ⟶ S2-
(iii) Sn2+ ⟶ Sn
(iv) Fe2+ ⟶ Fe3+

Question 12
Explain with the help of :
(i) an ionic equation
(ii) electron

dot structural diagram

the formation of the following :
(a) Sodium chloride
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Magnesium chloride.
(at. nos. Na = 11, Cl = 17, Ca = 20, O = 8, Mg = 12)

Question 13.1
Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s from the brackets :
NaCl an electrovalent compound is formed as a result of transfer of ............... (one, two, three)
valence electrons from metallic sodium to non-metallic chlorine atom.
CaO is similarly formed as a result of transfer of ............... (one, two, three) valence electron/s
from metallic calcium to non-metallic oxygen and magnesium chloride by transfer of ...............
(one, two, three) valence electron/s from ............... (one, two) magnesium atom/s to ...............
(one, two) chlorine atom/s.

Question 13.2
Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s from the brackets :
Covalent compounds are formed by sharing electron pairs between non-metallic atoms. Non-
metallic atoms having ............... , ............... , ............... valence electrons (4, 5, 6, 7) share one, two
or three pairs of electrons respectively.

Question 14
Define or explain the terms:
(i) Covalent or molecular bond
(ii) Covalent or molecular compound
(iii) Covalency
(iv) Shared pair of electrons.

Question 15
Give two differences between the covalent compounds – methane (non-polar) and HCl (polar)

Question 16
Explain with the help of electron dot diagrams the formation of the following molecules, stating the
valency of each element involved.
(a) Hydrogen
(b) Chlorine
(c) Oxygen
(d) Nitrogen
(e) Water
(f) Methane
(g) Carbon tetrachloride
(h) Ammonia
(i) Carbon dioxide
[at. nos. H = 1, C = 6, N = 7, O = 8, Cl = 17]
Answer

Question 17.1
Give reasons for the following:
Molecules of hydrogen and chlorine have single covalent bonds between their atoms while oxygen
has a double covalent and nitrogen a triple covalent bond respectively.

Question 17.2
Give reasons for the following:
A molecule of methane has four single covalent bonds.

Question 17.3
Give reasons for the following:
Formation of ammonia involves one atom of nitrogen sharing three electron pairs one with each of
the three atoms of hydrogen.

Question 18
Explain the terms :
(a) Lone pair of electrons
(b) Coordinate bond

Explain diagrammatically the lone pair effect of:

(a) The nitrogen atom of the ammonia molecule leading to the formation of ammonium ions [NH 4]+
(b) The oxygen atom of the H 2O molecule leading to formation of hydronium [H 3O]+ and hydroxyl
ions [OH]-

Question 19
Give reasons for the following:
Electrovalent compounds are soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents, good conductors of
electricity in molten or aq. solution state, have high melting points and undergo electrolytic
dissociation on passage of electric current, while covalent compounds are soluble in organic
solvents, insoluble in water, non-conductors of electricity, have low melting points and undergo
ionization on passage of electric current.