Loading [MathJax]/extensions/MathEvents.

js

Skip to content




Samacheer Kalvi
Mobile Menu

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Guide Chapter

13 Chemical Bonding
October 13, 2024October 14, 2024
Tamil Nadu online education services
Tamil guide books
Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 9th
Science Guide Pdf Chapter 13 Chemical Bonding Text Book
Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Buy bestselling books online

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions
Chapter 13 Chemical Bonding
9th Science Guide Chemical Bonding Text Book Back
Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Number of valence electrons in carbon is
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 4

Question 2.
Sodium having atomic number 11, is ready to ______________
electron/electrons to attain the nearest noble gas electronic
configuration.
(a) gain one
(b) gain two
(c) lose one
(d) lose two
Answer:
(c) lose one
ADVERTISEMENT

Question 3.
The element that would form anion by gaining electrons in a
chemical reaction is ………………..
(a) potassium
(b) calcium
(e) fluorine
(d) iron
Answer:
(c) fluorine

Question 4.
Bond formed between a metal and non metal atom is usually
…………………..
(a) ionic bond
(b) covalent bond
(e) co-ordinate bond
Answer:
(a) ionic bond
ADVERTISEMENT

Question 5.
______________ compounds have high melting and boiling points.
(a) Covalent
(b) Coordinate
(e) Ionic
Answer:
(c) Ionic

Question 6.
Covalent bond is formed by …………………
(a) transfer of electrons
(b) sharing of electrons
(c) sharing a pair of electrons
Answer:
(b) sharing of electrons

Question 7.
Oxidising agents are also called as …………………. because they
remove eletrons form other substances.
(a) electron donors
(b) electron acceptors
Answer:
(b) electron acceptors

Question 8.
Elements with stable electronic configurations have eight
electrons in their valence shell. They are ……………….
(a) halogens
(b) metals
(c) nobel gases
(d) non metals
Answer:
(c) noble gases
ADVERTISEMENT

II. Answer briefly :

Question 1.
How do atoms attain Noble gas electronic configuration?
Answer:
Atoms of all elements, other than inert gases, combine to form
molecules because they have incomplete valence shell and
tend to attain a stable electronic configuration similar to noble
gases. Atoms can combine either by transfer of valence
electrons from one atom to another or by sharing of valence
electrons in order to achieve the stable outer shell of eight
electrons.

Question 2.
NaCl is insoluble in carbon tetrachloride but soluble in water.
Give reason.
Answer:
NaCl is an ionic compound, it is soluble in polar solvent (water).
Whereas CCl4 is a covalent compound. So.it is insoluble in polar
solvent (water). But it is soluble in nonpolar solvents.
Question 3.
Explain the Octet rule with an example.
Answer:
The tendency of atoms to have eight electrons in the valence
shell is known as the ‘Octet rule’ or the ‘Rule of eight’ For
example, Sodium with atomic number 11 will readily loose one
electron to attain Neon’s stable electronic configuration.
Similarly, chlorine has electronic configuration 2,8,7. To get the
nearest noble gas (i.e. Argon) configuration, it needs one more
electron. So chlorine readily gains one electron from another
atom and obtains stable electronic configuration. Thus
elements tend to have stable valence shell (eight electrons)
either by losing or gaining electrons.

Question 4.
Write a note on different types of bonds.
Answer:
There are different types of chemical bonding possible between
atoms which make the molecules. Depending on the type of
bond they show different characteristics or properties.

Question 5.
Correct the wrong statements.
(a) Ionic compounds dissolve in non-polar solvents.
(b) Covalent compounds conduct electricity in molten or
solution state.
Answer:
(a) Covalent compounds dissolve in non-polar solvents. (or)
Ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents.
(b) Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten or solution
state.

Question 6.
Complete the table given below.
Answer:

Question 7.
Draw the electron distribution diagram for the formation of
Carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule.
Answer:

Question 8.
Fill in the following table according to the type of bonds formed
in the given molecule.
CaCl2, H2O, CaO, CO, KBr, HCl, CCl4, HF, CO2, Al2Cl6
Answer:

Question 9.
The property which is characteristic of an Ionic compound is
that
(a) it often exists as a gas at room temperature.
(b) it is hard and brittle.
(c) it undergoes molecular reactions
(d) it has a low melting point.
Answer:
(b) it is hard and brittle

Question 10.
Identify the following reactions as oxidation or reduction.
(a) Na → Na+ + e–
(b) Fe3+ + 2 e– → Fe+
Answer:
(a) oxidation
(b) reduction

Question 11.
Identify the compounds as Ionic/Covalent/Coordinate based on
the given characteristics.
(a) Soluble in non-polar solvents
(b) Undergoes faster/instantaneous reactions
(c) Non-conductors of electricity
(d) Solids at room temperature
Answer:
(a) Co-ordinate Covalent compound.
(b) Ionic compound.
(c) Covalent compound.
(d) Ionic compound.

Question 12.
An atom X with atomic number 20 combines with atom Y with
atomic number 8. Draw the dot structure for the formation of
the molecule XY
Answer:

Question 13.
Considering MgCl2 as ionic compound and CH4 as covalent
compound give any two differences between these two
compounds.
Answer:

MgCl (ionic CH4(covalent

compound) compound)

1. It is formed by It is formed by
the transfer of the sharing of
electrons (2e– )
electrons
from metal
between the
magnesium (Mg)
non-metal
to a non – metal
atoms carbon
atom chlorine
and hydrogen
(Cl)

2. In MgCl2 ,
strong In CH4, weak
electrostatic force of
force of attraction exist
attraction exist between the
between carbon atom
magnesium and four
cation (Mg ) and hydrogen
2+

chlorine atoms atoms.

(Cl– )

Question 14.
Why are Noble gases inert in nature?
Answer:
Noble gases are inert in nature due to the completely filled
subshells and thus have stable electronic structures which is
very difficult to change. The elements Helium, Neon, Argon,
Krypton, Xenon and Radon of group 18 in the periodic table are
Noble gases.

III. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
List down the differences between Ionic and Covalent
compounds.
Answer:

Ionic Covalent
Compounds Compounds

Formed by the Formed by

transfer of
sharing of
electrons from
electrons
a metal to a
between non-
non-metal
metal atoms.
atom

The strong Mutual

electrostatic sharing of
force of electrons and
attraction so weak force
between of attraction
cations and between
anions. atoms.

Gases,
Solids at room
liquids, and
temperature.
soft solids.

Conducts
Non-
electricity in
conductors of
molten state or
electricity.
in solutions

Have high Have low

melting and melting and
boiling points. boiling points.

Soluble in
Soluble in polar
non-polar
solvents
solvents.

Hard and Soft and

brittle. waxy.

Undergo
Undergo ionic
molecular
reaction which
reactions
is fast and
which are
instantaneous
slow.
Question 2.
Give an example for each of the following statements.
(a) A compound in which two Covalent bonds are formed.
(b) A compound in which one ionic bond is formed.
(c) A compound in which two Covalent and one Coordinate
bond are formed.
(d) A Compound in which three covalent bonds are formed.
(e) A compound in which a coordinate bond is formed.
Answer:
(a) Oxygen molecule (O2) (O = O)
(b) Sodium’Chloride (NaCl)
(c) Carbon monoxide?

(d) Nitrogen molecule (N2) (N ≡N)

(e) NH3 → BF3

Question 3.
Identify the incorrect statement and correct them.
(a) Like covalent compounds, coordinate compounds also
contain charged particles (ions). So they; are good conductors
of electricity.
(b) Ionic bond is a weak bond when compared to Hydrogen
bond.
(c) Ionic or electrovalent bonds are formed by the mutual
sharing of electrons between atoms.
(d) Loss of electrons is called Oxidation and gain of the electron
is called Reduction.
(e) The electrons which are not involved in bonding are called
valence electrons.
Answer:
(a) Incorrect statement. Like covalent compounds, co-ordinate
compounds also do not contain charged particles (ions), so they
are bad conductors of electricity.
(b) Incorrect statement. An ionic bond is a strong bond when
compared to a hydrogen bond.
(c) Incorrect statement. Covalent bonds are formed by the
mutual sharing of electrons between atoms, (or) Ionic or
electrovalent bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons
between atoms.
(d) Correct statement
(e) Incorrect statement. The electrons which are not involved in
bonding are called lone pair of electrons.

Question 4.
Discuss in brief the properties of coordinate covalent
compounds.
Answer:
The compounds containing coordinate covalent bonds are
called coordinate compounds.
(a) Physical state – These compounds exist as gases, liquids or
solids.
(b) Electrical conductivity-Like covalent compounds, co-ordinate
compounds also do not contain charged particles (ions), so they
are bad conductors of electricity.
(c) Melting point – These compounds have to melt and boiling
points higher than those of purely covalent compounds but
lower than those of purely ionic compounds.
(d) Solubility – Insoluble in polar solvents like water but are
soluble in non-polar solvents like benzene, CCl 4, and toluene.
(e) Reactions – Co-ordinate covalent compounds undergo
molecular reactions which are slow.

Question 5.
Find the oxidation number of the elements in the following
compounds.
(a) C in CO2
(b) Mn in MnSO4
(c) N in HNO3
Answer:
(a) C in CO2
1(C) + 2(0) = 0
1x + 2(-2) = 0
x-4 = 0 ‘
x = +4 .
ON of C in CO2 is +4

(b) Mn in MnSO4
1 (Mn) + 1 (S) + 4(0) = 0
x + 1(+6) + 4(-2) = 0
x+6–8=0
x–2=0
x = +2
ON of Mn in MnSO4 is +2,

(c) N in HNO3
1(H) + 1 (N) +3(0) =0
1 (+1) + 1 (x) + 3 (-2) =0
+ 1 + x – 6 =0
x – 5 =0
x = +5
ON of N in HNO3 is + 5.

9th Science Guide Chemical Bonding Additional

Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following atom can exist independently?
(a) Magnesium
(b) Chlorine
(c) Hydrogen
(d) Neon
Answer:
(d) Neon

Question 2.
Alkali and alkaline earth metals form ………… compound when
they react with non-metals.
(a) ionic
(b) covalent
(c) co-ordinate covalent
(d) all the above
Answer:
(a) ionic

Question 3.
……………..compounds are highly brittle.
(a) Ionic
(b) Covalent
(c) Co-ordinate covalent
Answer:
(a) Ionic

Question 4.
The bond which is formed by mutual sharing of electrons is
called ……………….. bond.
(a) ionic
(b) covalent
(c) co-ordinate covalent bond
(d) all the above
Answer:
(b) covalent

Question 5.
………………. is an example of a covalent compound having a
high melting point.
(a) Magnesium oxide
(b) Silicon carbide
(c) Ammonia
(d) All the above
Answer:
(b) Silicon carbide
Question 6.
Which of the following compound(s) possesses a high melting
point?
(a) NaCl
(b) MgCl2
(c) CCl4
(d) Both a & b
Answer:
(d) Both a & b

Question 7.
The element that would form cation due to the loss of electron
during the chemical reaction is ………………..
(a) calcium
(b) Fluorine
(c) Chlorine
(d) all the above
Answer:
(a) calcium

Question 8.
Fajan’s rule is formulated by considering …………… the cation
and ………………..of the cation and anion.
(a) charge
(b) size
(c) charge & size
(d) none
Answer:
(c) charge & size

Question 9.
The formation of brown colour on the freshly unit surface of
vegetables and fruits is because ………………. of organic
compounds present in them.
(a) oxidation
(b) reduction
(c) both a & b
(d) none
Answer:
(a) oxidation

Question 10.
Which of the following compounds has melting and boiling
points higher than covalent compounds but lower than ionic
compounds?
(a) NaCl
(b) MgCl2
(c) H2O
(d) NH3→BF3
Answer:
(d) NH3→BF3

Question 11.
Atoms having 1,2 or 3 electrons in their valence shell will
readily form ……………..
(a) cation
(b) anion
Answer:
(a) cation

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. ……………theory explains the formation of molecules.

Answer:
Kossel – Lewis theory

The valency of noble gases is ……………..

Answer:
zero
3. …………….. is the only noble gas which does not have eight
electrons in their valence shell.
Answer:
Helium

4. The atom that loses electrons will from a ________

Answer:
cation

5. ______ compounds have high density.

Answer:
Ionic

6. In covalent bond formation, the sharing of …………..

electrons takes place in their outermost shell.
Answer:
unpaired

7. Polar solvents contain bond between atoms with ………………

Answer:
different electronegativities

8. ……………….. & ………….. atoms have similar

electronegativities.
Answer:
Carbon & hydrogen

9. Molecular reactions are ……………… in the covalent

compound.
Answer:
slow

10. Ionic compounds are ……………..in nature.

Answer:
solid
11. The tendency of atoms to have eight electrons in the outer
shell is known as ……………….
Answer:
Octet rule

12. As per Fajan’s rule, A1I3is ……………..

Answer:
covalent

13. Oxidising agents are otherwise called as ………………..

Answer:
electron acceptors

14. The tarnishing of metals is due to the formation of

……………….
Answer:
metal oxide

15. The tarnishing of metals is an example of …………….

reaction.
Answer:
oxidation

16. The sum of oxidation number of all atoms in a compound is

………………..
Answer:
Zero

17. The ……………….. is a metal that has a high resistance to

corrosion.
Answer:
Gold

III. Spot the error / correct the wrong statement:

Question 1.
In the formation of compounds, the inner shell electrons of an
atom involved in bonding.
Answer:
In the formation of compounds, the valence electrons of an
atom involved in bonding.

Question 2.
The atom that gains electrons will form a cation.
Answer:
The atom that gains electrons will form an anion.

Question 3.
Ionic compounds have low melting and boiling point.
Answer:
Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling point, (or)
Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling point.

Question 4.
Non-polar solvents contain bonds between atoms with different
electronegativities.
Answer:
Non-polar solvents contains bonds between atoms with similar
electronegativities.

Question 5.
Covalent compounds are soluble in polar solvents.
Answer:
Covalent compounds are readily soluble in non-polar solvents,
(or) Ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents.

Question 6.
Greater the charge of the cation greater will be the ionic
character.
Answer:
Greater the charge of the cation greater will be the covalent
character.

IV. Match the following :

Question 1.

1) a)
Monoatomic Electrovalent
gaseous atom bond

2) Octet rule b) Benzene

3) Ionic bond c) Water

d) Electronic
4) Non-polar
theory of
solvent
valence

5) Polar
e) Noble gases
solvent

Answer:
1. – e, 2. – d, 3. – a, 4. – b, 5. – c

Question 2.

a) Oxygen
1) Atomic bond and
hydrogen

2) Atoms with
b) acceptor
different
bond
electronegativities

3) Atom which c) covalent

accepts electron pair bond

d) donor
4) Rusting of iron
atom

5) Atom which e) oxidation

provides electron pair

f) ionic bond

Answer:
1. – c, 2. – a, 3. – b, 4. – e, 5, – d.

V. Find the odd one out and write the reason:

Question 1.
Water, acetone, benzene, toluene turpentine.
Answer:
Water. It is a polar solvent where a^ others air non-polar
solvents.

Question 2.
Addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, loss of an electron,
gain of electron.
Answer:
Gain of electron. It is a reduction reaction whereas other three
are oxidation reactions.

Question 3.
Platinum, palladium NaBH4, CrO3.
Answer:
CrO3 It is an oxidising agent whereas the other three are
reducing agents.

Question 4.
Ionic bond, metallic bond, Coordinate covalent bond, Hydrogen
bond.
Answer:
Hydrogen bond. It is a weak bond whereas the other three are
strong bonds.
Question 5.
Soft & waxy, a bad conductor of electricity, low boiling point,
solid at room temperature.
Answer:
Solid at room temperature.
It is the property of ionic compounds whereas the other three
are the properties of covalent compounds.

.
VI. Answer in brief :

Question 1.
What is a chemical bond?
Answer:
A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction
between the two atoms that bind them together as a unit called
a molecule.

Question 2.
Write the basic concept of Kossel – Lewis theory.
Answer:
Kossle – Lewis theory is based on the concept of electronic
configuration of noble gases.

Question 3.
Define the ionic bond.
Answer:
An ionic bond is a chemical bond formed by the electrostatic
attraction between positive and negative ions. The bond is
formed between two atoms when one or more electrons are
transferred from the valence shell of one atom to the valence
shell of the other atom.

Question 4.
The following shows the electronic distribution diagram for the
formation of MgCl2 molecule. Based on this answer the following
questions.

(a) Which of the above atom loses electrons to form a cation?

(b) Which of the above atom gain electrons to form an anion?
(c) How many electrons are transferred from Mg to Cl?
(d) Write the name of the anion formed.
(e) Which noble gas configuration do these ions resemble?
(f) Write the electronic configuration of Mg2+ & Cl–
Answer:
(a) Magnesium atom loses electrons to form a cation.
(b) Chlorine atom gains 1 electron to from anion.
(c) Two electrons are transferred from Mg – atom to 2 Cl –
atoms (each Cl – atom gains 1e– from Mg – atom).
(d) Chloride anion (Cl– )
(e) Mg2+ ion resembles noble gas configuration of Neon Cl – ion
resembles noble gas configuration of Argon.
(f) Electronic configuration of Mg2+ is 2, 8. and Electronic
configuration of Cl– is 2, 8, 8.

Question 5.
What is covalent bond?
Answer:
Bond which is formed between atoms by the mutual sharing of
electrons is known as a covalent bond.
Question 6.
Name of the following:
(a) An element which obtains the noble gas configuration of
neon by losing three electrons.
(b) An element which gains two electrons to obtain the noble
gas configuration of Neon.
Answer:
(a) Aluminium (Al → Al3+ + 3e–)
(b) Oxygen atom (O + 2e– → 02-)

Question 7.
Identify the following reactions as oxidation/reduction/redox
reaction.
(a) Zn + CuSO4 → Cu + ZnSO4
(b) CuO+H2 → Cu+H2O
(c) 2Mg +O2 → 2MgO
Answer:
(a) Redox reaction
(b) Reduction
(e) Oxidation

Question 8.
What are oxidising agents? Give an example.
Answer:
Substances which have the ability to oxidise other substances
are called oxidizing agents. These are also called electron
acceptors because they remove electrons from other
substances. ’
Example:

Question 9.
What are reducing agents? Give examples.
Answer:
Substances which have the ability to reduce other substances
are called reducing agents. These are also called electron
donors because they donate electrons to other substances.
Example: NaBH4, LiAlH4 and metals like Palladium, Platinum.

Question 10.
What are redox reactions? Give examples.
Answer:
Both the oxidation and reduction occurs in the same reaction
simultaneously is known as a redox reaction. If one reactant
gets oxidised, the other gets reduced. Such reactions are called
oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
Ex. 1 : 2 PbO + C → 2 Pb + CO2
Ex. 2 : Zn + CuSO4 → Cu + ZnSO4

Question 11.
Define (a) oxidation (b) reduction reactions : Give examples.
Answer:

Question 12.
What is rancidity?
Answer:
The oxidation reaction in food materials that were left open for
a long period is responsible for spoiling of food. This is called
rancidity.
Question 13.
Define oxidation number.
Answer:
Oxidation number of an element is defined as the formal charge
which an atom of that element appears to have when electrons
are counted.

Question 14.
Identify the type of bond in \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}

Answer:

VII. To interpret:

Question 1.
Ionic bond is also called electrostatic bond.
Answer:
In ionic bond formation the bond is formed between the
oppositely charged ions and these ions come closer to each
other due to electrostatic force of attraction. So ionic bond is
also called an electrostatic bond.

Question 2.
Ionic compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature.
Answer:
Ionic compounds are formed because of the strong electrostatic
force between cations and anions which are arranged in a well-
defined geometrical pattern. Thus ionic compounds are
crystalline solids at room temperature.

Question 3.
Covalent compounds have a low melting point.
Answer:
In covalent compounds, atoms are held by a weak force of
attraction. When heat is applied, the molecules are readily
pulled out and get free movement.

VIII. Assertion and Reason type questions :

Question 1.
Statement (A) : Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in a
solid-state.
Reason (B) : The ions in ionic compounds are tightly held
together by a strong electrostatic force of attraction and they
can not move freely.
(a) B explains A
(b) B does not explain A
(c) B is wrong A
(d) A is right B is wrong
Answer:
(a) B explains A

Question 2.
Statement (A) : Covalent compounds are bad conductors of
electricity.
Reason (B) : Covalent compounds contain charged particles
(ions)
a) B explains A
b) B does not explain A
c) Both A & B are right
d) Both A & B are wrong
Answer:
(b) B does not explain A
Reason: Since covalent compounds do not have charged
particles (ions), they are bad conductors of electricity.

IX. Find the oxidation number of the elements in the following

compounds.

(1) Zn in ZnSO4
(2) Ca in CaH2
(3) Mg in MgO
(4) N in NH3
(5) A1 in AlCl3
Answer:
(1) ZnSO4
1(Zn) + 1 (S) + 4 (0) = 0
x + 1(+6) + 4(-2) = 0
x+6–8=0
x=+2
Oxidation number of Zn in ZnSO4 is +2

(2) CaH2
1(Ca) + 2 (H) = 0
x + 2 (-1) = 0
x -2 = 0
x=+2
Oxidation number of Ca in CaH2 is +2

(3) MgO
1(Mg) + 1 (O) = 0
x + 1 (-2) = 0
x -2 = 0
x=+2
Oxidation number of Mg in MgO is +2

(4) NH3
1(N) + 3 (H) = 0
x + 3 (-1) = 0
x–3=0
x = +3
Oxidation number of N in NH3 is +3
(5) AlCl3
1(Al) + 3(Cl) = 0
x + 3 (-1) = 0
x–3=0
x=+3
Oxidation number of Al in AlCl3 is +3

X. Complete the following table:

Question 1.

Atomic Electron
Atoms
number distribution

a) O 8 –

b) N – –

c) – 17 –

d) – – 2,8,2

Answer:

Atomic Electron
Atoms
number distribution

a) O 8 2,6

b) N 7 2,5

c) Cl 17 2,8,7

d) Mg 12 2,8,2

Question 2.
a) Dativebond –

b) CaH2 →
–
Ca+H2

c) – Reduction

Redox
d) –
reaction

Answer:

Co-ordinate
a) Dativebond
covalent bond

b) CaH2 → Ca+H2 Oxidation

c) Fe3+ + e– →Fe2+ Reduction

d) both Oxidation
of Reduction takes Redox
place reaction
simultaneously

XI. To Match:

Name of Type of
compound compound

a) Sodium
?
chloride

co-ordinate
b) ? covalent
compound

c) Methane ?

d) Fluorine
?
molecule

Answer:
 Name of Type of
compound compound

a) Sodium
Ionic compound
chloride

co-ordinate
b) NH3 → BF3 covalent
compound

Covalent
c) Methane
compound

d) Fluorine Covalent
molecule compound

XII. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Explain the ionic bond formation in sodium chloride with
electron distribution diagram.
Answer:
Formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

(i) The atomic number of Sodium is 11 and its electronic

configuration is 2, 8, 1. It has one electron excess to the
nearest stable electronic configuration of a noble gas – Neon.

(ii) So sodium has a tendency to lose one electron from its

outermost shell and acquire a stable electronic configuration
forming sodium cation (Na+).

(iii) The atomic number of chlorine is 17 and its electronic

configuration is 2, 8, 7. It has one electron less to The nearest
stable electronic configuration of a noble gas – Argon.

(iv) So chlorine has a tendency to gain one electron to acquire a

stable electronic
configuration forming chloride anion (Cl–)

(v) When an atom of sodium combines with an atom of chlorine,

an electron is transferred from the sodium atom to chlorine
atom forming sodium chloride molecule. Thus both the atoms
achieve stable octet electronic configuration.

Question 2.
Explain the covalent bond formation in the following molecules.
(a) Chlorine
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Hydrogen
(d) Oxygen
Answer:
(a) Chlorine
Chlorine molecule is formed by two chlorine atoms. Each
chlorine atom has seven valence electrons (2,8,7). These two
atoms achieve a stable completely filled electronic
configuration (octet) by sharing a pair of electrons.

(b) Nitrogen
Nitrogen molecule is formed by two nitrogen atoms. Each
nitrogen atom has five valence electrons (2, 5). These two
atoms achieve a stable completely filled electronic
configuration (octet) by sharing three pair of electrons. Hence a
triple bond is formed in between the two atoms.

(c)Hydrogen
Hydrogen molecule is formed by two hydrogen atoms. Both
hydrogen atoms contributes one electron each to the shared
pair and both atoms acquire stable completely filled electronic
configuration.

(d) Oxygen
Oxygen molecule is formed by two oxygen atoms. Each oxygen
atom has six valence electrons (2,6). These two atoms achieve
a stable electronic configuration (octet) by sharing two pair of
electrons. Hence a double bond is formed in between
the two atoms.

Question 3.
Explain the co-ordinate covalent bond formation in between
NH3 → BF3 molecules.
Answer:
The ammonia molecule gives a lone pair of electrons to boron
trifluoride (BF3) molecule which is electron deficient. Thus a
coordinate covalent bond is formed between NH3 (donor
molecule) and BF3 (acceptor molecule) and is represented by

Question 4.
Write notes on the characteristics of covalent compounds.
Answer:
a. Physical state: Depending on the force of attraction between
covalent molecules the bond may be weaker or stronger. Thus
covalent compounds exist in gaseous, liquid, and solid forms.
Eg. Oxygen-gas; Water-liquid: Diamond-solid.

b. Electrical conductivity: Covalent compounds do not contain

charged particles (ions), so they are bad conductors of
electricity.

c. Melting point: Except few covalent compounds (Diamond,

Silicon carbide), they have relatively low melting points
compared to Ionic compounds.

d. Solubility: Covalent compounds are readily soluble in non-

polar solvents like benzene (C6H6), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
They are insoluble in polar solvents like water.

e. Hardness and brittleness: Covalent compounds are neither

hard nor brittle. But they are soft and waxy.

f. Reactions: Covalent compounds undergo molecular reactions

in solutions and these reactions are slow.
Question 5.
Write notes on the characteristics of ionic compounds.
Answer:
a. Physical state: These compounds are formed because of the
strong electrostatic force between cations and anions which are
arranged in a well-defined geometrical pattern. Thus ionic
compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature.

b. Electrical conductivity: Ionic compounds are crystalline solids

and so their ions are tightly held together. The ions, therefore,
cannot move freely, so they do not conduct electricity in a
solid-state. However, in a molten state and their aqueous
solutions conduct electricity.

c. Melting point: the strong electrostatic force between the

cations and anions hold the ions tightly together, so very high
energy is required to separate them. Hence ionic compounds
have high melting and boiling points.

d. Solubility: Ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents like

water. They are insoluble in non-polar solvents like benzene
(C6H6), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).

e. Density, hardness, and brittleness: Ionic compounds have

high density and they are quite hard because of the strong
electrostatic force between the ions. But they are highly brittle.

f. Reactions: Ionic compounds undergo ionic reactions which

are practically rapid and instantaneous.

Posted in Class 9 on October 13, 2024October 14, 2024

Leave a Reply

You must be logged in to post a comment.

Search for:
Calculadora de Porcentaje
Recent Posts

 12th English Unit 6 Supplementary Remember Caesar

(Play) Paragraph Book Back Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 12th English Unit 5 Prose The Chair Paragraph Book Back
Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 12th English Unit 2 Prose A Nice Cup of Tea Paragraph
Book Back Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 11th English Unit 3 Poem Lines Written in Early Spring
Paragraph Book Back Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 11th English Unit 4 Prose Tight Corners Paragraph Book
Back Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 12th English Unit 2 Supplementary Life of Pi Paragraph
Book Back Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 12th English Unit 4 Poem Ulysses Paragraph Book Back
Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 12th English Unit 1 Poem The Castle Paragraph Book Back
Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 11th English Unit 2 Poem Confessions of a Born Spectator
Paragraph Book Back Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 12th English Unit 5 Supplementary All Summer in a Day
Paragraph Book Back Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 11th English Unit 5 Supplementary The Singing Lesson
Paragraph Book Back Answers Samacheer Kalvi
 Facebook
 Twitter
 Instagram
 Pinterest
Copyright © 2024 Samacheer Kalvi
()



