Chapter 04

MOLE AND EQUIVALENT CONCEPT

1. CHEMISTRY volume but no definite shape. They take up the shape of the
vessel in which they are put, e.g., water, milk, oil, mercury, alcohol
Chemistry is defined as the study of the composition, properties etc.
and interaction of matter. Chemistry is often called the central Gas- A substance is said to be gaseous if it neither possesses
science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences, definite volume nor a definite shape. This is because they fill up
which include chemistry, with the life sciences and applied the whole vessel in which they are put, e.g., hydrogen, oxygen
sciences such as medicine and engineering. etc.
Various branches of chemistry are The three states are interconvertible by changing the conditions
1.1 Physical chemistry of temperature and pressure as follows :
The branch of chemistry concerned with the way in which the
physical properties of substances depend on and influence their
chemical structure, properties, and reactions.
1.2 Inorganic chemistry
The branch of chemistry which deals with the structure,
composition and behavior of inorganic compounds. All the
substances other than the carbon-hydrogen compounds are
classified under the group of inorganic substances.
1.3 Organic chemistry
The discipline which deals with the study of the structure,
composition and the chemical properties of organic compounds
is known as organic chemistry.
1.4 Biochemistry 3. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER AT
The discipline which deals with the structure and behavior of the MACROSCOPIC LEVEL
components of cells and the chemical processes in living beings
At the macroscopic or bulk level, matter can be classified as
is known as biochemistry.
(a) mixtures (b) pure substances.
1.5 Analytical chemistry
These can be further sub-divided as shown below
The branch of chemistry dealing with separation, identification
and quantitative determination of the compositions of different
substances.

2. MATTER

Matter is defined as any thing that occupies space, possess mass

and the presence of which can be felt by any one or more of our
five senses.
Matter can generally exist in 3 physical states viz. solid, liquid,
Classification of Matter
gas.
Solid - A substance is said to be solid if it possesses a definite
volume and a definite shape, e.g., sugar, iron, gold, wood etc.
Liquid- A substance is said to be liquid, if it possesses a definite
(a) Mixtures : A mixture contains two or more substances present 4. PROPERTIES OF MATTER
in it (in any ratio) which are called its components. A mixture may
be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Every substance has unique or characteristic properties. These
properties can be classified into two categories – physical
Homogeneous mixture- In homogeneous mixture the components
properties and chemical properties.
completely mix with each other and its composition is uniform
4.1 Physical Properties
throughout i.e it consist of only one phase. Sugar solution and
Physical properties are those properties which can be measured
air are thus, the examples of homogeneous mixtures.
or observed without changing the identity or the composition of
Heterogeneous mixtures- In heterogeneous mixture the the substance. Some examples of physical properties are color,
composition is not uniform throughout and sometimes the different odor, melting point, boiling point, density etc.
phases can be observed. For example, grains and pulses along 4.2 Chemical properties
with some dirt (often stone) pieces, are heterogeneous mixtures. Chemical properties are those in which a chemical change in the
NOTE substance occurs. The examples of chemical properties are
characteristic reactions of different substances; these include
Any distinct portion of matter that is uniform throughout acidity or basicity, combustibility etc.
in composition and properties is called a Phase.
(b) Pure substances :- A material containing only one substance
5. MEASUREMENT
is called a pure substance.
5.1 Physical quantities
NOTE All such quantities which we come across during our scientific
In chemistry, a substance is a form of matter that has studies are called Physical quantities. Evidently, the measurement
constant chemical composition and characteristic of any physical quantity consists of two parts
properties. It cannot be separated into components by (1) The number, and (2) The unit
physical separation methods, i.e. without breaking chemical A unit is defined as the standard of reference chosen to measure
bonds. They can be solids, liquids or gases. any physical quantity.
Pure substances can be further classified into elements and 5.2 S.I. UNITS
compounds.
The International System of Units (in French Le Systeme
Element- An element is defined as a pure substance that contains International d’Unités – abbreviated as SI) was established by
only one kind of particles. Depending upon the physical and the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM
chemical properties, the elements are further subdivided into three from Conference Generale des Poids et Measures). The CGPM is
classes, namely (1) Metals (2) Non-metals and (3) Metalloids. an inter governmental treaty organization created by a diplomatic
Compound- A compound is a pure substance containing two or treaty known as Meter Convention which was signed in Paris in
more than two elements combined together in a fixed proportion 1875.
by mass. Further, the properties of a compound are completely The SI system has seven base units and they are listed in table
different from those of its constituent elements. Moreover, the given below.
constituents of a compound cannot be separated into simpler
substances by physical methods. They can be separated by
chemical methods.
 These units pertain to the seven fundamental scientific quantities. The other physical quantities such as speed, volume,
density etc. can be derived from these quantities, hence called drived quantities. The definitions of the SI base units are given
Definitions of SI Base Units

Unit of length metre The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in
vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.

Unit of mass Kilogram The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of
the internationl prototype of the kilogram.

Unit of time second The second is the duration of 9 19,2631, 770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the two
hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133
atom.

Unit of electric current ampere The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in
two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of
negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart
in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a
force equal to 2 × 10–7 newton per metre of length.

Unit of thermodynanic kelvin The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the

temperature fraction 1/273. 16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the
triple point of water.

Unit of amount of substance mole 1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system
which contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12; its symbol
is “mol.”.

2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must

be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions,
electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such
particles.

Unit of luminous intensity candela The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction,
of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of
frequency 540 × 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity
in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.

NOTE 6. SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITION

The mass standard is the kilogram since 1889. It has been
6.1 Mass and Weight
defined as the mass of platinum-iridium (Pt-Ir) cylinder that
is stored in an airtight jar at International Bureau of Weights Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in it while
and Measures in Sevres, France. This is the international weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object. The mass of a
prototype 1 kg. Pt-Ir was chosen for this standard because substance is constant whereas its weight may vary from one
it is highly resistant to chemical attack and its mass will place to another due to change in gravity. The SI unit of mass is
not change for an extremely long time. the kilogram (kg). The SI derived unit (unit derived from SI base
units) of weight is newton.
6.2 Volume 7.3 Law of Multiple Proportions
Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by When two elements combine to form two or more compounds
some closed boundary, for example, the space that a substance then the ratio of masses of one element that combines with a fixed
(solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains. mass of the other element in the two compounds is a simple whole
Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, number ratio. This law was proposed by Dalton in 1803.
the cubic meter. For example,
6.3 Density Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form two compounds namely
The mass density or density of a material is defined as its mass water and hydrogen peroxide.
per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is  (the Hydrogen + Oxygen  Water
lower case Greek letter rho). SI unit of density is kg m–3.
2g 16g 18g
6.4 Temperature
Hydrogen + Oxygen  Hydrogen Peroxide
Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively
2g 32g 34g
expresses the common notions of hot and cold. There are three
common scales to measure temperature — °C (degree celsius), °F Therefore, the masses of oxygen (16g or 32g) which combine with
(degree fahrenheit) and K (kelvin). The temperature on two scales fixed mass of hydrogen (2 parts) bear a simple ratio i.e., 16 : 32 or
is related to each other by the following relationship: 1 : 2.

°F = 9/5 (°C) + 32 7.4 Law of Reciprocal Proportions

K = °C + 273.15 When three elements combine with each other in combination of

two and form three compounds then the ratio of masses of two
7. LAW OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION elements combining with fixed mass of the third and the ratio in
which they combine with each other bear a simple whole number
7.1 Law of conservation of mass ratio to each other. This Law was given by Richter in 1792.
“In a chemical reaction the mass of reactants consumed and mass For example,
of the products formed is same, that is mass is conserved.” This
Consider 3 grams of C reacting with 1 g of H to form methane.
is a direct consequence of law of conservation of atoms. This law
Also, 8 g of O reacting with 1 g of H to form water. Here, the mass
was put forth by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789. For example,
ratio of carbon and oxygen is 3:8. Similarly, 12 g of C reacts with
12 g of carbon combines with 32 g of oxygen to form 44 g of CO2.
32 g of O to form CO2. The mass ratio of carbon and oxygen is
7.2 Law of Constant / Definite Proportions 12:32 = 3:8.
The ratio in which two or more elements combine to form a The mass ratio in which C and O combine with each other is the
compound remains fixed and is independent of the source of the same as the mass ratio in which they separately combine with a
compound. This law was given by, a French chemist, Joseph fixed mass of H.
Proust.
7.5 Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes
For example, carbon dioxide can be obtained by a number of
This law was given by Gay Lussac in 1808. He observed that
methods, such as
when gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they
(i). By burning coal or candle do so in a simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at same
temperature and pressure.
C  O 2  CO 2
For example,
(ii). By heating limestone (CaCO3)
Two volumes of hydrogen combine with one volume of oxygen to
CaCO 3 
Heat
 CaO  CO 2 give two volumes of water vapour.
(iii). By the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on marble peices.

CaCO3  2HCl  CaCl 2  CO 2  H 2 O

It has been observed that each sample of carbon dioxide contains
carbon and oxygem elements in the ratio of 3 : 8 by weight.
7.6 Avogadro Law 10. MOLECULES
In 1811, Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of gases at the
same temperature and pressure should contain equal number of A group of similar or dissimilar atoms which exist together in
molecules. nature is known as a molecule. e.g. H2, NH3.
For example, The mass of molecules is measured by adding the masses of the
The deflation of automobile tyres. When the air trapped inside atoms which constitute the molecule. Thus, the mass of a
the tyre escapes, the number of moles of air present in the tyre molecule can also be represented by the two methods used for
decreases. This results in a decrease in the volume occupied by measuring the mass of an atom viz. amu and g/mol.
the gas, causing the tyre to lose its shape and deflate.

8. DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

In 1808, Dalton published ‘A New System of Chemical Philosophy’
in which he proposed the following:
1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
2. All the atoms of a given element have identical properties
including identical mass. Atoms of different elements differ
in mass and properties.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements
combine in a fixed ratio. Various relationships of mole
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These
are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

9. ATOM
Atom is the smallest part of an element that can participate in a
chemical reaction. {Note : This definition holds true only for non-
radioactive reactions}
9.1 Mass of an Atom
11. CHEMICAL REACTIONS
There are two ways to denote the mass of atoms.
Method 1 A chemical reaction is only rearrangement of atoms. Atoms from
different molecules (may be even same molecule) rearrange
Atomic mass can be defined as a mass of a single atom which is
measured in atomic mass unit (amu) or unified mass (u) where themselves to form new molecules.
1 a.m.u. = 1/12th of the mass of one C-12 atom Points to remember :
Method 2  Always balance chemical equations before doing any
calculations
Mass of 6.022 × 1023 atoms of that element taken in grams. This is
 The number of molecules in a reaction need not to be
also known as molar atomic mass.
conserved e.g.
NOTE N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3. The number of molecules is not conserved
Mass of 1 atom in amu and mass of 6.022 × 10 atoms in23
If we talk about only rearrangement of atoms in a balanced chemical
grams are numerically equal. reaction then it is evident that the sum of masses of reactant of
When atomic mass is taken in grams it is also called the the atoms in the reactants side is equal to the sum of the masses
molar atomic mass. of the atoms on the products side. This is the Law of Conservation
6.022 × 1023 is also called 1 mole of atoms and this number of Atoms and Law of Conservation of Mass.
is also called the Avogadro’s Number.
Mole is just a number. As 1 dozen = 12; 1 million = 106;
1 mole = 6.022 × 1023.
 12. STOICHIOMETRY  Mass% : Mass percentage is defined as the ratio of the
mass of the solute in g to the mass of solution in g multiplied
The study of chemical reactions and calculations related to it is by 100.
called Stoichiometry. The coefficients used to balance the reaction  Mass/Vol % : It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the
are called Stoichiometric Coefficients. solute in g to the volume of the solution in ml multiplied
Points to remember : by 100.
 The stoichiometric coefficients give the ratio of molecules or  v/v % : Volume of solute/volume of solution {only for
moles that react and not the ratio of masses. liq-liq solutions}
 Stoichiometric ratios can be used to predict the moles of  g/L : Wt. of solute (g) in 1L of solution
product formed only if all the reactants are present in the
stoichiometric ratios. mass of solute
ppm : mass of solution  10
6

 Practically the amount of products formed is always less than
the amount predicted by theoretical calculations
moles of solute
12.1 Limiting Reagent (LR) and Excess Reagent (ER)  Molarity (M) : volume of solution (L)
If the reactants are not taken in the stoichiometric ratios then the
reactant which is less than the required amount determines how moles of solute
 Molality (m) : mass of solvent (kg)
much product will be formed and is known as the Limiting Reagent
(LR) and the reactant present in excess is called the Excess Reagent
IMPORTANT RELATIONS
(ER). e.g. if we burn carbon in air (which has an infinite supply of
oxygen) then the amount of CO2 being produced will be governed 1. Relation between molality (m), Molarity (M), density (d) of
solution and molar mass of solute (MO)
by the amount of carbon taken. In this case, Carbon is the LR and
O2 is the ER. d : density in g/mL
MO : molar mass of solute in g mol–1
13. PERCENT YIELD
M  1000
As discussed earlier, due to practical reasons the amount of Molality, m 
1000d  MM O
product formed by a chemical reaction is less than the amount
predicted by theoretical calculations. The ratio of the amount of 2. Relationship between molality (m) and mole fraction (XB) of
product formed to the amount predicted when multiplied by 100 the solute
gives the percentage yield.
XB 1000 1  X A 1000
Actual Yield m  m 
1  XB MA XA MA
Percentage Yield = Theoretical Yield × 100
Points to remember :
14. REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS MEDIA  Molarity is the most common unit of measuring strength of
solution.
Two solids cannot react with each other in solid phase and hence
 The product of Molarity and Volume of the solution gives
need to be dissolved in a liquid. When a solute is dissolved in a
the number of moles of the solute, n = M × V
solvent, they co-exist in a single phase called the solution. Various
parameters are used to measure the strength of a solution.  All the formulae of strength have amount of solute. (weight
or moles) in the numerator.
The strength of a solution denotes the amount of solute which is
contained in the solution. The parameters used to denote the  All the formulae have amount of solution in the denominator
strength or concentration of a solution are: except for molality (m).

 Mole fraction (X) : moles of a component / Total moles of

solution.
 15. DILUTION LAW 18.3 Equivalent Mass
It is the number of parts by weight of the substance that combines
When a solution is diluted, more solvent is added, the moles of or displaces, directly or indirectly, 1.008 parts by mass of hydrogen
solute remains unchanged. If the volume of a solution having a or 8 parts by mass of oxygen or 35.5 parts by mass of chlorine. It
Molarity of M1 is changed from V1 to V2 we can write that: can be calculated as:

M1V1 = moles of solute in the solution = M2V2 Atomic mass

(i) Equivalent mass for elements  Valency
(M2 = final molarity)

16. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE Molecular mass

(ii) Equivalent mass for acids  Basicity of acids

Volume of the solvent increases on increasing the temperature.  Basicity: It is the number of H+ ions that can be displaced
But it shows no effect on the mass of solute in the solution from one molecule of a substance.
assuming the system to be closed i.e. no loss of mass. Molecular mass
(iii) Equivalent mass for bases  Acidity of Base
The formulae of strength of solutions which do not involve volume
of solution are unaffected by changes in temperature. e.g. molality  Acidity: It is the number of OH– ions that can be displaced
remains unchanged with temperature. Formulae involving volume from one molecule of a substance.
are altered by temperature e.g. Molarity. (iv) Equivalent mass for salts
Formula mass
17. ORIGIN OF EQUIVALENT CONCEPT 
 Valency of cation  No. of cations 
Equivalent weight of an element was initially defined as weight of (v). Equivalent mass for oxidising agents
an element which combines with 1g of hydrogen. Later the Formula mass
definition wad modified to : Equivalent weight of an element is 
No. of electrons gained per molecule
that weight of the element which combines with 8g of Oxygen.
(vi). Equivalent mass for reducing agents
NOTE
Formula mass
Same element can have multiple equivalent weights 
No. of electrons lost per molecule
depending upon the charge on it. e.g. Fe2+ and Fe3+.
(vii). Equivalent weight of radicals
18. INTRODUCTION TO EQUIVALENT CONCEPT Formula mass

No. of units of charge
Equivalent concept is a way of understanding reactions and
processes in chemistry which are often made simple by the use NOTE
of Equivalent concept.
It should be always remembered that 1 equivalent of an
18.1 Equivalent Mass
acid reacts with 1 equivalent of a base.
“The mass of an acid which furnishes 1 mol H+ is called its 19. MIXTURE OF ACIDS AND BASES
Equivalent mass.”
“The mass of the base which furnishes 1 mol OH– is called its Whenever we have a mixture of multiple acids and bases we can
Equivalent mass.” find whether the resultant solution would be acidic or basic by
using the equivalent concept. For a mixture of multiple acids and
18.2 Valency Factor (Z)
bases find out the equivalents of acids and bases taken and find
Valency factor is the number of H+ ions supplied by 1 molecule or which one of them is in excess.
mole of an acid or the number of OH- ions supplied by 1 molecule
or 1 mole of the base.
Molecular Mass
Equivalent mass, E 
Z
 20. LAW OF CHEMICAL EQUIVALENCE 23. NORMALITY
According to this law, one equivalent of a reactant combines with The normality of a solution is the number of equivalents of solute
one equivalent of the other reactant to give one equivalent of present in 1L of the solution.
each product . For, example in a reaction aA + bB  cC + dD
irrespective of the stoichiometric coefficients, 1 eq. of A reacts equivalents of solute
N
with 1 eq. of B to give 1 eq. each of C and 1eq of D volume of solution (L)

21. EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS OF SALTS The number of equivalents of solute present in a solution is given
by Normality × Volume (L).
To calculate the equivalent weights of compounds which are On dilution of the solution the number of equivalents of the
neither acids nor bases, we need to know the charge on the cation solute is conserved and thus, we can apply the formula : N1V1 =
or the anion. The mass of the cation divided by the charge on it is
N2V2 = equivalents of solute in solution
called the equivalent mass of the cation and the mass of the anion
divided by the charge on it is called the equivalent mass of the Caution :
anion. When we add the equivalent masses of the anion and the Please note that the above equation gives rise to a lot of
cation, it gives us the equivalent mass of the salt. For salts, Z in confusion and is a common mistake that students make. This is
the total amount of positive or negative charge furnished by 1 the equation of dilution where the number of equivalents are
mol of the salt. conserved. Now, since one equivalent of a reactant always reacts
with 1 equivalent of another reactant a similar equation is used
22. EQUIVALENT VOLUME OF GASES in problems involving titration of acids and bases. Please do not
extend the same logic to molarity.
Equivalent volume of gas is the volume occupied by 1 equivalent
Relationship between Normality and Molarity
of a gas at STP.
N = M × Z ; where ‘Z’ is the Valency factor
Equivalent mass of gas = molecular mass /Z.
Since 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4L at STP therefore 1 equivalent
of a gas will occupy 22.4/Z L at STP. e.g. Oxygen occupies 5.6L,
Chlorine and Hydrogen occupy 11.2L.
 SUMMARY
 All substances contain matter, which can exist in three states – solid, liquid or gas. The constituent particles are held in
different ways in these states of matter and they exhibit their characteristic properties. Matter can also be classified into
elements, compounds or mixtures. An element contains particles of only one type, which may be atoms or molecules. The
compounds are formed where atoms of two or more elements combine in a fixed ratio to each other. Mixtures occur widely and
many of the substances present around us are mixtures.

 When the properties of a substance are studied, measurement is inherent. The quantification of properties requires a system
of measurement and units in which the quantities are to be expressed. Many systems of measurement exist, of which the
English and the Metric Systems are widely used. The scientific community, however, has agreed to have a uniform and
common system throughout the world, which is abbreviated as SI units (International System of Units).

 The uncertainty is taken care of by specifying the number of significant figures, in which the observations are reported.

 The combination of different atoms is governed by basic laws of chemical combination — these being the Law of
Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Law of Reciprocal Proportion, Gay
Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes and Avogadro Law. All these laws led to the Dalton’s atomic theory, which states that
atoms are building blocks of matter.

 The atomic mass of an element is expressed relative to 12C isotope of carbon, which has an exact value of 12u. Usually, the
atomic mass used for an element is the average atomic mass obtained by taking into account the natural abundance of
different isotopes of that element. The molecular mass of a molecule is obtained by taking sum of the atomic masses of
different atoms present in a molecule. The molecular formula can be calculated by determining the mass per cent of different
elements present in a compound and its molecular mass.

 The number of atoms, molecules or any other particles present in a given system are expressed in the terms of Avogadro
constant (6.022 × 1023). This is known as 1 mol of the respective particles or entities.

 Chemical reactions represent the chemical changes undergone by different elements and compounds. The coefficients
indicate the molar ratios and the respective number of particles taking part in a particular reaction. The quantitative study of
the reactants required or the products formed is called stoichiometry. Using stoichiometric calculations, the amount of one or
more reactant(s) required to produce a particular amount of product can be determined and vice-versa.

 The amount of substance present in a given volume of a solution is expressed in number of ways, e.g., mass per cent, mole
fraction, molarity and molality

 Equivalent mass is the number of parts by weight of the substance that combines or displaces, directly or indirectly, 1.008
parts by mass of hydrogen or 8 parts by mass of oxygen or 35.5 parts by mass of chlorine. It can be calculated as:

Molecular mass
Equivalent mass, E 
Z  valency factor 

 The normality of a solution is the number of equivalents of solute present in 1L of the solution.
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example - 1 Example - 5

Classify the following substances into elements, What is the S.I. unit of mass ?
compounds and mixtures. Sol. S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
(i) Air (ii) Diamond (iii) LPG (iv) Dry ice (v) Graphite
Example - 6
(vi) Steel (vii) Marble (viii) Smoke (ix) Glucose
(x) Laughing gas. In the reaction, A + B2  AB2, identify the limiting
Sol. reagent, if any, in the following mixtures
Elements : Diamond; Graphite (i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules B2
Compounds : Marble; Glucose; Laughing gas; Dry ice (ii) 2 mol A + 3 mol B2
Mixtures : Air; LPG; Steel; Smoke (iii) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B2
Example - 2 (iv) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B2

Classify the following mixtures as homogeneous and (v) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B2
heterogeneous. Sol. (i) According to the given reaction, 1 atom of A reacts
(i) Air (ii) Smoke (iii) Petrol (iv) Sea water (v) lodized table with 1 molecule of B2.
salt (vi) Aerated water (vii) Mixture of sand and common  200 molecules of B2 will react with 200 atoms of A and
salt (viii) Gun powder (ix) Milk (x) Muddy water. 100 atoms of A will be left unreacted. Hence, B2 is the
Sol. Homogeneous : Air; Petrol; Iodized table salt; Sea water; limiting reagent while A is the excess reagent.
Aerated water; Milk. (ii) According to the given reaction, 1 mol of A reacts
Heterogeneous : Smoke; Gun powder; Mixture of sand with 1 mol of B2 . Hence A is limiting reagent.
common salt; Muddy water.
(iii) No limiting reagent.
Example - 3 (iv) 2.5 mol of B2 will react with 2.5 mol of A. Hence, B2 is
Why Law of conservation of mass should better be called the limiting reagent.
as Law of conservation of mass and energy ? (v) 2.5 mol of A will react with 2.5 mol of B2. Hence, A is
Sol. In nuclear reactions, it is observed that the mass of the the limiting reagent.
products is less than the mass of the reactants. The Example - 7
difference of mass, called the mass defect, is converted
into energy according to Einstein equation, E =  m c2. Is the law of constant composition true for all types of
Hence, we better call it as a low of conservation of mass compounds ? Explain why or why not.
and energy. Sol. No, law of constant composition is not true for all types of
compounds. It is true only for the compounds obtained
Example - 4
from one isotope. For example, carbon exists in two common
If the speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m s–1, calculate the distance isotopes, 12C and 14C.
covered by light in 2.00 ns.
Example - 8
Sol. Distance covered = Speed × Time = 3.0 × 108m s–1 × 2.00 ns
Why atomic masses are the average values ?
9
10 s Sol. Most of the elements exist as different isotopes, i.e., atoms
= 3.0 × 108m s–1 × 2.00 ns × = 6.00 × 10–1m with different masses, e.g., Cl has two isotopes with mass
1 ns
numbers 35 and 37 existing in the ratio 3 : 1 Hence, average
= 0.600 m value is taken (i.e., 35.5).
Example - 9 Oxide 1 Carbon Oxygen
What mass of sodium chloride would be decomposed 27.3% 72.7%
by 9.8 g of sulphuric acid, if 12 g of sodium bisulphate  Amount of oxygen that combines with 1 g carbon
and 2.75 g of hydrogen chloride were produced in a
reaction assuming that the law of conservation of mass 72.7
 = 2.66 g
is true ? 27.3
Sol. NaCl + H2SO4  NaHSO4 + HCl Ratio of oxygen in oxide (1) and (2) = 1 : 2
According to law of conservations of mass, Thus, Law of multiple proportion is verified.
Total masses of reactants = Total masses of products Example - 12
Let the mass of NaCl decomposed be x g; so In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate :
x + 9.8 = 12.0 + 2.75 (i) Number of moles of carbon atoms
= 14.75 (ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms
x = 4.95 g (iii) Number of molecules of ethane
Example - 10 Sol. (i) 1 mole of C2H6 contains 2 moles of carbon atoms
In an experiment, 2.4 g of iron oxide on reduction with  3 moles of C2H6 will C-atoms = 6 moles
hydrogen yield 1.68 g of iron. In another experiment 2.9 g
(ii) 1 mole of C2H6 contains 6 moles of hydrogen atoms
of iron oxide given 2.03 g of iron on reduction with
hydrogen. Show that the above data illustrate the law of  3 moles of C2H6 will contain H-atoms = 18 moles
constant proportions. (iii) 1 mole of C2H6 contains Avogadro’s no., i.e.,
Sol. In the first experiment
6.02 × 1023 molecules
The mass of iron oxide = 2.4 g
 3 moles of C2H6 will contain ethane molecules
The mass of iron after reduction = 1.68 g
= 3 × 6.02 × 1023
The mass of oxygen = Mass of iron oxide – Mass of iron
= 18.06 × 1023 molecules
= (2.4 – 1.68) = 0.72 g
Example - 13
Ratio of oxygen and iron = 0.72 : 1.68
Zinc sulphate crystals contain 22.6% of zinc and 43.9%
= 1 : 2.33
of water. Assuming the law of constant proportions to
In the second experiment be true, how much zinc should be used to produce 13.7 g
The mass of iron oxide = 2.9 g of zinc sulphate and how much water will they contain ?
The mass of iron after reduction = 2.03 g Sol. 100 g of zinc sulphate crystals are obtained from
The mass of oxygen = (2.9 – 2.03) = 0.87 g = 22.6 g zinc
Ratio of oxygen and iron = 0.87 : 2.03 1 g of zinc sulphate crystals will be obtained from
= 1 : 2.33 = 22.6/100 g zinc
Example - 11 13.7 g of zinc sulphate crystals will be obtained from
Carbon and oxygen are known to form two compounds. 22.6
The carbon content in one of these is 42.9% while in the  × 13.7 = 3.0962 g of zinc
100
other it is 27.3%. Show that this data is in agreement with
the law of multiple proportions. 100 g of zinc sulphate crystals contain water = 43.9 g
Sol. Oxide 1 Carbon Oxygen 1 g of zinc sulphate crystals contain water = 43.9/100 g
42.9% 57.1% 13.7 g of zinc sulphate crystals shall contain water
 Amount of oxygen that combines with 1 g carbon 43.9
 × 13.7 = 6.0143 g
57.1 100
 = 1.33 g
42.9
Example - 14 Sol. The balanced equation for the combustion of carbon in
dioxygen/air is
What will be the mass of one 12C atom in g ?
Sol. 1 mol of 12C atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms = 12g C (s)  O2 (g) 
 CO2 (g)
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole
(32 g ) (44 g)
Thus, 6.022 × 1023 atoms of 12C have mass = 12g
(i) In air, combustion is complete. Therefore, CO2
12 produced from the combustion of 1 mole of carbon =
 1 atom of C will have mass =
12 g
6.022 1023 44 g.
= 1.9927 × 10–23 g (ii) As only 16 g of dioxygen is available, it can combine
only with 0.5 mole of carbon, i.e., dioxygen is the limiting
Example - 15
reactant. Hence, CO2 produced = 22 g.
Calculate the molecular mass of : (iii) Here again, dioxygen is the limiting reactant. 16 g of
(i) H2O (ii) CO2 (iiii) CH4 dioxygen can combine only with 0.5 mole of carbon.
CO2 produced again is equal to 22 g.
Sol. (i) Molecular mass of H2O = 2 (1.008 amu) + 16.00 amu
= 18.016 amu Example - 18
(ii) Molecular mass of CO2 = 12.01 amu + 2 × 16.00 amu Hydrogen chloride (HCl) on oxidation gives water and
= 44.01 amu chlorine. How many litres of chlorine at STP can be
obtained starting with 36.50 g HCl ?
(iii) Molecular mass of CH4 = 12.01 amu + 4 (1.008 amu)
Sol. Oxidation of HCl takes place according to the following
= 16.042 amu equation :
Example - 16
4HCl  O 2 
 2Cl2  2H 2O
4 mol 2 mol
Calculate the mass per cent of different elements present
in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
Mass 36.5
Sol. Mass % of an element Moles of HCl = Molecular mass  36.5  1 mole

Mass of that element in the compound

  100  4 moles HCl give 2 moles Cl2
Molar mass of the compound
2
Now, molar mass of Na2SO4 = 2 (23.0) + 32.0 + 4 × 16.0  1 mole will give moles Cl2 = 0.5 moles Cl2
4
= 142 g mol–1
Volume of Cl2 at STP = 22.4 × 0.5 = 11.2 litre
46 Example - 19
Mass percent of sodium =  100 = 32.39 %
142
Why is air sometimes considered as a heterogeneous
32 mixture ?
Mass per cent of sulphur =  100 = 22.54 %
142 Sol. This is due to the presence of dust particles which form a
separate phase.
64
Mass per cent of oxygen =  100 = 45.07% Example - 20
142
Example - 17 Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required
Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar aqueous solution. Molar
produced when mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g mol–1.
(i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air. Sol. 0.375 M aqueous solution means that 1000 mL of the
solution contain sodium acetate = 0.375 mole
(ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
(iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
  500 mL of the solution should contain sodium acetate Example - 25

0.375 Calculate the mass of 1.5 gram molecule of sulphuric acid.

= mole
2 Sol. Molecular mass of H2SO4
Molar mass of sodium acetate = 82.0245 g mol–1 = 2 × 1 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 98.0 amu
Mass of sodium acetate acquired Gram-molecular mass of H2SO4 = 98.0 g

0.375 Mass of 1.5 gram molecule of H2SO4 = 98.0 × 1.5 = 147.0g

= mole × 82.0245g mol–1
2 Example - 26
= 15.380 g. Calculate the actual mass of one molecule of carbon
Example - 21 dioxide (CO2).
Sol. Molecular mass of CO2 = 44 amu
Boron has two isotopes boron-10 and boron-11 whose
percentage abundances are 19.6% and 80.4% respectively. 1 amu = 1.66 × 10–24 g
What is the average atomic mass of boron ? So, the actual mass of CO2 = 44 × 1.66 × 10–24
Sol. Average atomic mass of B = = 7.304 × 10–23g
(10  19.6)  (11 80.4) Example - 27
= 10.804 amu
100
Calculate the mass of a single atom of sulphur.
Example - 22 Sol. Gram-atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g
Carbon occurs in nature as a mixture of carbon-12 and
Gram  atomic mass
carbon-13. The average atomic mass of carbon is 12.011. Mass of one sulphur atom =
6.02  1023
What is the percentage abundance of carbon-12 in nature
? 32
 = 5.31 × 10–23 g
Sol. Let x be the percentage abundance of carbon-12; then 6.02  1023
(100 – x) will be the percentage abundance of carbon-13.
Example - 28
12x  13 (100  x)
Therefore,  12.011 What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol
100
L–1 if its 20 g are dissolved in enough water to make a
or 12x + 1300 – 13x = 1201.1
final volume up to 2 L ?
x = 98.9
Sol. Molar mass of sugar (C12H22O11) = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16
Abundance of carbon-12 is 98.9%
= 342 g mol–1
Example - 23
20g
Calculate the mass of 2.5 gram atoms of oxygen. No. of moles in 20 g of sugar = 342g mol1 = 0.0585 mole
Sol. We know that
Volume of solution = 2 L (Given)
Mass of an element in grams
Number of gram atoms = Atomic mass of the element in grams Moles of solute 0.0582 mol
Molar concentration = Volume of sol in L  2L
So, Mass of oxygen = 2.5 × 16 = 40.0 g
= 0.0293 mol L–1 = 0.0293 M
Example - 24

Calculate the gram atoms in 2.3 g of sodium.

2.3
Sol. Number of gram atoms =  0.1
23
[Atomic mass of sodium = 23 g]
Example - 29 So, 5.6 litres of oxygen at NTP contain

How many water molecules and oxygen atoms are present 5.6
 ×6.02 × 1023 molecules
in 0.9 g of water ? 22.4
Sol. Given : = 1.505 × 1023 molecules
Mass of water = 0.9 g 1 molecule of oxygen contains
–1
Molar mass of water = 18 g mol = 2 atoms of oxygen
Number of molecules of water and number of oxygen atoms 23
So, 1.505 × 10 molecules of oxygen contain
present in water are to be calculated.
= 2 × 1.505 × 1023 atoms
To find :
= 3.01 × 1023 atoms
Mass
Number of moles, n = Molar mass Example - 32

How many electrons are present in 1.6 g of methane ?

Number of molecules = n × 6.02 × 1023
Sol. Gram-molecular mass of methane
Solution :
(CH4) = 12 + 4 = 16 g
0.9
n  0.05 1.6
18 Number of moles in 1.6 g of methane =  0.1
16
Number of molecules of water = 0.05 × 6.02 × 1023
Number of molecules of methane in 0.1 mole
= 3.01 × 1022
= 0.1 × 6.02 × 1023
As one molecule of water contains one oxygen atom,
= 6.02 × 1022
22
So, number of oxygen atoms in 3.01 × 10 molecules of
One molecule of methane has = 6 + 4 = 10 electrons
water
So, 6.02 × 1022 molecules of methane have
= 3.01 × 1022
= 10 × 6.02 × 1022 electrons
Example - 30
= 6.02 × 1023 electrons
What is the mass of 3.01 × 1022 molecules of ammonia ?
Example - 33
Sol. Gram-molecular mass of ammonia = 17 g
Calculate the number of moles in 25 g of calcium
Number of molecules in 17 g (one mole) of NH3 = 6.02 × 1023 carbonate and number of oxygen atoms.
Let the mass of 3.01 × 1022 molecules of NH3 be = x g Sol. Formula mass of calcium carbonate

3.01 10 22 x (CaCO3) = 100

So, 
6.02  10 23
17 Mass in grams 25
No. of moles of CaCO3 = Formula mass 
100
17  3.01  10 22
or x = 0.85 g
6.02  10 23 = 0.25 mole

Example - 31 No. of oxygen atoms in one mole of CaCO3

= 3 × 6.02 × 1023
How many molecules and atoms of oxygen are present in
5.6 litres of oxygen (O2) at NTP ? No. of oxygen atoms in 0.25 mole of CaCO3
Sol. We know that 22.4 litres of oxygen at NTP contain 6.02 × = 0.25 × 3 × 6.02 × 1023
1023 molecules of oxygen. = 4.515 × 1023
Example - 34 100 g
–23
Volume of 100 g nitric acid solution = 1.41g mL1
One atom of an element weighs 6.644 × 10 g. Calculate
the number of gram atoms in 40 kg of it.
= 70.92 mL = 0.07092 L
Sol. Atomic mass of the element
1.095 mole
= Mass of one atom × 6.02 × 1023  Conc. of HNO3 in moles per litre =
0.07092L
= 6.644 × 10–23 × 6.02 × 1023
= 15.44 M
= 40 g
Example - 37
40 kg = 40,000 g
How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper
ass of the element in grams
Number of grams atoms = sulphate (CuSO4) ? (Atomic mass of cu = 63.5 amu)
Atomic mass in grams
Sol. 1 mole of CuSO4 contains 1 mole (1 g atom) of Cu
40000 Molar mass of CuSO4 = 63.5 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 159.5 g mol–1
 = 1000
40
Thus, Cu that can be obtained from 159.5 g of CuSO4
Example - 35 = 63.5 g

250 cm3 of sulphuric acid solution contain 24.5 g of  Cu that can be obtained from 100 g of CuSO4
H2SO4. If the density of the solution is 1.98 g cm–3,
63.5
determine (i) molarity and (ii) molality. =  100g
159.5
Sol. (i) Molecular mass of H2SO4 = 2 + 32 + 64 = 98
= 39.81 g
24.5 Example - 38
No. of moles of H2SO4 in solution  = 0.25
98
If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L–1, what is the
Volume of solution = 250 cm3 = 0.250 L
volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M solution ?
0.25 Sol. Molar mass of methanol (CH3OH) = 32 g mol–1
Molarity  =1M
0.250 = 0.032 kg mol–1
(ii) Mass of solution = 250 × 1.98 = 495.0 g
0.793 kg L1
Mass of solvent = Mass of solution – Mass of solute Molarity of the given solution 
0.032 kg mol 1
= 495.0 – 24.5 = 470.5g = 0.4705 kg
= 24.78 mol L–1
0.25
Moality = = 0.53 m
0.4705 Applying M V
1 1  M V 2 2
(Given solution ) (Solution to be prepared)

Example - 36
24.78 × V1 = 0.25 × 2.5 L or V1 = 0.02522 L = 25.22 mL
Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per
Example - 39
litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g mL–1 and
mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%. Pressure is determined as force per unit area of the
Sol. Mass percent of 69% means that 100 g of nitric acid solution surface. The S.I. unit of pressure, pascal, is
contain 69 g of nitric acid by mass. 1 Pa = 1 N m–2
Molar mass of nitric acid (HNO3) = 1 + 14 + 48 = 63 g mol–1 If mass of air at sea level is 1034g cm–2, calculate the
pressure in pascal.
69 g
 Moles of 68 g HNO3 = 63 g mol1 = 1.095 mole Sol. Pressure is the force (i.e., weight) acting per unit area
But weight = mg
 1034g  9.8 ms 2 2  74.5  3.139
 Pressure = Weight per unit area =  3.139 g KClO3 will give = 1.909 g
cm 2 2 122.5

1034g  9.8 ms 2 1kg 100 cm 100cm Example - 42

  
cm 2 1000g 1m 1m
Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following
1N 1Pa samples:
 2

kg ms 1N m 2
(a) 800 amu of Ca (b) 800 grams of Ca
= 1.01332 × 105 Pa Sol.
Example - 40 (a) Atomic Mass of Ca = 40 amu
Calculate the empirical formula of a compound that  40 amu is the mass of 1 Ca atom
contains 26.6% potassium, 35.4% chromium and 38.1% Thus, 800 amu is the mass of 800/40 Ca atoms
oxygen [Given K = 39.1; Cr = 52; O = 16]
= 20 Ca atoms Ans.
Sol. Element Percentage Atomic mass
(b) Atomic mass of Ca = 40 g/mole
Potassium 26.6 39.1
 40g is the mass of 1 mole Ca atoms
Chromium 35.4 52.0
= 6.022 × 1023 Ca atoms
Oxygen 38.1 16.0
Thus, 800g contains of (800 × 6.022 × 1023)/40 Ca atoms
Relative no. Simplest ratio Simplest whole
= 1.2044 × 1025 Ca atoms Ans.
of atoms no. ratio
Example - 43
26.6 0.68
 0.68 1 1×2=2 Calculate the mass of carbon in 1kg of sugar (C12H22O11)
39.1 0.68
Sol. Molecular mass of sugar = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16
35.4 0.68
 0.68 1 1×2=2 = 342 g/mol
52 0.68
342g sugar contains = 144g carbon
38.1 2.38
 2.38  3.5 3.5 × 2 = 7 1000g sugar contains = 421g carbon
16 0.68
Therefore, empirical formula is K2Cr2O7. Example - 44

Example - 41 Find the amount of weight of NH3 being produced when

1kg of N2 reacts with 1kg of H2. Which reactant is in excess
(a) Calculate the mass of KClO3 necessary to produce
and how much?
1.23 g O2.
Sol. N2 + 3H2  2NH3
(b) What mass of KCl is produced along with this
quantity of oxygen ? 1 mole of N2 reacts with 3 moles of H2 to produce
Sol. (a) The reaction involved is : 2 moles of NH3. Thus, 28g N2 reacts with 6g of H2
to produce 34g of NH3.
2KClO3 
 2KCl  3O2
2 mol 2 mol
2  74.5 g
3 mol Since the weight of N2 and H2 taken are equal, so
2  122.5 g 3  32 g
N2- will be consumed before H2. So, N2 is th LR and
 3 × 32 g O2 is produced by 2 × 122.5 g KClO3 H2 is the ER.
245 Since, 28g N2- reacts with = 6g H2;
 1.23 g O2 will be produced by × 1.23 = 3.139 g
96
1000g N2 reacts = with 1000 × 6/28 = 214.3g H2
(b)  2 × 122.5 g KClO3 give 2 × 74.5 g KCl
 So, H2 is the ER and the amount of H2 in excess Total Volume of solutions = 8L.
= 1000-214.3 = 785.7g Ans.
 n
Also, 28g N2 produces = 34g NH3;  V = 24L  As M   Ans.
 v
so, 1000g N2 produces = 1000 × 34/28 The mixture needs to be diluted 3 folds
= 1.214kg NH3 Ans.
Example - 47
Example - 45
An organic compound containing C,H and N gave the
Calculate the Molarity and molality of a 98% following analysis: C: 40% H:13.3%, N:46.67%. If its
by mass of H2SO4 solution having a density of 1.25g/cc. molecular formula weight is three times its empirical
formula weight then find out its empirical and molecular
Sol. H 2SO 4 taken = 98%  100g of solution contains
formula of the compound.
98g H2SO4.
Sol. Relative no. of atoms of C = 40/12 = 3.33
mass of solution = 100g
Relative no. of atoms of H = 13.3/1 = 13.3 and that for N =
mass of solute, H2SO4 = 98g 46.67/14 = 3.33
mass of solvent = 100 – 98 = 2g = 0.002 kg Thus, simplest atomic ratio C:H:N

98 = 3.33:13.33:3.33 = 1:4:1
moles of solute, H2SO4 = 1
98 Therefore the empirical formula of the compound is CH4N

mass of solution Ans.

volume of solution =
density
Molecular Formula Mass
Also, given: Empirical Formula Mass = 3 = n-factor
100
  80mL  0.08L
1.25 Therefore, molecular formula is (CH4N)3 i.e. C3H12N3

moles of solute 1 Example - 48

Molarity, M  volume of solution (L)  0.08
Calculate the number of equivalents in the following
= 12.5 M samples:
(a) 490g H2SO4 (b) 1600g NaOH
moles of solute 1
molality, m  
mass of solvent (kg) 0.002 (c) 730g HCl (d) 0.37g Ca(OH)2

= 500 m Sol. Eq. wt. of H2SO4 = 98/2 = 49; NaOH = 40/1 = 40;
HCl = 36.5/1 = 36.5; Ca(OH)2 = 74/2 = 37
Example - 46
(a) No. of eq. of H2SO4 = 490/49 = 10
A 3M 3L solution of NaOH is mixed with another 3M 5L
(b) No. of eq. of NaOH = 1600/40 = 40
solution of NaOH. How much should the mixture be
diluted so that the final Molarity of the solution become (c) No. of eq. of HCl = 730/36.5 = 20 Ans.
1M ? (d) No. of eq. of Ca(OH)2 = 0.37/37 = 0.01
Sol. Moles of NaOH in 1 solution = MV = 3 × 3 = 9.
st
= 10 milli-eq. Ans
Moles of NaOH in 2 solution = 3 × 5 = 15.
nd

Thus on mixing the total moles of NaOH = 24.

Final Molarity = 1M
Final moles = 24
Example - 49 125
 Volume of Na2CO3 solution = 100 mL
A mixture of three acids 3.65 g of HCl, 4.9 g H2SO4 and 9 g 1.25
H2C2O4 is made to react with a mixture of two bases x g  Meq. of H2SO4 = Meq. of Na2CO3
NaOH and 7.4 g Ca(OH)2. Calculate w for complete
neutralisation. 0.84 × V = 100 × 3.948

Sol. We know that total equivalents of acids must be equal to  Volume of H2SO4 required = 470 mL
total equivalents of bases.’ Example - 52
 (w/E)ACIDS =  (w/E)BASES
5 mL of 8N HNO3, 4.8 mL of 5N HCl and a certain volume
3.65/36.5 + 4.9/49 + 9/45 = x/40 + 7.4/37 of 17M H2SO4 are mixed together and made upto 2 litre
x = 8g 30 mL of this acid mixture exactly neutralizes 42.9 mL of
Na2CO3 solution containing 1g of Na2CO3. 10H2O in 100
Example - 50 mL of water. Calculate the amount of sulphate ions in g
Calculate the Equivalent mass of Al2 (SO4)3 ? present in solution.

Sol. 1 equivalent of Al2(SO4)3 = 1 equivalent of Al3+ + 1 equivalent Sol. Meq. of HNO3 = 5 × 8 = 40

of SO42- Meq. of HCl = 4.8 × 5 = 24
E (Al2(SO4)3) = E (Al ) + E (SO )
3+
4
2-
Meq. of H2SO4 = V × 17 × 2 = 34 V (Let V mL of H2SO4)
 Total Meq. of acid in 2 litre solution = 40 + 24 + 34V
 27   96 
      9  48  57g = 64 + 34V
 3   2
Now Meq. of acid in 30 mL solution = Meq. of Na2CO3 used
This can be tallied by the method for the salt. For this salt z = for it
6 and M = 342 g therefore E = 342/6 = 57 g.
Meq. of Na2CO3
Example - 51
11000  1 1000 
25 mL of a solution of Na2CO3 having a specific gravity  42.9   3  N Na2CO3   
286 / 2 100  286 / 2 100 
of 1.25g mL–1 required 32.9 mL of a solution of HCl
containing 109.5 g of the acid per litre for complete 3  2000
 Meq. of acid in 2 litre solution =  200
neutralization. Calculate the volume of 0.84 N H2SO4 that 30
will be completely neutralized by 125g of Na2CO3 solution.  64 + 34V = 200  34V = 200 – 64 = 136

109.5 Now Meq. of H2SO4 = Meq. of SO42 = 34V = 136

Sol. equivalents of HCl = 3
36.5
w
 Meq. of SO42 = 136  1000  136
3 96 / 2
N HCl  3
1
 Weight of SO42 = 6.528g
Since Na2CO3 is completely neutralized by HCl
Example - 53
 Meq. of Na2CO3 = Meq. of HCl
N × 25 = 32.9 × 3 Calcuate the molarity, molality and mole fraction of ethyl
alcohol in a solution fo total volume 95 mL prepared by
 N Na 2CO3 = 3.948 adding 50 mL of ethyl alcohol (density = 0.789 mL-1) to
50 mL water (density = 1.00 g mL-1)
Now Na2CO3 fresh solution reacts with H2SO4
Wt. of Na2CO3 solution = 125 g Vol.  density
Sol. No. of moles of ethyl alcohol =
Mol. mass
 50  0.789 Example - 55
  0.8576
46 Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing
30% by mass in CCl4?
Vol.  density 50  1
No. of moles of water =   2.7777 Sol. Let the mass of solution be 100 gm
Mol. mass 18
Mass of Benzene = 30 gm
No. of moles Mass of CCl4 = 70 gm
Molarity =  1000
Vol. of sol. in mL
30
Moles of Benzene =  0.385
0.8576 78
  1000  9.027M
95
70
Moles of CCl4 =  0.45 moles
No. of mole of solute 154
Molality =
Mass of solvent in gram × 1000
0.385
Mole fraction (Benzene) =  0.461
0.385  0.45
0.8576
=  1000 = 17.152 m
50

0.8576 0.8576
Mole fraction = =   0.236
0.8576  2.7777 3.6353

Example - 54

A solution will be contains 410.3 g of H2SO4 per litre of

solution at 20oC. If the density is 1.243 g/mL, what will be its
molarity and molality?
Sol. Mol. mass of H2SO4 = 98

410.3
No. of moles of H2SO4 =  4.186
98

No. of moles of H 2SO 4

Molarity of H2SO4 solution =
Volume of soln. in litre

4.186
  4.186M
1
Mass of 1 litre H2SO4 solution = 1000 × 1.243 = 1243 g

832.7
Mass of water = (1243 - 410.3) = 832.7 g = kg
1000
Molality of solution =

No. of moles of H 2SO 4 4.186

  1000  5.027m
Mass of water in kg 832.7
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Laws of Chemical Combination
1. One of the following combinations illustrate law of 7. n g of substance X reacts with m g of substance Y to form
reciprocal proportions p g of substance R and q g of substance S. This reaction
can be represented as follows :
(a) N 2 O 3 , N 2 O 4 , N 2 O 5 (b) NaCl, NaBr, Nal
X+Y=R+S
(c) CS 2 , CO 2 , SO 2 (d) PH 3 , P2 O 3 , P2 O 5
The relation which can be established in the amounts of
2. If water samples are taken from sea, river, clouds, lake or the reactants and the products will be
snow, they will be found to contain H 2 and O2 in the (a) n – m = p – q (b) n + m = p + q
approximate ratio of 1 : 8. This indicates the law of (c) n = m (d) p = q
(a) Multiple proportion (b) Definite proportion 8. Which one is the best example of law of conservation of
mass ?
(c) Reciprocal proportions (d) none of these
(a) 6 g of carbon is heated in vacuum, there is no change
3. The law of multiple proportion is illustrated by
in mass
(a) Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
(b) 6 g of carbon combines with 16 g of oxygen to form 22 g
(b) Potassium bromide and potassium chloride of CO2
(c) Water and heavy water
(c) 6 g water is completely converted into steam
(d) Calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide
(d) A sample of air is heated at constant pressure when its
4. The percentage of copper and oxygen in samples of CuO volume increases but there in no change in mass.
obtained by different methods were found to be the same.
This illustrates the law of 9. SO2 gas was prepared by (i) burning sulphur in oxygen, (ii)
reacting sodium sulphite with dilute H 2 SO 4 and
(a) constant proportions (b) conservation of mass (iii) heating copper with conc. H2SO4. It was found that in
(c) multiple proportions (d) reciprocal proportions each case sulphur and oxygen combined in the ratio of
5. Two samples of lead oxide were separately reduced to 1 : 1. The data illustrates the law of :
metallic lead by heating in a current of hydrogen. The weight (a) conservation of mass (b) multiple proportions
of lead from one oxide was half the weight of lead obtained (c) constant proportions (d) reciprocal proportions
from the other oxide. The data illustrates.
10. A sample of CaCO3 has Ca = 40%, C = 12% and O = 48%. If
(a) law of reciprocal proportions the law of constant proportions is true, then the mass of
(b) law of constant proportions Ca in 5 g of CaCO3 from another source will be :
(c) law of multiple proportions (a) 2.0g (b) 0.2g
(d) law of equivalent proportions (c) 0.02g (d) 20.0g
6. One part of an element A combines with two parts of another 11. H2S contains 5.88% hydrogen, H2O contains 11.11%
element B. Six parts of the element C combine with four hydrogen while SO2 contains 50% sulphur. These figures
parts of the element B. If A and C combine together the illustrate the law of :
ratio of their weights will be governed by (a) conservation of mass (b) constant proportions
(a) law of definite proportions (c) multiple proportions (d) reciprocal proportions
(b) law of multiple proportions
(c) law of reciprocal proportions
(d) law of conservation of mass.
12. Hydrogen combines with chlorine to form HCl. It also 20. Which among the following is the heaviest ?
combines with sodium to form NaH. If sodium and chlorine (a) One mole of oxygen
also combine with each other, they will do so in the ratio of
(b) One molecule of sulphur trioxide
their masses as :
(c) 100 amu of uranium
(a) 23 : 35.5 (b) 35.5 : 23
(d) 44g of carbon dioxide
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 23 : 1
21. The number of moles of SO2Cl2 in 13.5 g is :
Mole Concept
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2
13. The number of water molecules present in a drop of water
(volume = 0.0018 ml) at room temperature is (density of (c) 0.3 (d) 0.4
H2O = 1 g/mL) 22. The largest number of molecules is in
(a) 6.023 × 1019 (b) 1.084 × 1018 (a) 36 g of water
(b) 28 g of carbon monoxide
(c) 4.84 × 1017 (d) 6.023 × 1023
(c) 46 g of ethyl alcohol
14. M g of a substance when vaporised occupy a volume of
5.6 litre at NTP. The molecular mass of the substance will (d) 54 g of nitrogen pentoxide.
be : 23. A sample of pure calcium weighing 1.35 g was quantitatively
(a) M (b) 2M converted to 1.88 g of pure calcium oxide. Atomic mass of
calcium would be :
(c) 3M (d) 4M
(a) 20 (b) 40
1 (c) 16 (d) 35.5
15. If 1 moles of oxygen combine with Al to form Al2O3, the
2
24. The number of molecules in 89.6 litre of a gas at NTP are :
weight of Al used in the reaction is (Al = 27)
(a) 6.02×1023 (b) 2×6.02×1023
(a) 27 g (b) 54 g
(c) 40.5 g (d) 81 g (c) 3×6.02×1023 (d) 4×6.02×1023
16. Which of the following weighs the least ? 25. The mass of 112 cm3 of CH4 gas at STP is
(a) 2 g atom of N (at. wt. of N = 14) (a) 0.16 g (b) 0.8 g

(b) 3 × 1023 atoms of C (at. wt. of C = 12) (c) 0.08 g (d) 1.6 g

(c) 1 mole of S (at. wt. of S = 32) 26. Which of the following contains atoms equal to those in
12 g Mg ? (At. wt. Mg = 24)
(d) 7 g silver (at. wt. of Ag = 108)
(a) 12 gm C (b) 7 gm N2
17. The number of molecules in 4.25 g of ammonia is about
(c) 32 gm O2 (d) None of These
(a) 1.0 × 1023 (b) 1.5 × 1023
27. Which has the highest mass ?
(c) 2.0 × 1023 (d) 2.5 × 1023
(a) 50 g of iron (b) 5 moles of N2
18. The weight of molecule of the compound C60H122 is
(c) 0.1 mol atom of Ag (d) 1023 atoms of carbon
(a) 1.4 × 10–21 g (b) 1.09 × 10–21 g
28. The number of atoms present in 0.5 mole of nitrogen is
(c) 5.025 × 1023 g (d) 16.023 × 1023 g
same as the atoms in
19. Choose the wrong statement : (a) 12 g of C (b) 64 g of S
(a) 1 mole means 6.02 × 1023 particles (c) 8 g of O (d) 48 g of Mg
(b) Molar mass is mass of one molecule 29. If NA is Avogadro’s number then number of valence
(c) Molar mass is mass of one mole of a substance electrons in 4.2 g of nitride ions (N3–) is
(d) Molar mass is molecular mass expressed in grams (a) 2.4 NA (b) 4.2 NA
(c) 1.6 NA (d) 3.2 NA
30. Rearrange the following I to IV in order of increasing 36. What is the empirical formula of a compound composed of
masses and choose the correct answer [At. wt. of N = 14 u, O and Mn in equal weight ratio ?
O = 16 u, Cu = 63 u]
(a) MnO (b) MnO2
I 1 molecule of oxygen
(c) Mn2O3 (d) Mn2O7
II 1 atom of nitrogen
37. Determine the empirical formula of Kelvar, used in making
III 1 × 10–10 mol molecule of oxygen
bullet proof vests, is 70.6% C, 4.2% H, 11.8% N and 13.4%
IV 1 × 10–10 mol atom of copper O:
(a) II < I < III < IV (b) IV < III < II < I (a) C7H5NO2 (b) C7H5N2O
(c) II > I > III > IV (d) I < II < IV < III (c) C7H9NO (d) C7H5NO
31. Which of the following contains maximum number of atoms 38. Formula which represents a simple ratio of atoms different
? elements present in a molecule of the substance is called :
(a) 6.023 × 1021 molecules of CO2 (a) Molecular formula (b) Empirical formula
(b) 22.4 L of CO2 at STP (c) Structural formula (d) None of these.
(c) 0.44 g of CO2 39. The carbonate of a metal is isomorphous (similar formula)
with magnesium carbonate and contains 6.091 percent of
(d) None of these
carbon. The atomic weight of metal is
32. Number of molecules in 1 litre of oxygen at NTP is :
(a) 24 (b) 56
6.02 10 23 6.02 10 23 (c) 137 (d) 260
(a) (b)
32 22.4 40. Insulin contains 3.4% sulphur. What will be the minimum
molecular weight of insulin?
32
(c) 32 × 22.4 (d) (a) 94.117 (b) 1884
22.4
(c) 941.176 (d) 976
Percentage Composition,
Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
Empirical and Molecular Formulae
41. If 0.5 mol of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mol of Na3PO4, the
33. Haemoglobin contains 0.33% of iron by weight. The maximum number of mole of Ba3(PO4)2 that can be formed
molecular weight of haemoglobin is approximately 67200.
is
The number of iron atoms (at. wt. of Fe = 56) present in one
molecule of haemoglobin is (a) 0.7 (b) 0.5

(a) 6 (b) 1 (c) 0.30 (d) 0.10

(c) 4 (d) 2 42. What is the weight of oxygen required for the complete
combustion of 2.8 kg of ethylene ?
34. If 20% nitrogen is present in a compound, its minimum
molecular weight can be (a) 2.8 kg (b) 6.4 kg

(a) 144 (b) 28 (c) 9.6 kg (d) 96 kg

(c) 100 (d) 70 43. 30g of magnesium and 30g of oxygen are reacted, then the
residual mixture contains
35. An oxide of metal (M) has 40% by mass of oxygen. Metal
M has atomic mass of 24. The empirical formula of the (a) 60g of Magnesium oxide only
oxide is (b) 40g of Magnesium oxide and 20 g of oxygen
(a) M2O (b) M2O3 (c) 45 g of Magnesium oxide and 15g of oxygen

(c) MO (d) M3O4 (d) 50 g of Magnesium oxide and 10g of oxygen

44. Silicon carbide, is produced by heating SiO2 and C to high Limiting Reagent and Excess Reactant
temperatures according to the equation :
50. If 9 moles of O2 and 14 moles of N2 are placed in a container
SiO2 (s) + 3C (s)  SiC (s) + 2CO (g) and allowed to react according to the equation :
How many grams of SiC could be formed by reacting 2.00 3O2 + 2N2  2N2O3
g of SiO2 and 2.0 g of C ?
The reaction proceeds until 3 moles of O2 remain, how
(a) 1.33 (b) 2.56
many moles of N2O3 are present at that instant ?
(c) 3.59 (d) 4.0
(a) 6 (b) 3
45. Iron (III) oxide can be reduced with CO to form metallic iron
(c) 4 (d) 12
as described by unbalanced chemical reaction
51. If AgBr is assumed to be completely insoluble, What mass
Fe2O3 + CO  Fe + CO2 of AgBr precipitates when 30.0 mL of a 0.500 mol/L solution
The number of moles of CO required to form one mole of of AgNO3 is added to 50.0 mL of an 0.400 mol/L solution of
Fe from its oxide is NaBr ?
(a) 1 (b) 1.5 (a) 3.76 g (b) 1.28 g
(c) 2 (d) 3 (c) 2.82 g (d) 3.76 kg
46. One mole of a mixture of CO and CO2 requires exactly 20 52. 10 mL of 1 M BaCl2 solution and 5 mL 0.5 M K2SO4 are
gram of NaOH in solution for complete conversion of all mixed together to precipitate out BaSO4. The amount of
the CO2 into Na2 CO3. How many moles more of NaOH BaSO4 precipated will be
would it require for conversion into Na2CO3 if the mixture (a) 0.005 mol (b) 0.00025 mol
(one mole) is completely oxidised to CO2.
(c) 0.025 mol (d) 0.0025 mol
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.5
53. Equal weights of zinc and iodine react together and the
(c) 0.4 (d) 1.5 iodine is completely converted to Znl2. What fraction by
47. Given the reaction weight of the original zinc remains unreacted? (Zn = 65, I =
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI  PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq) 127g/mol)
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.74
What is the mass of PbI2 that will precipitate if 10.2 g of
Pb(NO3)2 is mixed with 5.73 g of KI in a sufficient quantity (c) 0.47 0.17
of H2O ? Percent Yield and Purity, POAC
(a) 2.06 g (b) 4.13 g 54. If potassium chlorate is 80% pure, then 48 g of oxygen
(c) 7.96 g (d) 15.9 g would be produced from (atomic mass of K = 39)

48. How many grams of NaBr could be formed if 14.2 g of NaI (a) 153.12g of KClO3 (b) 122.5 g of KClO3
are reacted with 40.0 mL of a 0.800 M Br2 ? (c) 245 g of KClO3 (d) 98.0 g of KClO3
2NaI + Br2  2NaBr + I2 55. Antimony reacts with sulphur according to the equation
(a) 3.30 (b) 4.80 2Sb(s) + 3S(s)  Sb2S3(s)
(c) 6.59 (d) 9.75
The molar mass of Sb2S3 is 340 g mol–1.
49. A hydrate of Na2SO3 losses 22.2% of H2O by mass on
What is the percentrage yield for a reaction in which 1.40
strong heating. The hydrate is
g of Sb2S3 is obtained from 1.73 g of antimony and a slight
(a) Na2SO3  4H2O (b) Na2SO3  6H2O excess of sulphur ?
(c) Na2SO3  H2O (d) Na2SO3  2H2O (a) 80.9 % (b) 58.0 %
(c) 40.5 % (d) 29.0 %
56. NH3 is produced according to the following reaction : 63. An aqueous solution of ethanol has density 1.025 g/mL
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) and it is 2 M. What is the molality of this solution ?
In an experiment 0.25 mol of NH3 is formed when 0.5 mol of (a) 1.79 (b) 2.143
N2 is reacted with 0.5 mol of H2. What is % yield ? (c) 1.951 (d) None of these
(a) 75% (b) 50% 64. What volume of 0.4 M FeCl3 . 6H2O will contain 600 mg of
(c) 33% (d) 25% Fe3+ ?

57. A 1.50 g sample of an ore containing silver was dissolved, (a) 49.85 mL (b) 26.78 mL
and all the Ag+ was converted to 0.125 g Ag2S. What was (c) 147.55 mL (d) 87.65 mL
the percentage of silver in the ore ? 65. The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution
(a) 14.23% (b) 10.8% that is 29% H2SO4 (molar mass = 98 g mol–1) by mass will be
(c) 8.27% (d) 7.2% (a) 1.45 (b) 1.64
58. NaOH is formed according to the reaction (c) 1.88 (d) 1.22
1 66. An antifreeze mixture contains 40% ethylene glycol
2Na  O 2  Na 2O
2 (C2H6O2) by weight in the aqueous solution. If the density
of this solution is 1.05 g/mL, what is the molar
Na 2O  H 2O  2NaOH
concentration?
To make 4g of NaOH, Na required is (a) 6.77 M (b) 6.45 M
(a) 4.6g (b) 4.0g (c) 0.0017 M (d) 16.9 M
(c) 2.3g (d) 0.23g
67. The mole fraction of a given sample of I2 in C 6 H 6 is 0.2.
59. x g of Ag was dissolved in HNO3 and the solution was
The molality of I2 in C6H6 is
treated with excess of NaCl when 2.87 g of AgCl was
precipitated. The value of x is (a) 0.32 (b) 3.2

(a) 1.08 g (b) 2.16 g (c) 0.032 (d) 0.48

(c) 2.70 g (d) 1.62 g 68. In which mode of expression, the concentration of a
solution remains independent of temperature ?
60. The mass of CaO that shall be obtained by heating 20 kg of
90% pure lime-stone (CaCO3) is (a) Molarity (b) Normality

(a) 11.2 kg (b) 8.4 kg (c) Formality (d) Molality

(c) 10.08 kg (d) 16.8 kg 69. With increase of temperature, which of these changes ?
(a) molality
Reactions in Aqueous Media and Strength of
(b) weight fraction of solute
Solution
(c) fraction of solute present in unit volume of water
61. Mole fraction of ethanol in ethanol - water mixture is 0.25.
Hence, percentage concentration of ethanol (C2H6O) by (d) mole fraction.
weight of mixture is 70. Molarity and Normality change with temperature because
(a) 25 (b) 75 they involve :
(c) 46 (d) 54 (a) Moles (b) equivalents
62. A molal solution is one that contains one mole of a solute (c) weights (d) volumes
in 71. When 100 ml of 1 M NaOH solution and 10 ml of 10 N
(a) 1000 g of the solvent H2SO4 solution are mixed together, the resulting solution
will be :
(b) one litre of the solvent
(a) alkaline (b) acidic
(c) one litre of the solution
(c) strongly acidic (d) neutral
(d) 22.4 litres of the solution
72. Normality of 0.74 g Ca(OH)2 in 5 mL solution is Applications of Strength of Solutions
(a) 8 N (b) 4 N 82. When 500.0 mL of 1.0 M LaCl3 and 3.0 M NaCl are mixed.
(c) 0.4 N (d) 2 N What is molarity of Cl– ion ?
73. Normality of a 2 M sulphuric acid is (a) 4.0 M (b) 3.0 M
(a) 2 N (b) 4 N (c) 2.0 M (d) 1.5 M
(c) N / 2 (d) N / 4 83. What is the concentration of nitrate ions if equal volumes
74. 1 L of a normal solution is diluted to 2000 ml. The resulting of 0.1 M AgNO3 and 0.1 M NaCl are mixed together ?
normality is : (a) 0.1 M (b) 0.2 M
(a) N / 2 (b) N/ 4 (c) 0.05 M (d) 0.25 M
(c) N (d) 2 N 84. 100 ml of 0.3 N HCl is mixed with 200 ml of 0.6 N H2SO4. The
75. What volume of 0.232 N solution contains 3.17 final normality of the resulting solution will be
milliequivalent of solute ? (a) 0.1 N (b) 0.2 N
(a) 137 mL (b) 13.7 mL (c) 0.3 N (d) 0.5 N
(c) 27.3 mL (d) 12.7 mL 85. Normality of solution obtained by mixing 10 mL of
76. Normality of a mixture of 30 mL of 1N H2SO4 and 20 mL of 1N HCl, 20 mL of 2N H2SO4 and 30 mL of 3N HNO3 is
4N H2SO4 is (a) 1.11 N (b) 2.22 N
(a) 1.0 N (b) 1.1 N (c) 2.33 N (d) 3.33 N
(c) 2.0 N (d) 2.2 N (Use the Final volume as sum of all volumes).
77. What is the weight % sulphuric acid in an aqueous solution 86. A sample of H2SO4 (density 1.8 g/ml) is 90% by weight.
which is 0.502 M in sulphuric acid ? The specific gravity of What is the volume of the acid that has to be used to make
the solution is 1.07 1 litre of 0.2 M H2SO4?
(a) 4.77 % (b) 5.67 % (a) 16 mL (b) 10 mL
(c) 9.53 % (d) 22.0 % (c) 12 mL (d) 18 mL
87. When 50 mL of 2.00 M HCl, 100 mL of 1.00 M HCl and 100
78. What is the molarity of SO 24  ion in aqueous solution that
mL of 0.500 M HCl are mixed together, the resulting HCl
contain 34.2 ppm of Al 2(SO 4) 3 ? (Assume complete concentration of the solution is
dissociation and density of solution 1 g/mL)
(a) 0.25 M (b) 1.00 M
(a) 3 × 10–4 M (b) 2 × 10–4 M
(c) 3.50 M (d) 6.25 M
(c) 10–4 M (d) None of these
Equivalent Concept and Equivalent Weight
79. A sample of H2SO4 (density 1.8 g mL–1) is 90% by weight.
88. The Equivalent weight of an element is 13. It forms an
What is the volume of the acid that has to be used to make
acidic oxide which with KOH forms a salt isomorphous
1 L of 0.2 M H2SO4 ?
with K2SO4. The atomic weight of element is
(a) 16 mL (b) 18 mL
(a) 13 (b) 26
(c) 12 mL (d) 10 mL
(c) 52 (d) 78
80. In a titration, 15.0 cm3 of 0.100 M HCl neutralizes 30.0 cm3
89. The Equivalent weight of H3PO4 in the reaction is
of Ca(OH)2. What is the molarity of Ca(OH)2 solution ?
Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4  CaHPO4 + 2H2O
(a) 0.0125 (b) 0.0250
(c) 0.0500 (d) 0.200 (Ca = 40, P = 31, O = 16)

81. 1L solution of NaOH contains 4.0 g of it. What shall be the (a) 49 (b) 98
difference between molarity and the normality ? (c) 32.66 (d) 147
(a) 0.10 (b) zero
(c) 0.05 (d) 0.20
90. 0.1 g of metal combines with 46.6 mL of oxygen at STP. The 93. 1.0 g of a monobasic acid when completely reacted with
equivalent weight of metal is Mg gave 1.301 g of anhydrous Mg salt. Equivalent weight
(a) 12 (b) 24 of acid is

(c) 6 (d) 36 (a) 35.54 (b) 36.54

91. What weight of a metal of equivalent weight 12 will give (c) 17.77 (d) 18.27
0.475 g of its chloride ? 94. How many grams of phosphoric acid would be needed to
(a) 0.12 g (b) 0.24 g neutralise 100 g of magnesium hydroxide ? (The molecular
weights are : H3PO4 = 98 and Mg (OH)2 = 58.3)
(c) 0.36 g (d) 0.48 g
(a) 66.7 g (b) 252 g
92. 4.2 g of metallic carbonate MCO3 was heated in a hard
glass tube and CO2 evolved was found to have 1120 mL of (c) 112 g (d) 168 g
volume at STP. The Equivalent weigth of the metal is 95. 0.116 g of C4H4O4 (A) is neutralised by 0.074 g of Ca(OH)2.
(a) 12 (b) 24 Hence, protonic hydrogen (H  ) in (A) will be
(c) 18 (d) 15 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
1. Number of atoms in 558.5 Fe (at. wt. 55.85) is 9. How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg3 (Po4)2 will
(2002) contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms ? (2006)
(a) Twice that in 60 g carbon (a) 0.02 (b) 3.125×10–2
(b) 6.023 × 1022 (c) 1.25×10–2 (d) 2.5×10–2
(c) Half in 8 g He (d) 558.5 × 6.023 × 1023 10. The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution
2. In an organic compound of molar mass 108 g mol–1C, H and that is 29% H2SO4 (Molar mass = 98g mol–1) by mass will be
N atoms are present in 9 : 1 : 3.5 by weight. Molecular (2007)
formula can be (2002) (a) 1.64 (b) 1.88
(a) C6H8N2 (b) C7H10N (c) 1.22 (d) 1.45
(c) C5H6N3 (d) C4H18N3 11. The mass of potassium dichromate crystals required to
3. Number of atoms in 560g of Fe (atomic mass 56 g oxidise 750 cm3 of 0.6 M Mohr’s salt solution is (Given
mol–1) is (2002) molar mass = 392) (2011)

(a) twice that of 70 g N (b) half that of 20 g H (a) 0.49 g (b) 0.45 g

(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above (c) 29.4 g (d) 2.2 g

4. What volume of H2 gas at 273 K and 1 atm pressure will be 12. The density of a solution prepared by dissolving 120g of
consumed in obtaining 21.6 g of boron (At. mass 10.8 u) urea (mol. mass = 60 u) in 1000 g of water is 1.15g/mL. The
from reduction of boron trichloride by H2 (2003) molarity of this solution is (2012)

(a) 89.6 L (b) 67.2 L (a) 0.50 M (b) 1.78 M

(c) 44.8 L (d) 22.4 L (c) 1.02 M (d) 2.05 M

5. 25 mL of a solution of Ba(OH)2 on titration with a 0.1 M 13. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750 mL of 0.5
solution of HCl gave a titre value of 35 mL. The molarity of (M) HCl with 250 mL of 2 (M) HCl will be (2013)
barium hydroxide solution was (2003) (a) 0.875 M (b) 1.00 M
(a) 0.07 (b) 0.14 (c) 1.75 M (d) 0.0975 M
(c) 0.28 (d) 0.35 14. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular
6. To neutralize completely 20 mL of 0.1 M aqueous solution gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of number of their
of phosphorus (H 3 PO 3) acid, the volume of 0.1 M molecule is : (2014)
aqueous KOH solution required is (2004) (a) 7 : 32 (b) 1 : 8
(a) 60 mL (b) 20 mL (c) 3 : 16 (d) 1 : 4
(c) 40 mL (d) 10 mL 15. Dissolving 120 g of a compound of (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g
7. 6.023 × 1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL of its of water gave a solution of density 1.12 g mL–1. The molarity
solution. The concentration of urea solution is (2004) of the solution is: (Online 2014/Shift-1)

(a) 0.001 M (b) 0.1 M (a) 1.00 M (b) 2.00 M

(c) 0.02 M (d) 0.01 M (c) 2.50 M (d) 4.00 M

8. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.02 16. The amount of oxygen in 3.6 mol of water is:
g/mL. The molality of the solution is (2006) Online 2014/Shift-1)
(a) 0.44 mol Kg–1 (b) 1.14 mol kg–1 (a) 115.2 g (b) 57.6 g
(c) 3.28 mol kg–1 (d) 2.28 mol kg–1 (c) 28.8 g (d) 18.4 g
17. A gaseous compound of nitrogen and hydrogen contains Hydrogen (10.0%); and Nitrogen (2.6%). The weight which
12.5% (by mass) of hydrogen. The density of the a 75 kg person would gain if all 1H atoms are replaced by 2H
compound relative to hydrogen is16. The molecular formula atoms is : (2017)
of the compound is: (Online 2014/Shift-2) (a) 37.5 kg (b) 7.5 kg
(a) N2H4 (b) NH3 (c) 10 kg (d) 15 kg
(c) N3H (d) NH2 25. The ratio of mass percent of C and H of an organic
compound (CXHYOZ) is 6 : 1. If one molecule of the above
18. 
A + 2B + 3C  AB2C3 compound (CXHYOZ) contains half as much oxygen as
Reaction of 6.0 g of A, 6.0 × 1023 atoms of B, & 0.036 mol of required to burn one molecule of compound C XH Y
C yields 4.8 g of compound AB2C3. If the atomic mass of A completely to CO2 and H2O. The empirical formula of
and C are 60 and 80 amu, respectively, the atomic mass of compound CXHYOZ is: (2018)
B is (Avogadro no. = 6 × 1023) : (Online 2015/Shift-1) (a) C2H4O3 (b) C3H6O3
(a) 50 amu (b) 60 amu (c) C2H4O (d) C3H4O2
(c) 70 amu (d) 40 amu 26. A sample of NaClO3 is converted by heat to NaCl with a
19. The percent loss in weight after heating a pure sample of loss of 0.16 g of oxygen. The residue is dissolved in water
potassium chlorate (mol. wt. = 122.5) will be (2015) and precipitated as AgCl. The mass of AgCl (in g) obtained
will be : (Given : Molar mass of AgCl = 143.5 g mol-1)
(a) 12.25 (b) 24.50 (Online 2018/Shift-1)
(c) 39.18 (d) 49.0 (a) 0.35 (b) 0.41
20. 44 g of a sample on complete combustion gives 88 gm CO2 (c) 0.48 (d) 0.54
and 36 gm of H2O. The molecular formula of the compound
may be (Online 2016/Shift-1) 27. For the following reaction the mass of water produced from
445 g of C57H110O6 is : (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
(a) C4H6 (b) C2H6O
(c) C2H4O (d) C3H6O 2C57 H110 O6 (s)  163 O2 (g)  114CO 2 (g)  110 H 2 O(1)

21. The volume of 0.1 N dibasic acid sufficient to neutralize 1g (a) 490 g
of a base that furnishes 0.04 mole of OH– in aqueous (b) 445 g
solution is : (Online 2016/Shift-2) (c) 495 g
(a) 200 mL (b) 400 mL (d) 890 g
(c) 600 mL (d) 800 mL 28. A mixture of 100 m mol of Ca(OH)2 and 2g of sodium suphate
was dissolved in water and the volume was made up to 100
22. Excess of NaOH (aq) was added to 100 mL of FeCl3 (aq)
mL. The mass of caclium sulphate formed and the
resulting into 2.14 g of Fe(OH)3. The molarity of FeCl3 (aq)
concentration of OH- in resulting solution, respectively,
is :
are : (Molar mass of Ca(OH)2, Na2SO4 and CaSO4 are 74,
(Given molar mass of Fe = 56 g mol”1 and molar mass of Cl 143 and 136 g mol-1, respectively;
= 35.5 g mol”1) (Online 2017/Shift-1) Ksp of Ca(OH)2 is 5.5 × 10-6) (2019-01-10/Shift-1)
(a) 0.2 M (b) 0.3 M (a) 1.9 g, 0.28 mol L-1 (b) 13.6 g, 0.28 mol L-1
(c) 0.6 M (d) 1.8 M (c) 1.9 g, 0.14 mol L-1 (d) 13.6 g, 0.14 mol L-1
23. What quantity (in mL) of a 45% acid solution of a mono- 29. The amount of sugar (C12H22O11) required to prepare 2 L of
protic strong acid must be mixed with a 20% solution of its 0.1 M aqueous solution is : (2019-01-10/Shift-2)
the same acid to produce 800 mL of a 29.875% acid
(a) 136.8 g (b) 17.1 g
solution? (Online 2017/Shift-2)
(c) 68.4 g (d) 34.2 g
(a) 320 (b) 325
(c) 316 (d) 330
24. The most abundant elements by mass in the body of a
healthy human adult are : Oxygen (61.4%); Carbon (22.9%),
30. A 10 mg effervescent tablet containing sodium bicarbonate 37. 10 mL of 1 mM surfactant solution forms a monolayer
and oxalic acid releases 0.25 mL of CO2 at T = 298.15 K and covering 0.24 cm2 on a polar substrate. If the polar head is
P = 1 bar. If molar volume of CO2 is 25.0 L under such approximated as a cube, what is its edge length?
condition, what is the percentage of sodium bicarbonate
(2019-04-09/Shift-2)
in each tablet? (2019-01-11/Shift-1)
(a) 1.0 pm (b) 2.0 pm
[Molar mass of NaHCO3 = 84 g mol-1]
(c) 0.1 nm (d) 2.0 nm
(a) 0.84 (b) 33.6
38. The minimum amount of O2(g) consumed per gram of
(c) 16.8 (d) 8.4
reactant is for the reaction : (Given atomic mass :
31. 25 mL of the given HCl solution requires 30 mL of 0.1 M Fe = 56, O = 16, Mg = 24, P = 31, C = 12, H = 1)
sodium carbonate solution. What is the volume of this
HCl solution required to titrate 30 mL of 0.2 M aqueous (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
NaOH solution? (2019-01-11/Shift-2) (a) 4Fe(s)  3O 2 (g)  2Fe 2 O3 (s)
(a) 25 mL (b) 75 mL
(b) P4 (s)  5O 2 (g)  P4 O10 (s)
(c) 50 mL (d) 12.5 mL
32. 50 mL of 0.25 M oxalic acid is needed to neutralize 25 mL of (c) C3 H8 (g)  5O 2 (g)  3CO 2 (g)  4H 2 O(l)
sodium hydroxide solution. The amount of NaOH in 50 mL
of the given sodium hydroxide solution is : (d) 2Mg(s)  O 2 (g)  2MgO(s)

(2019-01-12/Shift-1) 39. 5 moles of AB2 weigh 125 × 10-3 kg and 10 moles of A2B2
weigh 300 × 10-3 kg.The molar mass of A(MA) and molar
(a) 40 g (b) 10 g
mass of B (MB) in kg mol-1 are : (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
(c) 20 g (d) None of these.
(a) MA = 10 × 10-3 and MB = 5 × 10-3
33. 8 g of NaOH is dissolved in 18 g of H2O. Mole fraction of
(b) MA = 50 × 10-3 and MB = 25 × 10-3
NaOH in solution and molality (in mol kg-1) of the solution
respectively are : (2019-01-12/Shift-2) (c) MA = 25 × 10-3 and MB = 50 × 10-3
(a) 0.2, 22.20 (b) 0.2, 11.11 (d) MA = 5 × 10-3 and MB = 10 × 10-3
(c) 0.167, 11.11 (d) 0.167, 22.20 40. The mole fraction of solvent in aqueous solution of a solute
is 0.8. The molality (in mol kg-1) of the aqueous solution is
34. The percentage composition of carbon by mole in methane
is : (2019-04-08/Shift-2) (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
(a) 75% (b) 80% (a) 13.88 × 10-2 (b) 13.88 × 10-1
(c) 25% (d) 20% (c) 13.88 (d) 13.88 × 10-3
35. The strength of 11.2 volume solution of H2O2 is : [Given 41. The ammonia (NH3) released on quantitative reaction of
that molar mass of H = 1 g mol-1 and O = 16 g mol-1] 0.6 g urea (NH2CONH2) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
(2019-04-08/Shift-2) can be neutralized by : (2020-01-07/Shift-2)
(a) 200 mL of 0.2 N HCl (b) 100 mL of 0.1 N HCl
(a) 13.6% (b) 3.4%
(c) 200 mL of 0.4 N HCl (d) 100 mL of 0.2 N HCl
(c) 34% (d) 1.7%
42. 5g of Zinc is treated separately with an excess of
36. For reaction
I. dilute hydrochloric acid and
N 2 (g)  3H 2 (g)  2NH3 (g); identify dihydrogen (H2) as
III. aqueous sodium hydroxide
a limiting reagent in the following reaction mixtures.
The ratio of the volume of H2 evolved in these two
(2019-04-09/Shift-1)
(2020-01-09/Shift-2)
(a) 56g of N2 + 10 g of H2 (b) 35 g of N2 + 8g of H2
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
(c) 28 g of N2 + 6g of H2 (d) 14g of N2 + 4g of H2
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
43. The average molar mass of chlorine is 35.5 g mol-1. The 54. When 35 mL of 0.15 M lead nitrate solution is mixed with
ratio of 35Cl to 37Cl in naturally occuring chlorine is close to 20 mL of 0.12 M chromic sulphate solution, ____× 10–5
: (2020-09-06/Shift-2) moles of lead sulphate precipitate out. (Round off to the
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 nearest integer). (2021-03-16/Shift-2)
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
44. The volume (in mL) of 0.125 M AgNO3 required to
quantitatively precipitate chloride ions in 0.3 g of
55.
[Co(NH3)6]Cl3 is M[Co(NH3 )6 ]Cl3  267.46g / mol

M AgNO3  169.87g / mol (2020-01-08/Shift-1)

In the above reaction, 3.9g of benzene on nitration gives
45. The mass percentage of nitrogen in histamine is ..... 4.92 g of nitrobenzene. The percentage yield of
nitrogenzene in the above reaction is _______%. (Round
(2020-01-09/Shift-1)
off to the nearest integer)
46. The ratio of the mass percentages of ‘C & H’ and ‘C & O’
(Given atomic mass: C : 12.0 u, H:1.0 u, O : 16.0 u, N:14.0 u)
of a saturated acyclic organic compound ‘X’ are 4 : 1 and
3 : 4 respectively. Then, the moles of oxygen gas required (2021-03-17/Shift-1)
for complete combustion of two moles of organic 56. The number of chlorine atoms in 20mL of chlorine gas at
compound ‘X’ is ...... (2020-09-02/Shift-2) STP is _______ 1021. (Round off to the nearest integer).
47. The mole fraction of glucose (C6H12O6) in an aqueous binary [Assume chlorine is an ideal gas at STP
solution is 0.1. The mass percentage of water in it, to the R = 0.083 L bar mol–1K–1, NA = 6.023 × 1023]
nearest integer, is ..... . (2020-09-03/Shift-1) (2021-03-17/Shift-2)
48. The mass of ammonia in grams produced when 2.8 kg of
dinitrogen quantitatively reacts with 1 kg of dihydrogen
is _____. (2020-09-04/Shift-1)
57.
49. The minimum number of moles of O2 required for complete
combustion of 1 mole of propane and 2 moles of butane is
..... (2020-05-09/Shift-1) Consider the above reaction. The percentage yield of amide
50. The formula of a gaseous hydrocarbon which requires 6 product is _______. (Round off the nearest integer).
times of its own volume of O2 for complete oxidation and (Given: Atomic mass: C : 12.0 u, H : 1.0 u, N : 14.0u, O : 16.0
produces 4 times its own volume of CO2 is CxHy. The value u, Cl : 35.5 u) (2021-03-17/Shift-2)
of y is ______. (2021-02-24/Shift-2)
58. Complete combustion of 3g of ethane gives x × 10 22
51. The number of significant figures in 50000.020 × 10–3 is molecules of water. The value of x is ________. (Round
(2021-02-26/Shift-1) off to the nearest integer).
52. The NaNO3 weighed out to make 50 mL of an aqueous [Use : NA = 6.023 × 1023; Atomic masses in u : C: 12.0; O :
solution containing 70.0 mg Na+ per mL is ______ g. 16.0; H : 1.0] (2021-03-18/Shift-1)
(Rounded off to the nearest integer) 59. _______ grams of 3-hydroxy propanal (MW = 74) must be
[Given: Atomic weight in g mol - Na : 23 ; N : 14; O : 16]
–1 dehydrated to produce 7.8 g of acrolein (MW = 56) (C3H4O)
(2021-02-26/Shift-2) if the percentage yield is 64. (Round off to the nearest
integer).
53. Complete combustion of 750g of an organic compuond
[Given: Atomic masses: C : 12.0 u, H : 1.0 u, O : 16.0 u]
provides 420g of CO2 and 210g of H2O. The percentage
composition of carbon and hydrogen in organic compound (2021-03-18/Shift-1)
is 15.3 and _______ respectively. (Round off to the nearest
integer). (2021-03-16/Shift-1)
60. A reaction of 0.1 mole of Benzylamine with bromomethane 69. 100g of propane is completely reacted with 1000g of oxygen.
gave 23 g of Benzyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. The The mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the resulting mixture
number of moles of bromomethane consumed in this is x × 10–2. The value of x is _______. (Nearest integer)?
reaction are n × 10–1, when n = ________. (Round off to [Atomic weight: H = 1.008; C = 12.00; O = 16.00]
the nearest integer).
(2021-08-27/Shift-2)
[Given: Atomic masses: C : 12.0 u, H : 1.0 u, N : 14.0 u, Br :
70. The molarity of the solution prepared by dissolving 6.3 g
80.0 u] (2021-03-18/Shift-1)
of oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O) in 250 mL of water in mol L–1 is
x × 10–2. The value of x is ______.
(Nearest integer)
61.
[Atomic mass H: 1.0, C: 12.0, O: 16.0]
Consider the above reaction where 6.1 g of Benzoic acid is (2021-08-31/Shift-1)
used to get 7.8 g of m-bromo benzoic acid is used to get 71. The number of atoms in 8g of sodium is x × 1023. The vlaue
7.8g of m-bromo benzoic acid. The percentage yield of the of x is ______. (Nearest integer)
product is __________. (Round off to the nearest integer).
[Given: NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1, Atomic mass of Na = 23.0 u]
[Given: Atomic masses: C : 12.0 u, H : 1.0 u, O : 16.0 u, Br :
(2021-09-01/Shift-2)
80.0 u] (2021-03-18/Shift-2)
72. If 80g of copper sulphate CuSO4.5H2O is dissolved in
62. 250 mL of 0.5 M NaOH was added to 500 mL of 1 M HCl.
deionized water to make 5 L of solution. The concentration
The number of unreacted HCl molecules in the solution
of the copper sulphate solution is x × 10–3 mol L–1. The
after complete reaction is _________ × 1021. (Nearest
value of x is ______. (nearest integer)
integer) (NA = 6.022 × 1023) (2021-07-20/Shift-1)
[Atomic masses Cu: 63.54 u, S: 32 u, O: 16 u, H: 1 u]
63. 4g equimolar mixture of NaOH and Na2CO3 contains x g of
NaOH and y g of Na2CO3. The value of x is _____g. (Nearest (2021-09-01/Shift-2)
integer). (2021-07-20/Shift-2) 73. Complete combustion of 1.80 g of an oxygen containing
64. If the concentration of glucose (C6H12O6) in blood is 0.72 g compound (CxHyOz) gave 2.64g of CO2 and 1.08g of H2O.
L–1, the molarity of glucose in blood is _____ × 10–3 M. The percentage of oxygen in the organic compound is

(Nearest integer) (a) 51.63 (b) 63.53

[Given: Atomic mass of C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 u] (c) 50.33 (d) 53.33

(2021-07-22/Shift-2) 74. Methylation of 10g of benzene gave 9.2g of toluene.

Calculate the percentage yield of toluene _______. (Nearest
65. Consider the complete combustion of butane, the amount
integer) (2021-07-22/Shift-2)
of butane utilized to produce 72.0 g of water is _____ × 10–
1
g. (in nearest integer). (2021-07-25/Shift-1) 75. Sodium oxide reacts with water to produce sodium
hydroxide. 20.0 g of sodium oxide is dissolved in 500 mL of
66. The number of significant figures in 0.00340 is ______.
water. Neglecting the change in volume, the concentration
(2021-07-25/Shift-2) of the resulting NaOH solution _____ × 10–1M. (Nearest
67. The density of NaOH solution is 1.2 g cm–3. The molality of integer)
this solution is _______ m: (Round off to the nearset [Atomic mass: Na = 23.0, O = 16.0, H = 1.0]
integer).
(2021-08-31/Shift-2)
(Use: Atomic masses Na: 23.0 u, O: 16.0 u, H: 1.0 u, density
of H2O: 1.0 g cm–3) (2021-07-27/Shift-1)
68. 100mL of Na3PO4 solution contains 3.45 g of sodium. The
molarity of the solution is _______ × 10–2 mol L–1. (Nearest
integer)
[Atomic masses - Na: 23.0 u, O: 16.0 u, P: 31.0 u]
(2021-08-26/Shift-2)
EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option]
1. A gaseous mixture contains oxygen and nitrogen in the 7. One part of an element A combines with two parts of B
ratio of 1 : 4 by weight. Therefore, the ratio of their number (another element). Six parts of element C combine with four
of molecules is parts of element B. If A and C combine together, the ratio of
their masses will be governed by :
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 8
(a) law of definite proportions
(c) 7 : 32 (d) 3 : 16
(b) law of multiple proportions
2. A compound possesses 8% sulphur by mass. The least
(c) law of reciprocal proportions
molecular mass is
(d) law of conservation of mass
(a) 200 (b) 400
8. Zinc sulphate contains 22.65% Zn and 43.9% H2O. If the
(c) 155 (d) 355
law of constant proportions is true, then the mass of zinc
3. 1 mole of oxalic acid is treated with conc. H2SO4. The required to give 40g crystals will be :
resultant gaseous mixture is passed through a solution of (a) 90.6 g (b) 9.06 g
KOH. The mass of KOH consumed will be (where KOH
(c) 0.906 g (d) 906 g
absorbs CO2.)
9. Potassium combines with two isotopes of chlorine
(COOH)2 H2SO4 CO + CO2 + H2O (35Cl and 37Cl) respectively to form two samples of KCl.
Their formation follows the law of :
2 KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O
(a) constant proportions (b) multiple proportions
(a) 28 g (b) 56 g
(c) reciprocal proportions (d) none of these.
(c) 84 g (d) 112 g
10. 2.76 g of silver carbonate on being strongly heated yields
4. If 100 ml of H2SO4 (A) and 100 ml of H2O (B) are mixed. a residue weighing
Then the mass per cent of H2SO4 would be (Given density (a) 2.16 g (b) 2.48 g
of H2SO4 = 0.9 g/ml; density of H2O = 1.0 g/ml)
(c) 2.32 g (d) 2.64 g
(a) 60 (b) 50
11. 0.115 g of pure sodium metal was dissolved in 500 ml
(c) 47.36 (d) 90 distilled water. The normality of the above solution, whose
5. If 100 mL of H2SO4 and 100 mL of H2O are mixed, the mass resulting volume is 400 mL, would be
percent of H2SO4 in the resulting solution is (a) 0.010 N (b) 0.0115 N
(c) 0.0125 N (d) 0.046 N
(d H2SO4  0.09g mL1 , d H2O  1.0g mL1 )
12. If we consider that 1/6 in place of 1/12, mass of carbon
(a) 90 (b) 47.36 atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass
of one mole of a substance will
(c) 50 (d) 60
(a) decrease twice
6. BrO3  5Br   Br2  3H2 O (b) increase two fold

1f 50 ml of 0.1M BrO3 is mixed with 30 ml of 0.5 M Br  (c) remain unchanged

(d) be a function of the molecular mass of the substance
solution that contains excess of H ions, the moles of Br2
13. If 1021 molecules are removed from 200mg of CO2, then the
formed are
number of moles of CO2 left are
(a) 6.0 × 10–4 (b) 1.2 × 10–4 (a) 2.85 × 10–3 (b) 28.8 × 10–3
(c) 9.0 × 10–3 (d) 1.8 × 10–3 (c) 0.288 × 10–3 (d) 1.68 × 10–2
14. P and Q are two elements which forms P2Q3 and PQ2. If 0.15 17. To 1 L of 1.0 M impure H2SO4 sample, 1.0 M NaOH solution
mole of P2Q3 weights 15.9g and 0.15 mole of PQ2 weights was added and a plot was obtained as follows :
9.3g, the atomic weight of P and Q is (respectively) :
(a) 18, 26 (b) 26,18
(c) 13, 9 (d) None of these
15. On the left column, some reactions are indicated and on
the right column, properties of reactions are described.
Match them appropriately, and select the correct code.
Column - I Column - II

(A) N 2 (5.00g)  H 2 (1.00g) (p) First reactant is the The % purity of H2SO4 and the slope of curve, respectively,
are :

 NH 3 limiting reagent.
(a) 75%, –1/2 (b) 75%, –1
(B) N 2 (3g)  F2 (10g) (q) Mass of reactant = (c) 50%, –1/3 (d) 50%, –1/2
18. In the preparation of iron from haematite (Fe2O3) by the

 N 2 F4 Mass of product
reaction with carbon
(C) S(1.0g) + O2 (1.0 g) (r) Stoichiometric amounts Fe 2O3  C 
 Fe  CO 2

 SO 2 of reactants. How much 80% pure iron could be produced from 120 kg of
90% pure Fe2O3 ?
(s) Second reactant is the
(a) 94.5 kg (b) 60.48 kg
limiting reactant.
(c) 116.66 kg (d) 120 kg
p q r s
19. NH3 is formed in the following steps :
(a) B A A C
I. Ca + 2C  CaC2 50% yield
(b) B C B A
II. CaC2 + N2  CaCN2 + C 100% yield
(c) B C C A
(d) C A B C III. CaCN2 + 3H2O  2NH3 + CaCO3 50% yield

16. Consider the given reversible reaction at equilibrium To obtain 2 mol NH3, calcium required is :

2NO + Cl2  2ClNO(g) (a) 1 mol (b) 2 mol

(c) 3 mol (d) 4mol
Suppose that 0.30 mol NO, 0.20 mole of Cl2 and 0.50 mole of
ClNO were placed in a 25.00L vessel and allowed to reach 20. An aqueous solution of glucose (C6H12O6) is 0.01 M. To
200 mL of this solution, which of the following should be
the equilibrium. At equilibrium, the concentration of ClNO
carried out to make it 0.02 M ?
was found to be 0.024 molar. Molar concentration of NO
present at equilibrium is I. Evaporate 50 ml of solution

(a) 0.004 M (b) 0.006 M II. Add 0.180 gm of glucose

III. Add 50 mL of water
(c) 0.008 M (d) 0.01 M
The correct option is :
(a) I (b) II
(c) I, II (d) I, II, III
21. Equal volumes of 0.200 M HCl and 0.400M KOH are mixed. 28. Two elements X and Y have atomic weights of 14 and 16.
The concentrations of the ions in the resulting solution They form a series of compounds A, B, C D and E in which
are : for the same amount of element X, Y is present in the ratio
1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5. If the compound A has 28 parts by weight of
(a) [K+] = 0.40M, [Cl–] = 0.20 M, [H+] = 0.20 M
X and 16 parts by weight of Y, then the compound C will
(b) [K+] = 0.20 M, [Cl–] = 0.10 M, [OH–] = 0.10 M have 28 parts by weight of X and

(c) [K+] = 0.10 M, [Cl–] = 0.10 M, [OH–] = 0.10 M (a) 32 parts by weight of Y (b) 48 parts by weight of Y
(c) 64 parts by weight of Y (d) 80 parts by weight of Y
(d) [K+] = 0.20 M, [Cl–] = 0.10 M, [OH–] = 0.20 M
29. 3 g of a hydrocarbon on combustion in excess of oxygen
22. How much NaNO3 must be weighed out to make 50 ml of produces 8.8g of CO2 and 5.4 g of H2O. The data illustrates
an aqueous solution containing 70 mg of Na+ per ml? the law of :
(a) 12.394 g (b) 1.29 g (a) conservation of mass (b) multiple proportions
(c) 10.934 g (d) 12.934 g (c) constant proportions (d) reciporcal proportions
23. 11.4 gm of a mixture of butene, C4H8 and butane C4H10, was 30. How many moles of ferric alum
burned in excess oxygen. 35.2 gm of CO2 and 16.2 gm of
(NH4)2SO4Fe2 (SO4 )3.24H2O can be made from the sample of
H2O were obtained. Calculate the percentage by mass of Fe containing 0.0056 g of it ?
butane in original mixture.
(a) 10–4 mol (b) 0.5 × 10–4 mol
(a) 50.87% (b) 49.13%
(c) 0.33 × 10–4 mol (d) 2 × 10–4 mol
(c) 50% (d) None of these
31. A metal oxide has the formula Z2O3. It can be reduced by
24. 100 mL of mixture of NaOH and Na2SO4 is neutralised by 10
hydrogen to give free metal and water. 0.16 gm of the metal
mL of 0.5 M H2SO4. Hence, NaOH in 100 mL solution is
oxide requires 6 mg of hydrogen for complete reduction.
(a) 0.2 g (b) 0.4 g The atomic weight of the metal is :
(c) 0.6 g (d) None (a) 27.9 (b) 159.6
25. 1 g alloy of Cu and Zn reacted with excess of dil. H2SO4 to (c) 79.8 (d) 55.8
give H2 gas which occupies 60 ml at STP. The percentage
32. The vapour density of a chloride of an element is 39.5. The
of Zn in the alloy (Given only Zn reacts with H2SO4)
Ew of the elements is 3.82. The atomic weight of the element
(a) 17% (b) 34% is
(c) 83% (d) 40% (a) 15.28 (b) 7.64
26. A solution of NaOH is prepared by dissolving 4.0 g of (c) 3.82 (d) 11.46
NaOH in 1 L of water. Calculate the volume of the HCl gas 33. 10 mL of N/2 HCl, 20 mL of N/2 H2SO4 and 30 mL N/3 HNO3
at STP that will neutralize 50 mL of this solution. are mixed together and solution made to one litre. The
(a) 224 mL (b) 56 mL normality of the resulting solution is
(c) 112 mL (d) 448 mL (a) 0.20 N (b) 0.10 N
27. When a hydrate of Na2CO3 is heated until all the water is (c) 0.50 N (d) 0.025 N
removed, it loses 54.3 per cent of its mass. The formula of 34. 10 mL of 0.2 N HCl and 30 mL of 0.1 N HCl together exactly
the hydrate is neutralises 40 mL of solution of NaOH, which is also exactly
neutralised by a solution in water of 0.61 g of an organic
(a) Na2CO3.10H2O (b) Na2CO3.7H2O
acid.What is the equivalent weight of the organic acid ?
(c) Na2CO3.5H2O (d) Na2CO3.3H2O (a) 61 (b) 91.5
(c) 122 (d) 183
Objection Question II Al = 13)
[One or more than one correct option] (a) Al is present in excess.
35. Select dimensionless quantity(ies) : (b) MnO is present is excess.
(a) vapour density (b) molality (c) 54.0g of Al is required.
(c) specific gravity (d) mass fraction (d) 159.0g of MnO is in excess.
36. 11.2 L of a gas at STP weighs 14 g. The gas could be : 42. You are provided with 1 M solution of NaNO3 whose
density = 1.25 g/ml
(a) N2 (b) CO
(a) The percentage by mass of NaNO3 = 6.8
(c) NO2 (d) N2O
(b) The percentage by mass of H2O = 93.2
37. 8 g O2 has same number of molecules as that in :
(c) The molality of the solution is 10.72
(a) 14 g CO (b) 7 g CO (c) 11 g
CO2 (d) 22 g CO2 (d) The solution has 0.2 moles of NaNO3.

38. Which of the following have same number of atoms ? 43. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?

(a) 6.4 g of O2 (b) 0.1 mol of NH3 (c) 4.0 g 20.0 mL of 6.0 M HCl is mixed with 50.0 mL of 2.0 M Ba(OH)2,
of He (d) 22.4 L of Cl2 at STP and 30 mL of water is added.

39. 0.2 mole of K3PO4 and 0.3 mole of BaCl2 are mixed in 1 L of (a) The concentration OH  remaining in solution is 0.8 M.
solution. Which of these is/are correct ?
(b) The concentration of Cl  remaining in solution is 1.2 M.
(a) 0.2 mole of Ba3(PO4)2 will be formed
(c) The concentration of Ba2+ remaining in solution is 1.0M
(b) 0.1 mole of Ba3(PO4)2 will be formed
(d) 80 mmoles of OH  is in excess.
(c) 0.6 mole of KCl will be formed
(d) 0.3 mole of KCl will be formed 44. The density of a solution of H2SO4 is 1.84 gm/ml and it
contain 93% H2SO4 by volume. Then
40. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(a) Molarity of H2SO4 is 10.42
1.0g mixture of CaCO3(s) and glass beads liberate 0.22g of
CO2 upon treatment with excess of HCl. Glass does not (b) Mass of H2O = 91 gm
react with HCl. (c) Mass of 100 gm solution = 184 gm
(d) None of the above
CaCO3  2HCl 
 CO 2  H 2O  CaCl 2
45. The mole fraction of NaCl in aqueous solution is 0.2. The
[Mw CaCO3 = 100. Mw of CO2 = 44, [Atomic weight of Ca = solution is
40]
(a) 13.9 m
(a) The weight of CaCO3 in the original mixture is 0.5g.
(b) Mole fraction of H2O is 0.8
(b) The weight of calcium in the original mixture is 0.2g.
(c) acidic in nature
(c) The weight percent of calcium in the original mixture is
(d) neutral
40% Ca.
46. When 100 ml of 0.1 M KNO3, 400 ml of 0.2 M HCl and 500
(d) The weight percent of Ca in the original mixture is 20%
ml of 0.3 M H2SO4 are mixed. Then in the resulting solution
Ca.
(a) The molarity of K+ = 0.01 M
41. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
The following reaction occurs : (b) The molarity of SO42– = 0.15 M

2Al  3MnO   CCl4  S2Cl 2 (c) The molarity of H+ = 0.38 M

108.0g of Al and 213.0g of MnO was heated to initiate the (d) The molarity of NO3– = 0.01 M and Cl– = 0.08 M
reaction . (Mw of MnO = 71, atomic weight of
47. An oxide of nitrogen has 30.43% nitrogen (At. wt. of N=14) 52. An aqueous solution of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) being
and its one molecule weight 1.527 × 10–22 g. Which of the titrated has molarity equal to 0.25 M. Which of the following
following statement regarding the oxide is (are) true ? could be normality of this solution ?
(a) Its empirical formula is N2O (a) 0.25 N (b) 0.50 N

(b) Its empirical formula is NO2. (c) 0.75 N (d) 1.00 N

53. An aqueous solution of 6.3g of a hydrated oxalic acid
(c) Its molecular formula is N2O4.
(H2C2O4.xH2O) is made up to 250 mL. The 40 mL of 0.10 N
(d) Its molecular formula is N4O2. NaOH was required to completely neutralize 10mL of the
48. For the reaction above prepared stock solution. Which of the following
statements(s) about is (are) correct ?
H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2  CaHPO4 + 2 H2O
(a) The acid is dehydrate.
1 mol 1 mol (b) Equivalent weight of the hydrated acid is 45.
Which are true statements? (c) Equivalent weight of the anhydrous acid is 45.
(a) Equivalent weight of H3PO4 is 49 (d) 20 mL of the same stock would require 40 mL of 0.10 M
(b) Resulting mixture is neutralised by 1 mol of KOH Ca(OH)2 solution for complete neutralization.

(c) CaHPO4 is an acidic salt 54. Three metals of alkaline earth metal group (A, B, and C)
when reacted with a fixed volume of liquid Br2 separately
(d) 1 mol of H3PO4 is completely neutralized by 1.5 mol of gave a product (metal bromides) whose mass is plotted
Ca(OH)2 against the mass of metals taken as shown in the figure.
49. Which of the following statements regarding the
compound AxBy is/are correct ?
(a) 1 mole of AxBy contains 1 mole of A and 1 mole B
(b) 1 equivalent of AxBy contains 1 equivalent of A and 1
equivalent of B
(c) 1 mole of AxBy contains x moles of A and y moles of B
(d) equivalent weight of AxBy = equivalent weight of B
From the plot, predict what relation can be concluded
50. Which of the statements are true ?
between the atomic weights of A, B, and C ?
(a) The equivalent weight of Ca3(PO4)2 is Mw/6. (a) C > B
(b) The equivalent weight of Na3PO4. 12H2O is Mw/3. (b) B > A
(c) The equivalent weight of K2SO4 is Mw/2. (c) C < A < B
(d) The equivalent weight of potash alum K2SO4Al2(SO4)3. (d) Data is insufficient to predict
24H2O is Mw/8. Numeric Value Type Questions
51. 1 gm Mg sample is treated with 125 ml 0.1 N HCl and the 55. A solution contains 75 mg NaCl per mL. To what extent
excess of HCl is neutralised by 50 ml 0.5 N NaOH must it be diluted to give a solution of concentration 15 mg
completely. The correct statement is/are : NaCl per mL of solution.
(a) Mass of Mg present in the sample is 0.12 gm 56. A mixture of FeO and Fe3O4 when heated in air to a constant
(b) Mass of Mg sample unreacted is 0.88 gm weight, gains 5% of its weight. Find the percentage of
Fe3O4.
(c) % of Mg present in meq sample is 12%
(d) Mass of impurities present in the sample is 0.88 gm.
57. Igniting MnO2 in air converts it quantitatively to Mn3O4. A Assertion Reason
sample of pyrolusite is of the following composition : MnO2 (A) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
= 80%, SiO2 and other inert constituents = 15% and rest Reason is the correct explanation of asser-
bearing H2O. The sample is ignited to constant weight.
What is the % of Mn in the ignited sample ?
tion.
58. A mixture contains equi-molar quantities of carbonates of (B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but
two bivalent metals. One metal is present to the extent of Reason is not the correct explanation of
13.5% by weight in the mixture and 2.50 gm of the mixture assertion.
on heating leaves a residue of 1.18 gm. Calculate the % age
by weight of the other metal. (C) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
59. A 0.01 moles of sample of KClO3 was heated under such (D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
conditions that a part of it decomposed according to the 64. Assertion (A) : Both 138 g of K2CO3 and 12 g of carbon
equation : have same number of carbon atoms.
(a) 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2 and the remaining undergoes change Reason (R) : Both contains 1 g atom of carbon which
according to the equation : contains 6.022 × 1023 carbon atoms.
(b) 4KClO3  3KClO4 + KCl (a) A (b) B
If the amount of O2 evolved was 134.4 mL at S.T.P., calculate (c) C (d) D
the % age by weight of KClO4 in the residue. 65. Assertion (A) : 1 Avogram is equal to 1 amu.
60. One commercial system removes SO2 emission from smoke Reason (R) : Avogram is reciprocal of Avogadro’s
at 95ºC by the following set of reaction : number.
(a) A (b) B
SO 2 (g)  Cl2 (g) 
 SO 2 Cl 2 (g)
(c) C (d) D
SO 2Cl2 (g)  H 2O(l ) 
 H 2SO 4  HCl 66. Assertion (A) : Molality and mole fraction units of
concentration do not change with temperature.
H 2SO 4  Ca(OH) 2 
 CaSO 4  H 2 O
Reason (R) : These concentration units are defined in terms
How many grams of CaSO4 may be produced from 3.78g of of mass rather in terms of volume and mass is independent
SO2 ? of temperature.

61. 50 mL of 1 M HCl, 100 mL of 0.5 M HNO3, and x mL of 5 M (a) A (b) B

H2SO4 are mixed together and the total volume is made (c) C (d) D
upto 1.0 L with water. 100 mL of this solution exactly 67. Assertion (A) : In laboratory, reagents are made to a
neutralises 10 mL of M/3 Al2(CO3)3. specific molarity rather molality.
Calculate the value of x.
Reason (R) : The volume of sulution is easier to measure
62. HCl gas is passed into water, yielding a solution of density than its mass.
1.095 g mL–1 and containing 30% HCl by weight. Calculate
(a) A (b) B
the molarity of the solution.
(c) C (d) D
63. A sample of a mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl weighing 4.22g
was treated to precipitate all the Ca as CaCO3, which was 68. Assertion (A) : Molality of solution is independent of
then heated and quantitatively converted to 0.959g of CaO. temperature while mole fraction depends on temperature.
Calculate the percentage of CaCl2 in the mixture. Reason (R) : Normality is the ratio of moles of solute and
volume of solution while mole fraction is the ratio of moles
(Ca = 40, O = 16, C = 12 and Cl = 35.5)
of solute and weight of solvent present in solution.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
69. Assertion (A) : When a solution is diluted from volume V1 (a) A (b) B
to V2 by adding solvents, its molarity before dilution M1 (c) C (d) D
and after dilution M2 are related as :
Match the Following
M1V1 = M2V2
Each question has two columns. Four options are
Reason (R) : During dilution, moles of the solute remains
conserved. given representing matching of elements from
(a) A (b) B Column-I and Column- II. Only one of these four
(c) C (d) D options corresponds to a correct matching.For
70. Assertion (A) : For a binary solution of two liquids, A and each question, choose the option corresponding
B, with the knowledge of density of solution, molarity can to the correct matching.
be converted into molality. 76. Match the Column I with Column II
Reason (R) : Molarity is defined in terms of volume and Column - I Column - II
molality in terms of mass, and mass and volume are related (a) 20 ml (N) HCl reacts (p) No. of molecules of HCl
by density. N
(a) A (b) B with 50 mL NaOH. left = 0
5
(c) C (d) D N
(b) 10 ml HCl reacts (q) No. of molecules of HCl
71. Assertion (A) : The equivalent mass of an element is 2
variable. N
with 50 ml NaOH. left = 6.02 × 1021
Reason (R) : It depends on the valency of the element. 10
(a) A (b) B N
(c) 50 ml HCl reacts (r) No. of molecules of HCl
(c) C (d) D 10
72. Assertion (A) : - 0.1 M H3PO3 (aq) solution has normality N
with 100 ml NaOH. left = 2.71 × 1022
equal to 0.3N when completely reacted with NaOH. 50
N
Reason (R) : H3PO3 is dibasic acid. (d) 100 ml HCl reacts (s) No. of molecules of HCl
2
(a) A (b) B N
(c) C (d) D with 50 ml NaOH. left = 1.8 × 1021
108
73. Assertion (A) : Number of molecules present in SO2 is 77. Match the solution mixtures given in column I with the
twice the number of molecules present in O2. concentrations given in column II.
Reason (R) : Molecular mass of SO 2 is double to that of Column - I Column - II
O2. (a) 11.1 g CaCl2 and 29.25g (p) [Ca2+] = 0.8 M
(a) A (b) B of NaCl are diluted [Na  ] = 1.2 M
(c) C (d) D
with water to 100 mL [Cl ] = 2.8 M
74. Assertion (A) : 1mole of H2SO4 is neutralised by 2 moles of
(b) 3.0 L of 4.0 M NaCl and (q) [Ca2+] = 0.001 M
NaOH but 1 equivalent of H2SO4 is neutralised by 1
equivalent of NaOH. 4.0 L of 2.0 M CaCl2 are [Na  ] = 0.005 M
Reason (R) : Equivalent weight of H2SO4 is half of its combined and diluted [Cl ] = 0.007 M
molecular weight while equivalent weight of NaOH is 40. to 10.0 L
(a) A (b) B (c) 3.0 L of 3.0 M NaCl (r) [Ca2+] = 1.6 M
(c) C (d) D is added to 200 mL of [Na  ] = 1.8 M
75. Assertion (A) : Equivalent volume of H2 is 11.2 L at 1 atm
4.0 M CaCl2 [Cl ] = 5.0 M
and 273 K.
(d) 100 mL of 2.0 M HCl (s) [Ca2+] = 1.2 M
Reason (R) : 1/2 mole H2 has produced when 1 mole of
H+(aq) accepted 1 mole of e–. +200 mL of 1.0 M NaOH [Na  ] = 0.4 M
 +150 mL of 4.0 M CaCl2 [Cl ] = 2.8 M converted required amount of C2H2. Amount of CaO is
+50 mL of H2O determined in step I and then amount of C2H2 in step II. We
78. Match the items given in column I with those in column II. can relate CaO and C2H2 stoichiometrically by writing net
Column - I Column - II reaction which is

(a) 9.8% H2SO4 by weight (p) 3.6 N CaO + 3C + 2H2 O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 + CO

(density = 1.8g mL–1) Thus, CaO  C2H2

79. NX is produced by the following step of reactions
(b) 9.8 % H3PO4 by weight (q) 1.2 M
M + X2  M X2
(density = 1.2g mL–1)
MX2 + X2  M3X8
(c) 1.8 NA molecules of (r) 1.8 Equivalents
HCl is 500 mL M3X8 + N2CO3  N X + CO2 + M3O4
(d) 250 mL of 4N NaOH (s) 1.10 m How much M (metal) is consumed to produce 206 gm of
+ 250 mL of NX. (Take At. wt of M = 56, N=23, X = 80)
(a) 42 gm (b) 56 gm
1.6 M Ca(OH)2
Paragraph Type Questions 14 7
(c) gm (d) gm
3 4
Use the following passage, solve Q. 79 to Q. 81
80. The following process has been used to obtain iodine from
Passage oil-field brines in California.
Often more than one reaction is required to change starting NaI + AgNO3  AgI + NaNO3
materials into the desired product. This is true for many
reaction that we carry out in the laboratory and for many AgI + Fe  FeI2 + Ag
industrial process. These are called sequential reactions.
FeI2 + Cl2  FeCl3 + I2
The amount of desired product from each reaction is taken
as the starting material for the next reaction. If 381 kg of iodine is produced per hour then mass of AgNO3
I : 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2 required per hour will be
[atomic mass Ag– 108, I– 127, Fe–56, N–14, Cl–35.5]
II : 4Al + 3O2  2Al2 O3
(a) 170 kg (b) 340 kg
KClO3 decomposes in step I to give O2, which in turn, is
(c) 255 kg (d) 510 kg
used by Al to form Al2O3 in step II. First we determine O2
81. 120 gm Mg was burnt in air to give a mixture of MgO and
formed in step I and then Al used by this O2 in step II. Both Mg3N2. The mixture is now dissolved in HCl to form MgCl2
reactions can be added to determine amount of KClO3 that and NH4Cl, if 107 grams NH4Cl is produced. The reaction
can give required amount of O2 needed for Al. are follows

Net : 2KClO3 + 4Al  2KCl + 2Al2O3 1

I. Mg + O2  MgO ,
2
Thus, 2KClO3 4Al
Or KClO3 2Al. II. 3Mg  N2  Mg 3 N2

I : CaO + 3C  CaC2 + CO III. MgO + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2O,

II : CaC2 + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 IV. Mg3 N2 + 8HCl  2NH4Cl + 3MgCl2
CaC2 (calcium carbide) is prepared in step I. It is used to Then the moles of MgCl2 formed is : (At. wt. Mg = 24, N
prepare acetylene (C2H2) in step II. Suppose we want to = 14, Cl = 35.5)
determine amount of CaO that can give enough CaC2 to
 (a) 3 moles (b) 6 moles (a) 0.018 M (b) 0.036 M
(c) 5 moles (d) 10 moles (c) 0.084 M (d) 0.046 M
Use the following passage, solve Q. 82 to Q. 84 86. The molarity of 68 % of H2SO4 whose density is 1.84 g/cc
is
Passage
(a) 12.76 M (b) 6.84 M
HNO3 used as a reagent has specific gravity of 1.42g mL–1
(c) 18.4 M (d) 6.8 M
and contains 70% by strength HNO3.
87. HCl is 80% ionised in 0.01 M aqueous solution. The
82. Normality of acid is. equilibrium molarity of HCl in the solution is
(a) 16.78 (b) 15.78 (a) 0.002 (b) 0.06
(c) 14.78 (d) 17.78 (c) 0.02 (d) 0.008
83. Volume of acid that contains 63g pure acid is. Use the following passage, solve Q. 88 to Q. 90
(a) 100 mL (b) 40.24 mL
Passage
(c) 63.38 mL (d) 70.68 mL
A crystalline hydrated salt on being rendered anhydrous
84. Volume of water required to make 1N solution from 2 mL loses 45.6% of its weight.
conc. HNO3.
The percentage composition of anhydrous salt is : Al =
(a) 29.56 mL (b) 30.56 mL 10.5%, K = 15.1 %, S = 24.8% and oxygen = 49.6% Answer
(c) 28.56 mL (d) 31.56 mL the following four questions based on these information.
Use the following passage, solve Q. 85 to Q. 87 [Molar masses are : Al = 27, K = 39, S = 32]
88. What is the empirical formula of the salt ?
Passage
(a) K 2 AlS2O7 (b) K 2 Al2S2O 7
The analytical molarity of a solution gives the total number
of moles of a solute in one litre of the solution. The (c) KAlS2O8 (d) K 3AlS2O12
equilibrium molarity represents the molar concentration of
particular species in a solution at equilibrium. In order to 89. What is the empirical formula of the hydrated salt ?
specify the equilibrium molarity of a particular species it is (a) K 2 AlS2O7 .10H 2O (b) K 2 Al2S2O7 .16H 2O
necessary to know how the solute behaves when it is
dissolved in a solvent. e.g., if analytical molarity of HCl is (c) K 3AlS2O12 .8H 2O (d) KAlS2O8 .12H 2O
0.1 M then equilibrium molarity of NaOH equal to zero
90. If 50 g of the above hydrated salt is dissolved in 150 gram
because HCl is completely dissociated.
of water, molality of the resulting solution will be
85. Calculate the analytical molarity of Cl– ion in solution which
(a) 0.7 (b) 0.6
is prepared by mixing 100 ml of 0.1 M NaCl and 400 ml of
0.01 M BaCl2. (c) 0.5 (d) 0.4
EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS
1. The total number of electrons present in 18 ml of water Number of moles of Y and Z are (2003)
(density of water is 1 g ml-1) is (1980)
(a) 0.01, 0.01 (b) 0.02, 0.01
(a) 6.02 × 1023 (b) 6.02 × 1023
(c) 0.01, 0.02 (d) 0.02, 0.02
(c) 6.02 × 1024 (d) 6.02 × 1025
10. Which has maximum number of atoms ? (2003)
2. If 0.5 mol of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mol of Na3PO4, the
maximum number of moles of Ba3 (PO4)2 that can be formed (a) 24g of C (12) (b) 56g of Fe (56)
is (1981) (c) 27g of Al (27) (d) 108g of Ag (108)
(a) 0.7 (b) 0.5 11. In a solution of 100 ml of 0.5M acetic acid, one gram of
(c) 0.30 (d) 0.10 active charcoal is added, which adsorbs acetic acid. It is
found that the concentration of acetic acid becomes 0.49
3. 3 g of a salt of molecular weight 30 is dissolved in 250 g of
M. If surface area of charcoal is 3.01 × 102m2, calculate the
water. The molality of the solution is : .......... (1983)
area occupied by single acetic acid molecule on surface of
4. A sugar syrup of weight 214.2 g contains 34.2 g of sugar charcoal. (2003)
(C12H22O11). Calculate : (i) molal concentration and (ii) mole
12. Calculate the molarity of water if its density is
fraction of sugar in the syrup. (1988)
1000 kg/m3. (2003)
5. The weight of 1 × 1022 molecules of CuSO4. 5H2O is
13. 20% surface sites have adsorbed N2. On heating N2 gas
(1991) evolved from sites and were collected at 0.001 atm and 298
(a) 41.59 g (b) 415.9g K in a container of volume is 2.46 cm3. Density of surface
sites is 6.023 × 1014/cm2 and surface area is 1000 cm2, find
(c) 4.159 g (d) none of the three
out the number of surface sites occupied per molecule of
6. The sulphate of a metal M contains 9.87% of M. This N2. (2005)
sulphate is isomorphous with ZnSO4.7H2O. The atomic
14. Given that the abundances of isotopes Fe54, Fe56 and Fe57
weight of M is (1991)
are 5%, 90% and 5%, respectively, the atomic mass of Fe is
(a) 40.3 (b) 36.3 (2009)
(c) 24.3 (d) 11.3 (a) 55.85 (b) 55.95
7. The normality of 0.3 M phosphorous acid (H3PO3) is (c) 55.75 (d) 56.05
(1999)
15. Dissolving 120g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000g of water
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.9 gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The molarity of the
(c) 0.3 (d) 0.6 solution is (2011)
8. 6.3g of oxalic acid dihydrate have been dissolved in water (a) 1.78 M (b) 2.00 M
to obtain a 250 mL solution. How much volume of 0.1 N (c) 2.05 M (d) 2.22 M
NaOH would be required to neutralise 10 mL of this
16. 29.2% (w/W) HCl stock solution has density of
solutions ? (2001)
1.25 g mL–1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5g mol–1.
(a) 40 mL (b) 20 mL The volume (mL) of stock solution required to prepare a
(c) 10 mL (d) 4 mL 200 mL solution 0.4 M HCl is (2013)
9. Mixture X = 0.02 mole of [Co(NH3)5SO4] Br and 0.02 mole of 17. A compound H2X with molar weight of 80g is dissolved in
[Co(NH3)5Br] SO4 was prepared in 2 L solution. a solvent having density of 0.4 g ml–1. Assuming no change
1 L of mixture X + excess of AgNO3 solution  Y in volume upon dissolution, the molality of a 3.2 molar
solution is (2014)
1 L of mixture X + excess of BaCl2 solution  Z
18. The mole fraction of a solute in a solution is 0.1 At 298K, 20. Aluminium reacts with sulfuric acid to form aluminium
molarity of this solution is the same as its molality. Density sulfate and hydrogen. What is the volume of hydrogen
of this solution at 298 K is 2.0 g cm–3 . The ratio of the gas in litres (L) produced at 300 K and 1.0 atm pressure,
when 5.4 g of aluminium and 50.0 mL of 5.0 M sulfuric acid
 MWsolute  are combined for the reaction?
molecular weights of the solute and solvent,  MW
 ,
solvent 
(Use molar mass of aluminium as 27.0 g mol-1, R = 0.082
is (2016) atm , L mol-1 K-1) (2020)
19. Galena (an ore) is partially oxidized by passing air through
it at high temperature. After some time, the passage of air
is stopped, but the heating is continued in a closed furnace
such that the contents undergo self-reduction. The weight
(in kg) of Pb produced per kg of O2 consumed is ........... .
(Atomic weights in g mol–1 : O = 16, S = 32, Pb = 207)
(2018)
ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER -4 MOLE AND EQUIVALENT CONCEPTS

EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (d) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (c) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (a)
26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (8.4)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (c) 31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (b)
36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (13.88)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (b) 41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (b)
46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50. (c) 44. (26.92) 45. (37.84)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (b) 46. (5.00) 47. (47.00)
56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (c) 48. (3400.00) 49. (18.00)
61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (b) 64. (b) 65. (d) 50. (8.00) 51. (8.00)
66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (d) 69. (c) 70. (d) 52. (13.00) 53. (3.00)
71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (b) 54. (525.00) 55. (80.00)
76. (d) 77. (a) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (b) 56. (1.00) 57. (77.00)
81. (b) 82. (b) 83. (c) 84. (d) 85. (c) 58. (18.00) 59. (16.00)
86. (c) 87. (b) 88. (a) 89. (a) 90. (a) 60. (3.00) 61. (78.00)
91. (a) 92. (a) 93. (b) 94. (c) 95. (b) 62. (226.0) 63. (1.00)
64. (4.00) 65. (464.00)
66. (3.00) 67. (5.00)
68. (0.5 M) 69. (19.00)
70. (20.00) 71. (2.00)
72. (64.00) 73. (d)
74. (78.00) 75. (13.00)
 CHAPTER -4 MOLE AND EQUIVALENT CONCEPTS
EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (0.4m)

6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a) 4. (i) 0.56, (ii) 0.0099
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a)
16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (c) 10. (a) 11. (5× 19-19 m2) 12. (55.55 M)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a) 13. (2.00) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (8.00) 17. (8.00)
26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (b) 18. (9.00)19. (6.47) 20. (6.15)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (a,c,d)
36. (a,b) 37. (b,c) 38. (a,b) 39. (b,c) 40. (a,b,d)
41. (a,c) 42. (a,b) 43. (a,b,c,d)
44. (a,b,c) 45. (a,b,d)
46. (a,b,c,d) 47. (b,c)
48. (a,b,c,d) 49. (b,c,d)
50. (a,b,d) 51. (a,b,c,d)
52. (a,b,c) 53. (a,c,d)
54. (a,b) 55. (5.00)
56. (79.75) 57. (59.4%)
58. (14.5%) 59. (60.3%)
60. (8g) 61. (10.00)
62. (9.00) 63. (45.04%)
64. (a) 65. (c)
66. (a) 67. (a)
68. (d) 69. (a)
70. (d) 71. (a)
72. (d) 73. (d)
74. (b) 75. (a)
76. (a-q; b-q; c-s; d-r) 77. (a-q; b-p; c-r; d-s)
78. (a-p,s; b-p,q; c-p,r; d-r) 79. (a) 80. (d)
81. (c) 82. (b) 83. (c) 84. (a) 85. (b)
86. (a) 87. (a) 88. (c) 89. (d) 90. (b)