Structuralism “We bring the unconscious to the form of transcendence.

”
Introduction to Psychology 🧠 ➔ Focused on structure or basic elements of
the mind. "Free Association"
➔ Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental ➔ Germany in 1879 Mental Iceberg
processes. ➔ Developed the technique of objective 1. Conscious
introspection – process of objectively 2. Sub/Pre Conscious
5 d's of Disorder ➔ examining and measuring one’s thoughts - ideas and memories
Danger ➔ and mental activities. 3. Unconscious
Deviance ➔ Edward Titchener - Irrational wishes
Dysfunction > Wundt’s student; brought structuralism to - fear
Duration America. - trauma
Distress - unacceptable sexual desires
Functionalism - shameful experiences
Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow - How the mind allows people to adapt, live, work and
5 Stages play. **Dream Analysis
1. Physiological Needs - Proposed by William James Wish Fulfillment**
2. Safety and Security - Influenced the modern fields of Educational,
3. Love and Belongingness Evolutionary and Industrial Organizational Defense Mechanisms
4. Self-esteem Psychology.
5. Self-Actualization - a process by which an
individual reaches his full potential. Educational Psychology Defense Description Examples
- SpEd Mechanism
Evolutionary Psychology
- Dorotheo Dix Displacement Taking feelings Being angry at your
- Philip Pinel out on others boss but taking it
out on your spouse
instead
Gestalt Psychology
- Gestalt "good figure"
Denial Denying that Being the victim of a
- Started with Wertheimer, who studied sensation and something exists violent crime, yet
perception. denying that the
- Gestalt ideas are now a part of the study of cognitive incident occurred
psychology, a field focusing not only on perception but
also on learning, memory, thought processes, and Repression Unconsciously Being abused as a
problem solving. keeping child but not
unpleasant remembering the
information from abuse
Psychoanalysis- The theory and therapy based on
your conscious
the work of Sigmund Freud mind.
• Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders with no found
physical cause. *most common
defense
• Freud proposed that there is an unconscious mechanism*
(unaware) mind into which we push, or repress, all of
our threatening urges and desires. Suppression Consciously Being abused as a
keeping child but choosing
• He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to
unpleasant to push it out of
surface, created nervous disorders. information from your mind
• Freud stressed the importance of early childhood your conscious
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
experiences. mind
 Behaviorism • Self-actualization - achieving one’s full potential or
Sublimation Converting Being upset with
- science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior actual self
unacceptable your spouse but
impulses into going for a walk only.
more acceptable instead of fighting - Must be directly seen and measured. 4. Biopsychological Perspective
outlets - Proposed by John B. Watson. - attributes human and animal behavior to biological events
*there’s presence • Based much from the work of Ivan Pavlov who occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones,
of anxiety and demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned and the activity of the nervous system.
pain* (learned). “Classical Conditioning”
5. Cognitive Perspective
Projection Assigning your Feeling attracted to
> The case of Little Albert taught to fear a white rat. - focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving
own someone other than
unacceptable your spouse, then > Watson believed that phobias were learned. and learning.
feelings or fearing that your Unlearning Phobia- systematic desensitization "in vivo"
qualities to others spouse is cheating - Ivan Parlor Cognitive Distortion
on you Stimulus Response- BF Skinner - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Pioneered by Aaron
Operant conditioning Beck)
Intellectualizatio Thinking about Losing a close - Burhus Frederick
n stressful things in family member and 6. Sociocultural Perspective
a clinical way staying busy with
- focuses on the relationship between social behavior and
making the
necessary Modern Perspectives culture.
arrangements
instead of feeling 7. Evolutionary Perspective
1. Psychodynamic Perspective
sad - focuses on the biological bases of universal mental
- Modern version of Psychoanalysis.
characteristics that all humans share.
Reaction Replacing an Being sad about a - More focused on the development of a sense of self
• Looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does.
Formation unwanted recent breakup, but and the discovery of other motivations behind a
• Behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival value.
impulse with its acting happy about person’s behavior than sexual motivations.
opposite it 2. Behavioral Perspective
Our brain works on the principle of "use it or lose
- B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntary
it."
Regression Reverting to Hugging a teddy behavior.
childlike bear when you're Types of psychological Professionals
- Behaviorism became a major force in the twentieth
behaviors stressed, like you century.
did when you were ● Psychiatrist - a medical doctor who has specialized
- Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement to
a child in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological
behaviorism.
disorders.
Compensation Overachieving in Someone who feels ● Psychoanalyst - either a psychiatrist or a
one area to insecure 3. Humanistic Perspective
psychologist who has special training in the theories
compensate for academically might Founded by: Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis.
failures in compensate by "client centered therapy"
another. excelling in ● Psychiatric social worker - a social worker with
• Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of
athletics. some training in therapy methods who focuses on the
philosophy.
environmental conditions that can have an impact on
Rationalization Justifying an Being denied a loan mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding,
• Humanists held the view that people have free will, the
unacceptable for your dream stress, and drug abuse.
feeling or house, then saying freedom to choose their own destiny.
behavior with it's a good thing Early founders:
● Psychologist - a professional with an academic
logic because the house • Abraham Maslow
degree and specialized training in one or more areas
was too big anyway • Carl Rogers
of psychology.
• Can do counseling, teaching, and research and may specialize
- Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each
in any one of a large number of areas within psychology.
person to become the best person he or she could be.
• Areas of specialization in psychology include clinical, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Periods of Pregnancy
counseling, developmental, social, and personality, among 1. ​ erminal period - first two weeks after fertilization,
G
others. DEVELOPMENT - Progressive series of changes of an orderly during which the zygote moves down to the uterus
and coherent type of maturity and begins to implant in the lining embryo name for
Branches of Psychology the developing organism from two weeks to eight
★ Nature Vs. Nurture weeks after fertilization.​
Nature - the influence of our inherited characteristics on our 2. Embryonic period - the period from two to eight
Clinical Psychology
personality, physical growth, intellectual growth and social weeks after fertilization, during which the major
- branch of psychology concerned with the assessment
interactions. organs and structures of the organism develop.​
and treatment of mental illness and psychological
Nurture - the influence of the environment on personality, ➔ Critical periods - times during which
problems.
physical growth, intellectual growth and social interactions. certain environmental influences can have
-
Abnormal Psychology - Psychopathology an impact on the development of the infant.​
> study of abnormalities ➔ Teratogen - any factor that can cause a
Genetics and Development birth defect.​
Educational Psychology 3. Fetal period - the time from about eight weeks after
- Historical Perspective ★ Genetics - the science of inherited traits.​ conception until the birth of the child.​
Fetus - name for the developing organism from eight weeks
Cognitive psychology DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - special molecule that after fertilization to the birth of the baby.​
- learning and mental processes contains the genetic material of the organism.​
Behavioral Psychology
- Intervention of Behavioral Functioning ★ Gene - section of DNA having the same arrangement Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
> PCT of chemical elements.​
Forensic Psychology Four critical areas of adjustment for the newborn are:​
- Application of the principles of psychology in criminal ★ Dominant and Recessive Traits 1. Respiration​
proceedings ➔ Dominant - referring to a gene that actively 2. Digestion​
controls the expression of a trait.​ 3. Circulation​
Occupational Psychology 4. Temperature regulation​
➔ application of psychology in workplace ➔ Recessive - referring to a gene that only
influences the expression of a trait when ➢ Infants are born with reflexes that help the infant
Developmental Psych paired with an identical gene.​ survive: sucking, rooting, Moro (startle), grasping,
➔ study of development from childhood to adulthood ★ Chromosome - tightly wound strand of genetic and Babinski.​
material or DNA.​
Medical Health Psychology ➢ The senses, except for vision, are fairly well
➔ medicine field (psychiatry or behavioral) Chromosome disorders include Down syndrome, Klinefelter’s developed at birth. ​
syndrome, and Turner’s syndrome, whereas,
Biopsychology ➢ Gross and fine motor skills develop at a fast pace
➔ anatomy of the human brain. Genetic Disorders include PKU, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell during infancy and early childhood.​
anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease.​
​Cognitive Development
❖ Conception - the moment at which a female
becomes pregnant.​ ★ The development of thinking, problem solving, and
❖ Ovum - the female sex cell, or egg.​ memory scheme (plural schemas) a mental concept
❖ Fertilization - the union of the ovum and sperm.​ formed through experiences with objects and events.​
❖ Zygote - cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum
and sperm; divides into many cells, eventually forming *Cephalocaudal Birth- the head-to-toe trend of physical and
the baby.​ motor development in humans. The prefix "cephalo" originates
from Ancient Greek and means "head". The word "cauda" is
derived from Latin and means "tail", so the term cephalocaudal
means from head to tail.
Jean Piaget's Cognitive Stage of Development​ Autonomic Nervous System
● Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - division of the
1. Sensorimotor ​ PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the
➔ Birth to 2 years involuntary muscles, organs, and glands sensory
2. Preoperational ​ pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to
➔ 2 to 7 years the CNS consisting of sensory neurons.
3. Concrete operational​ ➔ Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight
➔ 7 to 11 years system) - part of the ANS that is
4. Formal operational​ responsible for reacting to stressful events
➔ 11 years and beyond and bodily arousal.
➔ Parasympathetic division - part of the
Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral Development​ ANS that restores the body to normal
functioning after arousal and is responsible
Level 1: Preconventional Morality​ for the day-to-day functioning of the organs
Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience​ and glands.
Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation​
Peeking Inside the Brain
Level 2: Conventional Morality​
Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation​ Clinical Studies
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation​ ★ Deep lesioning - insertion of a thin, insulated wire
into the brain through which an electrical current is
Level 3: Postconventional Morality​ sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire.
Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation​ ★ Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) - milder
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation​ electrical current that causes neurons to react as if
they received a message.

Human brain damage.

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development​
★ Electroencephalograph (EEG) - machine designed
1. Trust vs. Mistrust​ to record the brain wave patterns produced by
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt​ electrical activity of the surface of the brain.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt​ ★ Computed Tomography (CT) - brain-imaging
4. Industry vs. Inferiority​ method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain.
5. Identity vs. Role confusion​ ★ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - brain-imaging
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation​ method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation​ Somatic Nervous System body to produce detailed images of the brain.
8. Ego-integrity vs. Despair​ ● Soma = Body ➔ Functional MRI - computer makes a sort of
● Somatic Nervous System - division of Peripheral “movie” of changes in the activity of the
Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development​ Nervous System (PNS) consisting of nerves that carry brain using images from different time
information from the senses to the Central Nervous periods.
1. Oral stage​ System (CNS) and from the CNS to the voluntary ★ Positron emission tomography (PET) -
2. Anal stage muscles of the body. brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is
3. Phallic stage​ ➔ Sensory Pathway - nerves coming from the injected into the subject and a computer compiles a
4. Latency stage​ sensory organs to the CNS to the CNS color-coded image of the activity of the brain with
5. Genital stage​ consisting of sensory neurons. lighter colors indicating more activity.
➔ Motor Pathway - nerves coming from the CNS
to the voluntary muscles, consisting of motor
neurons.
Structures of the Bottom part of the Brain from the receptors in the nose located just Cerebral Hemispheres
below. Cerebral Hemispheres - the two sections of the cortex on the
➔ Hypothalamus - small structure in the brain left and right sides of the brain.
located below the thalamus and directly above Corpus Callosum - thick band of neurons that connects the
the pituitary gland, responsible for right and left cerebral hemispheres.
motivational behavior such as sleep,
hunger, thirst and sex. Four Lobes of the Brain
★ Sits above and controls the pituitary
gland (master endocrine gland.) Occipital Lobe - section of the brain located at the rear and
bottom of each cerebral hemispheres containing the visual
➔ Hippocampus - curved structure located within each centers of the brain.
temporal lobe, responsible for information of long
term memories and the storage of memory for ● Primary visual cortex - processes visual information
location of objects. from the eyes.
➔ Amygdala - brain structure located near the ● Visual association cortex - identifies and makes sense
hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and of visual information.
memory of fear.
Parietal Lobe - sections of the brain located at the top and back
The Brain Stem
of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch,
1. Medulla Oblongata - The first large swelling at the
taste, and temperature sensations.
top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the
brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions
● Somatosensory cortex - area of neurons running
such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate.
down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for
2. Pons - the larger swelling above the medulla that
processing information from the skin and internal body
connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that
receptors for touch, temperature, body position, &
plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body
possibly taste.
coordination, and arousal.
3. Reticular Formation (RF) - An area of neurons
Temporal Lobe - areas of the cortex located just behind the
running through the middle of the medulla and the
temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of
pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for
hearing and meaningful speech.
selective attention.
4. Cerebellum - Part of the lower brain located behind
● Primary auditory cortex - processes auditory
the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary,
information from the eyes.
rapid, fine motor movement.
● Auditory association cortex - identifies and makes
sense of auditory information.
Structures Under the Cortex

Cortex Frontal Lobe - areas of the cortex located in the front and top of
1. Limbic system - a group of several brain structures
1. Cortex - outermost covering of the brain consisting of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and
located under the cortex and involved in learning,
densely packed neurons, responsible for higher decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.
emotion, memory and motivation.
thought process and interpretation of sensory
➔ Thalamus - part of the limbic system located
input. ● Motor cortex - section of the frontal lobe located at
in the center of the brain, this structure relays
2. Corticalization - wrinkling of the cortex. the back, responsible for sending motor commands to
sensory information from the lower part of
➔ Allows a much larger area of cortical cells to the muscles of the somatic nervous system.
the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and
exist inside the small space inside the skull.
processes some sensory information before
➔ Allows increased capacities for learning,
sending it to its proper area.
remembering, and thinking.
➔ Olfactory bulbs - two projections just under
the front of the brain that receive information
 The Hemispheres have separate streams of consciousness. Pituitary Glands - gland located in the brain that secretes
human growth hormone and influences all other
hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland.)
Left Right Pineal Gland - endocrine gland located near the base of the
cerebrum that secretes melatonin.
Vision Better at Better at Thyroid Gland - endocrine gland found in the neck that
recognizing words recognizing faces, regulates metabolism.
and letters. emotions, and Pancreas - endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar in
geometrical the blood.
pattern.
Gonads - the sex glands that secrete hormones that regulate
sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction.
Hearing Better at Better at
➔ Ovaries - the female gonads.
interpreting analyzing other
spoken language. sounds and ➔ Testes - the male gonads.
Association Areas of Cortex music. Adrenal Glands - endocrine glands located on top of each
1. Association areas - areas within each lobe of the kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with
cortex responsible for the coordination and Memory Processing verbal Processing stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of
interpretation of information, as well as higher mental memory and nonverbal sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during
processing. finding meaning in memory and adolescence.
memories. recalling
2. Broca's Aphasia - condition resulting from damage
perceptual
to Broca’s area (usually in the left frontal lobe), aspects of
causing the affected person to be unable to speak memories.
fluently, to mispronounce words and to speak
haltingly.
Lateralization exists because there are anatomical
3. Wernicke's Aphasia - condition resulting from differences between the hemispheres & different sizes for
damage to Wernicke's area (usually i left temporal areas of the cortex.
lobe), causing the affected person to be unable to
understand or produce meaningful language. ★ Most studies focus on language.
4. Spatial Neglect - condition produced by damage to
the association areas of the right hemisphere Results of Split-Brain Research:
resulting in an inability to recognize objects or other
Left side of the brain:
body parts in the left visual field. ★ Seems to control language, writing, logical thought,
analysis and mathematical abilities.
★ Processes information sequentially.
★ Can speak.
Sensation and Perception
Right side of the brain: Sensation - the activation of receptors in the various sense
★ Controls emotional expression, spatial perception, organs.
recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and ★ The physiological arousal of a sense organ is by a
emotions.
stimulus.
★ Processes information globally.
★ Cannot speak. ★ Stimuli are energy patters which are registered by the
senses. Any object that elicits or accelerates a
physiological activity or responses.
★ Sensory Receptors - specialized forms of neurons.
The Endocrine Glands
★ It is a sensory nerve ending that responds to a
Endocrine Glands - glands that secrete chemicals called stimulus in the internal or external environment of an
hormones directly into the bloodstream. organism.
★ A cell or group of cells that receives stimuli: SENSE
➔ Hormones - chemicals released into the bloodstream ORGANS. (EYES, EARS, NOSE, SKIN & TASTE
by endocrine glands. BUDS)
 MEMORY - an active system that receives information from the
senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then
retrieves the information from storage.

Explicit Memory - declarative memory.

★ Memory for specific information that can be stated or
declared.
★ Information can be autobiographical or general.

➔ Episodic memory - autobiographical memory.

➔ Memories of things that happen to us or take place in
our presence.
➔ Autobiographical memories.
➔ Episodic memory
➔ General knowledge.

Implicit Memory - nondeclarative memory.

★ Memory of how to perform a procedure or skill.
★ Skill memories.
➔ Procedural memory - Skill memory
➔ Things people do, not things things stated clearly.
➔ Things done repeatedly— habits.
*memory of things that reflect repetition that makes association
automatic.