LESSON 3

Back in the time, people relied on religious beliefs or ancient philosophers such as Aristotle to
explain things, including the wonders of the world. But later in the mid-1500s, scientists began
to question these dominant ideas and test their actuality through observing and experimenting,
leading to the development of new theories. This not only changed science but also the way we
think about knowledge today and how we see the world, hence a period of scientific and
intellectual revolution. However, this instance sparked a debate about whether a scientist is a
believer of god since most of his discoveries counter religious beliefs.

Religious beliefs used to be the basis for defining things about the world, but as time passed
and more people became curious, more revelations were unveiled. One dominant idea from the
earlier period is the geocentric theory. This notion claims that the Earth is the center of the
universe, stating that the sun, moon, and planets orbit the Earth. It was an idea produced from
religious beliefs and was supported by Aristotle. However, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged this
idea by proposing the heliocentric theory. According to him, it was the sun that was actually at
the center, not the Earth. This theory stirred a commotion among the people, and they began to
rethink which of the two theories was true. Consequently, this gave birth to modern astronomy
and marked the beginning of the scientific revolution. His work inspired others, like Galileo
Galilei, who discovered that Jupiter had four moons after using a telescope to study the sky,
proving the theory that not everything revolves around the Earth.

Charles Darwin's ideas in the Darwinian Revolution were equally groundbreaking. His theory of
evolution by natural selection changed people's perception of life and origins by arguing that
organisms change throughout time as a result of survival and adaptation. This idea of his
corrected the earlier notion that organisms are immutable or fixed and never changing. Because
before, they believed that life was created as described in religious texts. On the other hand,
Sigmund Freud used a different approach in his research on the unconscious mind in the
Freudian Revolution. Freud introduced ideas regarding how our behavior is influenced by
unconscious thoughts and desires. His theories exposed the complex and often hidden aspects
of human psychology, posing doubt on the idea that people are inherently self-aware and
logical.

Another individual who made significant contributions to the intellectual revolution is Albert
Einstein. His theories of relativity shaped our knowledge of the universe by redefining gravity,
space, and time. His discoveries in quantum mechanics, the photoelectric effect, revolutionized
physics by demonstrating that light can act as both a particle and a wave. These discoveries
also paved the way for modern technologies, such as solar panels. Einstein's contributions were
crucial to the intellectual revolution since his theories not only revolutionized scientific thinking
but also advanced sectors like astronomy, energy, and even technology.

Since these discoveries were made, which often challenged religious belief, the relationship
between being a scientist and a believer in God has always been a topic of debate. During the
Enlightenment, people started focusing more on reason and science, sometimes putting religion
aside. Many thought that science and religion were in conflict. However, John Lennox argues
that science and faith can work together. He notes that many great scientists in history, like
Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler, were deeply religious. This shows that science and religion
don't have to be enemies but can actually support each other. Science tries to understand how
the world works, while faith explores why the world exists. Even though many people today think
science and religion don't mix, they can coexist and complement each other.

In conclusion, the big changes in thinking from people like Copernicus, Darwin, Freud, and
Einstein have changed how we understand the world and ourselves. These new ideas have
made people question how science and religion relate to each other. Still, they show that
curiosity and exploring new ideas are important for both science and faith. As we keep looking
for answers about the universe and ourselves, both science and faith can give us useful
viewpoints, helping us better understand and appreciate the world around us.

LESSON 4
In looking at Filipino contributions to science and technology, we see a mix of old knowledge
and new ideas. The Banaue rice terraces are a clear example of how advanced ancient
techniques were used in the Philippines. This example, along with other achievements, shows
how history, inventions, and education come together to build the nation.

The Igorots' resistance against Spanish rule is a great example of using local knowledge to
protect their land and culture. Their skills in mountain warfare and use of their surroundings kept
their independence for over 300 years. This clever use of knowledge is also seen in the Banaue
rice terraces, which show their advanced farming techniques. Filipino inventions also have
made a big impact. For example, Agapito Flores invented the fluorescent light, and Roberto Del
Rosario created the karaoke machine. These innovations show how Filipino ideas have
influenced technology around the world. Gregorio Zara’s videophone invention changed
communication and highlights how local creativity can have a global effect. Jose Rizal's ideas
about education are also important. He wanted a practical education system to help Filipinos
and improve colonial schooling. His plan for a school in Dapitan combined farming with learning
to support national growth and self-reliance.

Together, these examples show how traditional knowledge, modern inventions, and educational
changes are connected in building a nation. The Igorots’ resistance and the Banaue rice
terraces show the value of old knowledge. Filipino inventions highlight local creativity, while
Rizal’s education ideas focus on progress. All these elements combine to shape the nation’s
identity and growth.
LESSON 2
Curiosity, observation, and experimentation have been the driving forces for many people in all
ages. The early communities, with limited experience and supported by myths, laid the
foundation for the development of science and technology. As populations advanced, it was
noted that through the methods or ideas of evidence and reasoning, they began to get rid of the
old beliefs and changed the way that knowledge was perceived. Such a change in attentiveness
from ancients to modern revolutions extremely relates the development of science and
technology through the years, relative rather to the changes that took place in the perspectives
of people with regards to the cosmos and its operations.

Since that time, science and technology have advanced beyond measure unlike in earlier times.
The basic scientific ideas thought up by Aristotle were picked up by ancient Chinese thinkers
and later influenced scientific communities in different countries. This was not just the
emergence of significant figures but a noticeable change in technology’s understanding of the
physical realm, the enactment of the scientific revolution. One of these groundbreaking events
was when Nicolaus Copernicus placed the Sun at the centre of the solar system instead of the
Earth which went contrary to the former geocentric model and paved the way for more scientific
endeavors.

The Industrial revolution also aided the acceleration of technological development. The steam
engine and mechanized production drove the industries and society at large towards progress.
Moreover, it is important to recognize the significant impacts those economies shifting from
agrarian to industrial reached on the systems of Transportation, Communication or
Manufacturing. The twentieth and twenty first century saw further developments in technology.
Only a couple of decades into the twenty first century and technology, biotechnology and even
space have developed in ways which are unimaginable.

Society has benefited from astronomy and technology in several sectors including health,
education and communications. New industries and employment were created resulting from
economic development. at the same time there were social changes in both the structure and
the very nature of interactions of people. But progress comes at a cost. Increased urbanization
and new technology have contributed to negative effects on the environment such as pollution
and global warming. On the positive note, new technologies have assisted in the monitoring and
the management of resources and the environment as well, but addressing these problems,
requires on a very urgent basis, adopting sustainable resources’ management and technology
development.

In conclusion, the dynamics of science and technology are a history of seeking and adjusting,
which began with mere philosophy and has now reached to its cutting-edge modernity. This
development has altered the image of the world as well as created benefits to people’s lives. In
the future, however, the quest for understanding should always be properly weighed against the
consequences of the acquired knowledge. Looking back in time, looking forward, and being
responsible while developing new things will allow for placing science and technology amidst
the seriousness of issues concerning society and a state of satisfaction with it.