MEE 514 – Computational Fluid Dynamics

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Lecture 7
2D (and 3D) Heat Conduction
Dr Gilbert Accary
OUTLINES
 Governing equation
 Space discretization of 2D heat conduction
 Boundary conditions
 2D Transient heat conduction
 3D Transient heat conduction
 Implementation in MATLAB
 Complex geometries (Penalization)
 Need for Iteration

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

 General Heat Conduction:

𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑆
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

 2D Steady Heat Conduction: N

x
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 𝑘 𝑆 0 n
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
W P E
w e
y
N s
P E
W
S
S
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DISCRETIZATION - 2D STEADY PROBLEM

 Integration over a CV and using Gauss theorem:

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 𝑘 ∆𝑦 𝑘 𝑘 ∆𝑥 𝑆̅∆𝑥∆𝑦 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

 Using the diffusion flux concept:

x N
𝜕𝑇 𝑘
𝑘 ∆𝑦 𝐷 𝑇 𝑇 𝐷 ∆𝑦
𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥 n

𝜕𝑇 𝑘 W P E
𝑘 ∆𝑦 𝐷 𝑇 𝑇 𝐷 ∆𝑦 w e
𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥
y
𝜕𝑇 𝑘 s
𝑘 ∆𝑥 𝐷 𝑇 𝑇 𝐷 ∆𝑥
𝜕𝑦 ∆𝑦
S
𝜕𝑇 4
𝑘 ∆𝑥 𝐷 𝑇 𝑇 𝑘
𝜕𝑦 𝐷 ∆𝑥
∆𝑦
DISCRETIZATION - 2D STEADY PROBLEM (CONT.)

 Source term: 𝑆̅∆𝑥∆𝑦 𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 𝑇

 Convection at the surface:

𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 𝑇 𝐹 . ℎ ∆𝑥∆𝑦 𝑇 𝑇
𝑇
FS – Source function, 0 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 2 𝜀
𝑆 𝐹 . ℎ ∆𝑥∆𝑦
𝑆 𝐹 . ℎ ∆𝑥∆𝑦 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇

 Surface radiation: ℎ

𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 𝑇 𝐹 . 𝜎ɛ ∆𝑥∆𝑦 𝑇 𝑇

𝑆 4𝐹 . 𝜎ɛ ∆𝑥∆𝑦 . 𝑇
𝑆 𝐹 . 𝜎ɛ ∆𝑥∆𝑦 𝑇 3𝑇 5
Iterations are required in this case
DISCRETIZATION - 2D STEADY PROBLEM (CONT.)
 Discretized Equation:
𝐷 𝑇 𝑇 𝐷 𝑇 𝑇 𝐷 𝑇 𝑇 𝐷 𝑇 𝑇 𝑆 0
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝐷 ∆𝑦 𝐷 ∆𝑦 𝐷 ∆𝑥 𝐷 ∆𝑥
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑦
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 𝑇
x N
𝑘 must be interpolated as in 1D
1 1 1 1 n
(uniform mesh)
𝑘 2 𝑘 𝑘 W P E
w e
 After arrangement, we obtain a y
penta-diagonal linear system: s
𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
S
𝑎 𝐷 𝑎 𝐷 𝑎 𝐷 𝑎 𝐷 6
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑆 𝑏 𝑆
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

 Two types of BC will be considered:

• Dirichlet condition: Twall imposed
• Neumann condition: 𝑞 imposed
P
2𝑘 ∆𝑦
 For node P: 𝐷 ∆𝑥 2 S
∆𝑦
Twall
 Dirichlet condition: Twall imposed qwall
𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑆
𝑏 𝑆 𝑎 𝑇

Coefficients 𝑎 , 𝑎 , 𝑎 , and 𝑎 defined as before 7

 Wall heat flux: 𝑞 ∆
𝑇 𝑇
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (CONT.)
 Neumann condition:
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 𝑘 ∆𝑦 𝑘 𝑘 ∆𝑥 𝑆̅∆𝑥∆𝑦 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
qwall
 In this case, in:
𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
P
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑆 ∆𝑦
2 S
𝑏 𝑆 𝑞 Δ𝑥 Twall
qwall
𝑞
 Wall temperature: 𝑇 𝑇 ∆𝑥
𝐷
2𝑘
with: 𝐷 ∆𝑥 8
∆𝑦
2D TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION
 Governing Equation:
𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 𝑘 𝑆 𝑇 𝑇 at t 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
 Implicit scheme (const. properties, linear source term):
𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
𝑎 𝐷 𝑎 𝐷 𝑎 𝐷 𝑎 𝐷

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑆 𝑎
𝜌𝐶∆𝑥∆𝑦
𝑎 𝑏 𝑆 𝑎 𝑇
∆𝑡
 Unconditionally stable, t is chosen physically
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 Requires solving a linear system at each time step
3D TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION
 Governing Equation:
𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑆
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
 Implicit scheme (const. properties, linear source term):
𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
𝑘 𝑘
𝑎 𝐷 ∆𝑦∆𝑧 𝑎 𝐷 ∆𝑦∆𝑧
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝑘 𝑘
𝑎 𝐷 ∆𝑥∆𝑧 𝑎 𝐷 ∆𝑥∆𝑧
∆𝑦 ∆𝑦
𝑘 𝑘
𝑎 𝐷 ∆𝑥∆𝑦 𝑎 𝐷 ∆𝑥∆𝑦
∆𝑧 ∆𝑧
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑆 𝑎
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𝜌𝐶∆𝑥∆𝑦∆𝑧
𝑏 𝑆 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎
∆𝑡
IMPLEMENTATION (2D STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION)

 Constant physical properties

 Convection on one side (the other side is insulated)
0.5 m

q=0 Tc = 20C

0.25 m
Tc = 20C
Ly = 0.5 m

Th = 100C
k = 0.25 W/m.C
q=0 T∞ = 5C
Th = 100C
h = 25 W/m2.C

Lx = 1 m

 Check mesh effect 11

COMPLEX GEOMETRIES (PENALIZATION)
𝑇 𝑞 0

𝑞 0
𝑞 0

𝑇 𝑇 𝑞 0

𝑇
Temperature 𝑇 in imposed
𝑎 0, 𝑎 0, 𝑎 0, 𝑎 0, 𝑎 1, 𝑏 𝑇
2𝑘 𝑘
No heat transfer: 𝑘 ~ 0 𝑘 12
𝑘 𝑘
No source term: 𝐹 0
IMPLEMENTATION (PENALIZATION)
 Temperature-independent thermal conductivity
 Convection on one side (the other side is insulated)
q=0

Tc = 20C
k = 0.25 W/m.C
Ly = 0.5 m

Th = 100C
T∞ = 5C
q=0 h = 25 W/m2.C
0.125 m

q=0
q=0
Th = 100C
0.25 m

Lx = 1 m

 Check penalization effect

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ITERATION – STOPPING CRITERION

 If the physical properties depend on T or if the source

term dependence on T is not linear (as in radiation):

Steady heat conduction: 𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 𝑏 𝑇

Iterations are required
 Residual @ for the CV of center P at iteration k:

𝑟 𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 𝑏 𝑇

 Iterations are repeated until: 𝑟 <

 In transient heat conduction, iterations are repeated

at each time step m until: 𝑟 <  14
IMPLEMENTATION (WITH ITERATION)
 Temperature-dependent thermal conductivity
 Convection and radiation on one side
0.5 m

q=0 Tc = 20C

0.25 m
Tc = 20C
Ly = 0.5 m

T∞ = 5C
Th = 100C h = 25 W/m2.C

q=0 Tsurr = 0C

Th = 100C ɛ 0.8

Lx = 1 m

 Check the effect of thermal conductivity 15

𝑘 0.1 0.0025 𝑇℃ (W/m.C)