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 BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION
FIRST YEAR CHAPTER WISE WEIGHT OF MARKS

VSAQ SAQ LAQ TOTAL

S.NO NAME OF THE CHAPTER
( 2M ) ( 4M ) ( 8M ) MARKS

1. PHYSICAL WORLD 1 - - 2

2. UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS 1 - - 2

3. MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE - 1 - 4

4. MOTION IN A PLANE 1 1 - 6

5. LAWS OF MOTION 1 1 - 6

6. WORK,ENERGY & POWER - - 1 8

7. SYSTEM OF PARTICLES & 2 1 - 8

ROTATIONAL MOTION

8. OSCILLATIONS - - 1 8

9. GRAVITATION - 1 - 4

10. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF - 1 - 4

SOLIDS

11. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 2 - - 4

FLUIDS

12. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER 2 1 - 8

13. THERMODYNAMICS - - 1 8

14. KINETIC THEORY - 1 - 4

10 32 24 76
INTER FIRST YEAR PHYSICS
SECTION – A (2 MARKS) 10x2=20

Q. No: 1 1. Physical world

Q. No: 2 2. Units and Measurements

3. Motion in a Straight Line
Q. No: 3
4. Motion in a Plane
Q. No: 4 5. Laws of Motion
7. System of Particles and Rotational Motion
Q. No: 5
8. Oscillations
Q. No: 6 11. Mechanical Properties of Fluids
12. Thermal Properties of Matter
Q. No: 7
13. Thermodynamics
12. Thermal Properties of Matter
Q. No: 8
13. Thermodynamics
Q. No: 9 14. Kinetic Theory

Q. No: 10 14. Kinetic Theory

SECTION – B (4 MARKS) 6x4=24

Q. No: 11 3. Motion in a Straight Line

Q. No: 12 4. Motion in a Plane

Q. No: 13 5. Laws of Motion

Q. No: 14 7. System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Q. No: 15 7. System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Q. No: 16 9. Gravitation
10. Mechanical Properties of Solids
Q. No: 17
11. Mechanical Properties of Fluids
12. Thermal Properties of Matter
Q. No: 18 13. Thermodynamics
14. Kinetic Theory
SECTION – C (8 MARKS) 8x2=16

Q. No: 19 6. Work, Energy and Power

Q. No: 20 8. Oscillations
12. Thermal Properties of Matter
Q. No: 21
13. Thermodynamics
 IPE – MAY 2019 (TS) IPE – MARCH 2019 (TS)
I SECTION – A (10X2=20) I SECTION – A (10X2=20)
1. What is inertia? What gives the measure of inertia? 1. What is the contribution of S. Chandra Sekher to
2. If P  2iˆ  4 ˆj  14kˆ and Q  4iˆ  4 ˆj  10kˆ, find then physics?
2. Express unified atomic mass unit in kg.
magnitude of | P  Q |
3. What is the acceleration of a projectile at the top of its
3. Find the relative error in Z. If Z=A4 B1/3/ CD3/2 trajectory?
4. Arrange the fundamental force in descending order 4. What happens to coefficient of friction if weight of the
according to relative strength. body is doubled?
5. What is Magnus effect? 5. What is Magnus effect?
6. Give the expression for the excess pressure in a liquid 6. What is meant by hydrostatic paradox?
drop. Mention the terms in the expression 7. If the maximum intensity of radiation for a black body is
7. Explain global warming. found at 1.45 m, what is the temperature of radiating
8. State Newton’s law of cooling. body (When’s constant = 2.9 x 10-3mk)
9. When does a real gas behave like an ideal gas? 8. Why do liquids have no linear and areal expansion?
10. The absolute temperature of a gas is increased 3 times. 9. When does a real gas behave like an ideal gas?
What will be the increase in RMS velocity of the gas 10. The absolute temperature of a gas is increased 3 times.
molecule? What will be the increase in RMS velocity of the gas
molecule?
II SECTION – B (6X4=24)
11. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of II SECTION – B (6X4=24)
20m/s from the top of a multistory building. The height
1 2
of the point from where the ball is thrown is 25m from 11. Derive S = ut + at in graphical method.
the ground. 2
(a) How high will the ball rise 12. O is a point on the ground chosen as origin. A body first
(b) How long will it be before the ball hits the ground? suffers a displacement of 10 North-East, next 10√2m
(g = 9.8m/s2) North and finally 10√2m North-West. How far it is from
12. Show that the trajectory of an object thrown at certain the origin?
angle with the horizontal is a parabola. 13. Explain the various methods to minimize the friction.
13. Define terms momentum and impulse. A batsman back 14. What is the moment of inertia of a rod of mass M and
ball straight in the direction of the bowler without length L about an axis perpendicular to it and passing
changing its initial speed of 12m/s. if the mass of the through the one end?
ball is 0.15kg, determine the impulse imparted to the 15. Define vector product. Explain the properties of a vector
ball. (Assume linear momentum of the ball) product with two examples.
14. Define angular velocity ( ω ). Derive v  rω . 16. What is escape velocity? Obtain an expression for it.
15. What is a geostationary satellite? State its uses. 17. Define strain energy and derive the equation for the same.
16. Find the torque of a force 7iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ about the 18. Pendulum clocks generally go fast in winter and slow in
origin. The force acts on a particle whose position summer. Why?
vector is iˆ  ˆj  kˆ III SECTION – C (2X8=16)
17. Define strain energy and derive the equation for the 19. State the law of conservation of energy and verify it in
same. case of a freely falling body.
18. Obtain the relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit
scales of temperature. What is the temperature for Calculate the power of a pump required to lift 600kg of
which the readings on Celsius and Fahrenheit scales water per minute from a well of 25m deep.
are same? 20. Define simple harmonic motion. Show that the motion of
(point) projection of a particle performing uniform
III SECTION – C (2X8=16) circular motion, on any diameter is simple harmonic
19. Develop the notions of work and kinetic energy and A mass of 2kg is attached to a spring of force constant
show that it leads to work energy theorem
200N/m Find its time period.
20. Show that the motion of simple pendulum is simple
harmonic and hence drive an equation for its time 21. Explain reversible and irreversible processes Describe the
period. What is seconds’ pendulum? What is the length working of Carnot engine Obtain an expression for the
of a simple pendulum efficiency.
21. Explain reversible and irreversible processes Describe
the working of Carnot engine Obtain an expression for
the efficiency.
 1. PHYSICAL WORLD 2. UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
1. What is physics? 1. Distinguish between accuracy and precision.
A. Study of the basic laws of nature and their manifestation ACCURACY PRECISION
in different phenomena. The degree of closeness The degree of closeness
2. What is the discovery of C.V. Raman. of a measured value to its of among several
A. C.V. Raman discovered Raman Effect. It deals with true value is called measured values is
scattering of light by molecules of a medium when they accuracy called precision.
are excited to vibration energy levels. Accuracy depends on Precision does not
3. What are the fundamental forces in nature. error. depend on errors.
A. The fundamental forces in nature. 2. How can systematic errors be minimized of
a) Gravitational force b) Electromagnetic force eliminated?
c) Strong nuclear force d) Weak nuclear force A. Systematic errors can be minimized by
4. Which of the following has symmetric 1) Improving experimental techniques.
a) Acceleration due to gravity 2) Selecting better instruments. and
b) Law of gravitation. 3) Removing personal bias as far as possible.
A. Law of gravitation has symmetry. Because, it is same at 3. What are the different types of errors that can occur
any place in the universe. in a measurement?
5. What is the contribution of S. Chandra Sekher to A. The errors in measurement can be broadly classified as
physics? a) Systematic errors and
A. He explained Chandrasekhar limits, structure and b) Random errors.
evolution of stars. 3. What are significant figures and what do they
3. MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE represent when reporting the result of a
1. The states of motion and rest are relative, Explain. measurement?
A. Rest: - A body is said to be at rest if its position does not A. The digits of a number representing a measurement that
change with time with respect to its surroundings. are definitely known, plus one more digit added at the
Motion: - A body is said to be in motion if its position end which is estimated are called significant figures.
changes with time with respect to its surroundings The significant figures represent the accuracy with which
Example: - The driver in a moving bus is at rest with V a physical quantity may be expressed.
respect to a person sitting inside the bus and he is in E 4. Distinguish between fundamental units and derived
motion with respect to a person outside the bus. N units.
2. How is average velocity different from Instantaneous K FUNDAMENTAL UNITS DERIVED UNITS
velocity? The units of the The units of derived
A. Average velocity: The ratio of total displacement to the A
fundamental physical physical quantities are
total time interval is called average velocity. T quantities are called called derived untis.
Instantaneous velocity: The velocity of a particle at any E fundamental units.
instant of time is called instantaneous velocity. S Ex. Meter, Kilogram, Sec Ex: Newton, Erg, Joule.
Average velocity belongs to entire motion of the body. 5. Why do we have different units for the same physical
H
Instantaneous velocity belongs to particular instant of quantity?
time. A. We have different systems of measurements, like C.G.S
3. A vehicle travels half the distance L with speed V1 and M.K.S systems. Hence we have different units for
and the other half with speed V2. What is the average the same physical quantity.
speed? 6. Express unified atomic mass unit in kg.
L L
T o ta l sp e e d
+ A. One unified atomic mass unit = 1.66 x10-27kg.
A. A v e ra g e sp e e d = = 2 2
T o ta l tim e t1 + t 2 7. How many orders of magnitude greater is the radius
L L L 2 V1 V 2
of the atom as compared to that of the nucleus?
V av g =
t1 + t 2
=
 L   L 
=
 L  L L 
=
V1 + V 2 A. The radius of a nucleus is of the order of 10-15 m, and that
 2 

 2 
 +  

 2  V
  1
+ 
V2  of the atom is nearly 10-10m. thus 5 orders of magnitude
V1 V2
greater is the radius of the atom as compared to that of
4. Give an example where velocity of an object is zero the nucleus.
but its acceleration is not zero. 8. If the density of wood is 0.8gm/c.c. Find its value in
A. For a body thrown up vertically velocity is zero at the S.I.
maximum height. But still acceleration due to gravity in -3

the downward direction. A. G iven d en sity  0 .8g m /c.c  0 .8 1 0 kg

-6 3
10 m
5. an object falling through a fluid is observed to have 3 3 3
an acceleration given by a = g – bv where g is the 0.810 kg / m  800kg / m
gravitational acceleration and b is a constant. After a 0.8gm/c.c  800kg / m3
constant velocity. What would be the value of this
constant velocity? 9. Prove that energy per unit volume is pressure.
A. Body moves with constant velocity. We know A. Dimensionally, Energy ML2 T -2
  ML-1T -2
acceleration zero i.e., a = 0. Volume L3
-1 -2
G iv e n a  g  bv  g  bv  0 Dimensional formula of pressure ML T
bv  g,  b 
g Hence, Energy per unit volume is equal to pressure.
v

Page No: 1
 4. MOTION IN A PLANE 5. LAWS OF MOTION
1. The vertical component of a vector is equal to its 1. What is inertia? What gives the measure of inertia?
horizontal component. What is the angle made by A) The inability of a body to change its state of rest (or)
the vector with X-axis? state of motion by itself is called inertia.
A. Organ Horizontal component of vector A = vertical Mass is a measure of inertia.
component of vector A. 2. When a bullets is fired from a gun, the gun gives a
Ax = Ay  A cos = A sin tan = 1.  = 45°. kick in the back ward direction. Explain.
2. A vector V makes and angle with the horizontal. The A) 1) This is due to law of conservation of momentum,
vector is rotated through an angle . Does this 2) When Bullet is fired from the gun. The bullet moves
rotation change the vector V? forward and so gun recoils back to balance the
A. Magnitude remains constant, direction changes for any momentum developed by the bullet.
value of  other than 2, 4, 6 _ _ _ 3. If a bomb at rest explodes into two pieces, the pieces
3. A = i + j. what is the angle between the vector and X- must travel in opposite directions. Explain.
axis? A) 1) This is due to law of conservation of momentum,
A 1 1 2) When the bomb explodes into two pieces, the two
A. cosθ  Z    cos θ  cos 450 ,  θ=450 pieces must have equal and opposite momentum. So,
|A| 1+1 2 the pieces must travel in opposite direction.
4. What is the acceleration of a projectile at the top of 0 = m1v1 + m2v2 , m1v1 = -m2v2
its trajectory? 4. Define force, what are the basic forces in nature?
A. At the top of the trajectory, acceleration of projectile is A) Force: The external agency which changes (or) tries to
‘g’ in downwards. change the state of the body is known as force.
5. Two forces of magnitudes 3 units and 5 units act at Basic forces are 1) gravitational forces
60° with each other. What is the magnitude of their 2) electromagnetic forces 3) nuclear forces etc.
resultant? 5. A horse has to pull harder during the start of the
A. P = 3, Q= 5,  = 60° motion than later. Explain.
R P 2  Q 2  2 P .Q.cos   32  5 2 2 3  5  cos 60 0
V A) FS > FK > FR for starting motion of the cart, then static
1
friction is to be overcome. This static friction is greater
9  25  30.    9  25  15  49  7
2
7 E
2
than kinetic friction. Hence the horse has to pull harder
N during start of the cart.
6. When two right angled vectors of magnitude 7 units
K 6. Why does the car with a flattened tire stop sooner
and 24 units combine. What is the magnitude of their
resultant? A than the one with inflated tires?
T A) 1) In case of flattened tires more deformation occurs
1) P = 7, Q = 24,  = 90° R  P2  Q2  2P.Q.cos  when compared to that of inflated tires. Due to more
2
E deformation of the tires the area of contact increases.
 7 2  242  2  7  24  cos 900  49  576  0  625 
 25   25
S Since rolling friction is directly proportional to the area
7. Can two vectors of unequal magnitude add up to
H of flattened tires stop sooner that of inflated tires.
give the zero vectors? Can three of the resistant
vector. 7. Can the coefficient of friction be greater than one?
A. Two vectors of unequal magnitude cannot give a zero A. Yes, when the contact surfaces are heavily polished then
vector by adding up. But three vectors of unequal the adhesive forces between the molecules increases and
magnitudes can give zero vectors on addition as per the value of coefficient of friction will be greater than
triangle law of vectors. one.
8. What happens to coefficient of friction if weight of the
8. If P  2iˆ  4 ˆj  14kˆ and Q  4iˆ  4 ˆj  10kˆ, find then body is doubled?
magnitude of | P  Q | A. Coefficient of friction is independent of weight of the
A. P + Q = (2+4)i+(4+4)j+(10+14)k =6i+8j+24k body so it remains constant.
9. According to Newton’s third law, every force is
| P  Q | 62  82  242  36  64  576  676 accompanied by an equal and opposite force. How
 26 2  26 can a movement ever take place?
9. Can a vector of magnitude zero have nonzero A. Here action and reaction forces act on different bodies.
components.? Hence they do not cancel each other. Hence, motion of a
A. A vector of magnitude zero cannot have nonzero body can be possible.
components. If a = axi + ayj+ azk then its magnitude is 10. Why does a heavy rifle not recoil as strongly as light
rifle using the same cartridges?
a AxZ  AyZ  AzZ A. According to law of conservation momentum ,
Here a = 0 only when ax =0, ay 0, az = 0. m1v1 (bullet) = - m2v2(gun)
10. What is meant by hydrostatic paradox? For same cartridge is constant
A) The pressure of liquid is same at all points at the same  1 
m 2 v 2  constant  or  v 2 α  
horizontal level(same depth ). It is called hydrostatic  m2 
paradox. So a heavy rifle will recoil with less velocity than a light
rifle using the same cartridge.

Page No: 2
 6. WORK-ENERGY-POWER 7. SYSTEM OF PARTICLES & MOTION
1. State the conditions under which a force does not 1. Is it necessary that a mass should be present at the
work? centre of mass of any system?
  A) No, it is not necessary that a mass should be present at the
A) W o rk d o n e W  F .S C o s θ
1) If the displacement of a body is zero, then W = 0. center of mass of any system.
2) If the angle between the force and displacement is 2. |What is the difference in the position of a girl carrying
900,then W = 0. a bag m one of her hands and another girl carrying a
2. Define work, power and energy. State their SI units bag in each of her two hands?
A) Work: If an object displaces by application of force is A) In the case of girl carrying a bag in each of her two hands
  there will be no change in the position of her centre of
called work. W  F .S C o s θ SI units: Joule.
mass.
Dimensional formula: M-1L2T-2 3. Two rigid bodies have same moment of inertia about
Energy: capacity to do work is called energy. their axes of symmetry. Of the two, which body will
SI units: Joule. Dimensional formula: M1L2T-2 have greater kinetic energy?
Power: The rate of doing work is called power. A) Rotational KE =
SI units: Watt, Dimensional formula M1L2T-3 Given moment of inertia is same, KE  L2
3. State the relation between the kinetic energy and A body of greater angular momentum will have greater
momentum of a boy. kinetic energy.
A) When a body of mass ‘m’ moves with a velocity ‘v’ an 4. Why are spokes provided in a bicycle wheel?
linear momentum, (P = mv) A) To reduce the jerks in the cycle, the moment of inertia is
2
1 1  P  P2 increased to maximum, possible value for minimum.
KE= MV2= M    K E =
2 2 m  2m Possible, weight. A large moment of inertia is obtained by
4. A body freely falling from a certain height ‘h’, after putting more mass far away from axis. Thus spokes are
striking a smooth floor rebounds and rises to a height fitted in the cycle wheel.
h/2. What is the coefficient of restitution between the V 5. By spinning egg on a table top, how will you distinguish
floor and the body? E a hardboiled egg from a raw egg?
A) Given h1 = h, h2= h/2. e = h 2 = h / 2 = 1 = 0 . 7 .7 N A) Moment of inertia of raw egg is more than boiled egg.
h1 h 2 When the same torque is applied on both eggs, boiled egg
K
5. State the sign of work done by a force in the following A 1
spins faster than raw egg. r = I,   .
(a) Work done by a man in lifting a bucket out of a I
well means of a rope tied to the bucket. T 6. Why should a helicopter necessarily have two
(b) Work done by gravitational force in the above E propellers?
case. S A) 1) This is due to Law of conservation of angular
A) (a) Positive. (b) Negative. H momentum
6. State the sign of work done by a force in the following 2) If there is only one propeller, then the helicopter
(a) Work done by an applied force on a body moving rotates itself in the opposite direction. That is useless
on a rough horizontal plane with uniform velocity 7. Why is it easier to balance a bicycle in motion?
(b) Work done by resistive force of air on a vibrating A) The rotating wheels of bicycle possess angular momentum.
pendulum in bringing it to rest. In the absence of an external torque, neither the magnitude
A) (a) Positive. (b) Negative. nor the direction of angular momentum change. The
7. State the sign of work done by a force in the following direction of angular momentum is along the axis of the
(a) Work done by friction on a body sliding down an wheel. So the bicycle does not get titled
inclined plane. 8. Why do we prefer a spanner of longer arm as
(b) Work done by gravitational force in the above compared to the spanner of shorter arm?
case. A) As  = r × F, as spanner of longer arm, can produce
A) (a) Negative. (b) Positive. greater torque
8. Which of the following quantities remains constant 9. We cannot open of close the door by applying force at
(i) in elastic collision? (ii) in inelastic collision? the hinges. Why?
A) (i) in elastic collision momentum and kinetic energy are A) Opening of closing the door by applying force at the
conserved (remains constant) hinges is a turning effect or torque. We know  = r × F At
(ii) in inelastic collision only momentum is conserved. the hinges r = 0, so  = 0. Hence no turning effect.
9. What is the total displacement of a freely falling body, 10. What is the difference in the positions of center of
after successive rebounds from the same place of mass of a girl carrying a bag in one of her hands and
ground, before it comes to stop? Assume that ‘e’ is the another girl carrying a hag in each of her two hands?
coefficient of restitution between the body and the A) In case of a girl carrying a bag in one of her hands, the
ground centre of mass of her body will shifted towards her hand
A) If a body is dropped freely from a certain height ‘h’, the in which she is carrying the bag.
distance it travels S   1 + e 2  h In case of another girl carrying a bag in each of her two
 2 
 1 -e  hands (mass of each hag is same) there will be no change
But the total displacement of the body is ‘h’ in the position of her centre of mass.

Page No: 3
 08. OSCILLATIONS 9. GRAVITATION
1. Give two examples of periodic motion which are not 1. ** What is the time period of revolution of a
oscillatory. geostationary Satellite? Does it rotate from west to
A) (i) Motion of seconds hand of a watch. east or east to west?
(ii) Revolution of a planet around the sun. A) Time period of revolution of a geostationary satellite is
(iii) Revolution of an electron around the nucleus. 24 hours from west to east.
(iv) Revolution of the moon around the earth. 2.** What are polar satellites?
2. The displacement in S.H.M. is given by A) Satellites which go around the poles of the earth in North
Y = a sin(20t+4). What is the displacement when ‘t’ is and south direction are called polar satellites.
increased by 2 /  3. Hydrogen is in abundance around the sun but not
A) Displacement does not change because after every around earth explain.
2 /  second the motion is repeating. A) The escape velocity of sun is greater than r.m.s velocity
3. A girl seated in a swing and is swinging. What is the hydrogen. But the escape velocity of earth is less than
effect on the frequency of oscillation if she stands? r.m.s velocity hydrogen. So hydrogen is in abundance
around the sun.
A) From time period T = 2 π l and at same place T l 4. State the units and dimensional formula of universal
g
gravitational constant.
and frequency n 1 . If a girl sitting in a swing stands A. D.F of U.G.C is  M  1 L3 T  2  and its unit  N  m 2 / k g 2 
l
5. If gravitational force of the earth of the moon is F.
up, then centre of mass shifts up and hence length ‘l’ of what is the gravitational force of the moon on the
the swing decreases. Then the time period decreases and earth? Do these forces from an action –reaction pair?
frequency of oscillations increases. A. The gravitational force of moon on earth is also ‘F’. Yes,
4. What fraction of the total energy is K.E when the they form action and reaction pair.
displacement is one half of amplitude of a article 6.* What would be the change in acceleration due to
executing S.H.M? V
gravity(g) at the surface, if the radius of earth
A) K . E = 1 m ω 2 ( A 2 - Y 2 ) T . E = 1 m ω 2 A 2 , Y = A E decreases by 2% keeping the mass of earth constant?
2 2 2
N 2 g R
A. g R
2
1 1 A
K .E
m ω 2 (A 2 -Y 2
) m ω 2 (A 2
- )  10 0%   2  100 %
T .E
= 2
1
= 2
1
4 = K g R
m ω 2A 2 m ω 2
A 2

2 2 A   2  2 %   4 %
3  1 2 2 
 2 m ω A  T
4  
=
3 g increases by 4%
1 4
2
m ω 2 A 2 E 7. As we go from one planet to another planet, how will
Kinetic energy is 3/4 part of total energy S (a) the mass and (b) weight of a body changes?
5. What happens to the energy of a simple harmonic H A. a) The mass of a body is constant.
oscillator if its amplitude is doubled? b) Weight of a body first decreases gradually with
E2  A 
2
1 height, becomes zero and again increases due to
=  2
 [T .E = m ω 2A 2 ] gravitational field of another planet.
E1  A 1  2
A 2 =2A 1 8. keeping the length of a simple pendulum constant,
2
E 2
 2A 2  will the time period be the same on all planets? Give
=   =4,E 2 =4E 1
E 1  A1  the reason?
Energy will be increased by four times A. No. From T = 2 π l as ‘g’ changes from planet to planet
6. Will a pendulum clock gain or lose time when taken g
to the top of a mountain? and time period ‘T’ also changes.
A) From time period T = 2 π l and at same place T  1 9. Give the equation for the value of ‘g’ at depth ’d’
g g from the surface of earth. What is the value of ‘g’ at
1 the centre of earth
and n  When the pendulum is taken to the top of a
T  d
mountain, acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ decreases, time
A. a) g d  g 1  
 R
period increase and number of oscillations per second
decreases. So the number of oscillations per day also  d
b) d = R at the centre of earth g d  g  1  0
decreases. Hence it will go slow.  R
7. A pendulum clock gives correct time at the equator. 10. What are the factors that make ‘g’ the least at the
Will it gain or lose time if it is taken to the poles? If equator and maximum at the poles?
so, why?
l A) From g  GM for the earth, we have g  12
A. At poles the value of ‘g’ is more. T = 2 π R 2
R
g As the radius of the earth is maximum along the equator,
So as ‘g’ increases, ‘T’ decreases. As time period (T) ‘g’ is minimum at the equator.
decreases it will make more oscillations. So the clock As the polar radius of the earth is minimum, ‘g’ is
gains time. maximum at the poles.

Page No: 4
 11. MECHANICAL PROPERIES OF FLUIDS 13. THERMODYNAMICS
1.** Define Viscosity. What are its unit and dimensions? 1. Define Calorie? What is the relation between calorie
A) Viscosity: The property of a fluid which opposes the and mechanical equivalent of heat?
relative motion between different layers in contact is
called viscosity. A) Calorie: The amount of beat required to raise the
S.I units: Poiseiulle (or) Pascal. D.Formula:M L T 1 1 -1 temperature of one gram of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C
at atmosphere pressure is called Calorie.
2.** What is the principle behind the carburetor of an
1 Caloric: 4.186 joule.
automobile?
A) The carburetor of an automobile works on Bernoulli’s 2. What thermodynamic variables can be defined by
principle (a) Zeroth law (b) first law
Working: It has a nozzle in which air flows with large A) (a) Zeroth law defines a property of matter is called
speed. So the pressure is lowered at the nozzle and petrol temperature
flows from the chamber to nozzle at low pressure and (b) First law defines a property of system is called
provide correct mixture of air to fuel for combustion. Internal energy
3.** What is Magnus effect? 3. Why a heat engine with 100% efficiency can never be
A) When the ball is spinning and moving in the air, it realized in practice?
experience a net upward force called dynamic lift. This A)  T 
It i s b e c a u s e η =  1 - 2  a n d
dynamic lift due to spinning is called ‘Magnus effect’  T1 

4.** Why are drops and bubbles spherical? It is impossible to make T2 = °K (or) T1 =  K
A) 1) Due to surface tension, rain drops and water 4. In summer, When the value of a bicycle tube is
Bubbles are spherical in nature. opened, the escaping air appears cold. Why?
2) For a given volume, sphere has minimum surface A) When the value from a cyclic tube is removed, the air
area. So liquid drops and Bubbles are spherical. inside it expands adiabatically and as such becomes cool.
5.** Give the expression for the excess pressure in the soap 5. While does the brake drum of an automobile get
bubble in air, Mention the terms in the expression. heated up while moving down at constant speed?
V
A) Excess pressure in soap bubble P  4T A) The brake drum of an automobile for constant speed. As
r E a result of friction between wheel and its brake drum then
Where ‘r’ radius of bubble. ‘T’ surface tension. N temperature of brake drum increases.
6.** Give the expression for the excess pressure in a liquid K 6. A thermos flask containing liquid is shaken
drop. Mention the terms in the expression A vigorously. What happen to its temperature?
A) Excess pressure in liquid drop P  2T A) As work is done on the system internal energy increases
T
r and there is slight increase in the temperature of the
Where ‘r’, radius of bubble. T surface tension E liquid
7.* What are water proofing agents and water wetting S 7. Can a room be cooled by leaving the doors of an
agents? What do they do? H electric refrigerate open?
A) Water proofing agents increase the angle of contact. A) No, the not cool by opening the door of refrigerator,
Example: - Wax refrigerator absorbs heat from cold reservoir and rejects
Water wetting agents reduces the angle of contact. more heat surroundings. Hence it cannot be cooled the
Example: - Soaps, detergents. room
8.* What is angle of contact? 8. How much will be the internal energy change in
A) The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface and i)Isothermal process ii) adiabatic process .
solid surface, at the point of contact, inside the liquid is A) There is no change in the inland energy of an ideal gas in
known as angle of contact. an isothermal process. AU = 0 For adiabatic process AU = -AW
Its value pure water is 00, its value for pure mercury is 1400 Work done by the gas results in decrease in its internal
9. When water flows through a pipe, which of the layers energy. If work is done on the gas then its internal energy
moves fastest and slowest? increases.
A) The layer at the centre of pipe moves fastest. The layer of 10. Why is it easier to perform the skating on the snow?
the liquids in contact with the fixed surface is slower A) Skating is possible on snow due to the formation of water
10. Define surface tension. Write its units and below the skates. Water is formed lower temperature due
dimensional formula. to the increase of pressure and it acts as lubricant.
A) The tangential force acting per unit length of an 12. Define absorptive power of a body. What is the
imaginary line drawn on the liquid surface is called absorptive power of a perfect black body?
A) The ratio of the radiant energy absorbed per seconds by
surface tension T  F , S.IUnits : Nm1, D.F is  MT 2  unit surface area of the body, to the total energy incident
l  
11. Define streamline flow & turbulent flow ? per second on the same area is called absorptive power
A) Streamline flow: In a fluid flow, if the velocity of all the on the same body. Absorptive power of a perfectly black
particles passing through the same point is constant then body is equal to 1.
the flow is called streamline flow. 13. State the law of equipartition of energy
Turbulent flow: In a fluid flow, if the velocity of A) The total energy is equally distributed in all possible
different particles passing the same point is different then energy modes, with each mode having an average energy
the flow is called turbulent flow. 1
is equal to KBT that is known as the law of equipartition of energy
2

Page No: 5
 12. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER 12. The roof of buildings is often painted, white during
1.* Distinguish between heat and temperature summer. Why?
HEAT TEMPERATURE A) 1) White paint is a good reflector of heat and is bad
Heat is form of energy Temperature is form of absorber of heat.
which flows from one energy which is measure 2) So buildings that are painted white to keep cool
point to another is of the degree of hotness during summer.
called heat. or coldness of a body. 13. What is green house effect? Explain global warming?
C.G.S Units: Calorie. C.G.S Units: 0C. A) Greenhouse effect: the greenhouse effect is a process by
M.K.S Units: Joule. M.K.S Units: Kelvin. which thermal radiation from earth's surface is absorbed
by atmospheric greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide,
2. Do the values of coefficients of expansion differ when methane, nitrous oxide ) and is radiated in all directions.
the temperatures are measured on centigrade scale or Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface
on Fahrenheit scale? and the lower atmosphere, it results in heating up of
A) Yes, one degree interval on Fahrenheit scale is less than earth's surface and atmosphere.
one degree interval on Celsius scale 10F= 5/9 0C 14. Define emissive power and emissivity.
*
3. Can substance contract on heating? Give an example. A) The energy radiated by the body per second per unit area
A) Yes. Some substance contact on heating at a given wavelength and temperature is called
Ex: Cast iron, Indian Rubber, Type metal. ‘emissive power’ of the body.
4.** Why gaps are left between rails on a railway track? The ratio of the emissive power of the body to that black
A) 1) In the construction of railway track, a small gap is body at the same temperature is called emissivity.
to be 15. What is latent heat of vaporization?
left between the ends of two successive rails. A) The amount of heat required to convert unit mass of a
2) This is to allow ‘linear expansion’ during in summer. substance from liquid state to gaseous state at constant
5. Why do liquids have no linear and Areal expansions? temperature is called latent heat of vaporization.
A) Liquids have no shape of their own. They always take V Ex: - Latent heat of vaporization of water is 540cal/gram.
shape of the container. Liquids are not measured in 14. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
E
length wise and area wise so liquids have no Linear and 1. Define mean free path.
N A) The average distance covered by a molecule between two
Areal expansion.
6. What is specific gas constant? Is it same for all gases? K successive collisions is called mean free path
A) The universal gas constant per unit mass is called specific A 1
M e a n F re e P a th  2
2 nπd
gas constant r=R/M, No. It is not same for all gases. It isT
different for different gases. 2. Name two prominent phenomena which provide
E conclusive evidence of molecular motion
7. What are the units and dimensions of specific gas
S A) i) Dalton law 2) Avogadro law
constant?
A) C.G.S units. Cal gm-1 C-1, SI units: J Kg-1K-1 H 3. When a real gas does behave like an ideal gas?
Dimensional formula: M °L2T-2K-2 A) At low pressure and high temperature real gas behaves
8.* Why utensils are coated black? Why the bottom of the like an ideal gas.
utensils is made up of copper? 4. State Dalton’s law of partial pressures
A) Black color is a good absorber and good emitter. In order A) The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum
to absorb more heat energy the outside of the utensils are of partial pressures is called Dalton’s law of partial
coated black. pressures. P=P1+P2+P3+P4---------
The bottom of the utensils are made of copper because 5. What is the expression between pressure ad kinetic
copper is good conductor of heat. Copper conducts the energy of a gas molecule?
distribution of heat at the bottom of vessel for uniform A) We know that P= 2/3 NR/V where K is the average
cooking. kinetic energy of translation per gas molecule. N is
9. Sate wien’s displacement law? number of molecule, V is volume of the gas
6. Pressure of an ideal gas in container independent of
A) The wave length ( m ) for which energy is maximum is shape of the container explain
inversely proportional to absolute temperature of the A) The pressure of an ideal gas in container =1/3 mnV2
1 This pressure is independent of A and  t. By pascal’s
λmα (o r)λ m T = c o n s ta n t
body. T law. Pressure in one portion of the gas in equilibrium is
The value of constant (wine’s constant) is 2.9 x10-3 mK the same as anywhere else. Hence pressure of an ideal
10.* Ventilators are provided in rooms just below the roof. gas in container is independent of shape of the container
Why? 8. What is beta decay? Which force is a function of it?
A) 1) Hot air has less density. So it moves upwards due to A) The nucleus emits an electron an electron and an
‘Convection’. uncharged particle called nutrition. This process is called
2) To escape this hot air outoff the room, ventilators are beta decay. Weak nuclear force is function of it.
provided just below the roof. 9. The coolant in a chemical or a nuclear plant should
11. Does the body radiate heat at 00K? Does it radiate have specific heat. Why?
heat 00C? A. Because more heat developed in nuclear plant this heat
A) No, the body does not radiate heat at 00K can observed by coolants like heavy water.
Yes, the body radiates heat at 0°C

Page No: 6
1. Calculate percentage error in the error determination 8. The period of oscillations of a simple pendulum is
of g  4 2 L2 when, ‘L’ and ‘T’ are measured with T  2 L / g . Measured value of L is 20.0 cm
T known to 1mm accuracy and time for 100 oscillations
2% and 3% error respectively of the pendulum is found to be 90s using a wrist watch
A) g  4  2 L  g  1 0 0     L  1 0 0  2  T  1 0 0  of 1s resolution. What is the accuracy in the
T 2  
g  L T  determination of g?
   2   2  3     2  6    8 %
L
2. The pressure on a circular plate is measured by A) g  4 2
measuring the force on the plate and the radius of T2
plate. If the errors in measurement of the force and t t T t
Here, T  and T  . Therefore, 
radius are 5% and 3% respectively find the n n T t
percentage of error in the measurement of The errors in both L and t are the least count errors.
pressure?
Therefore,  g    L   2  T   0.1  2 1   0.027
A) Pr essure  Force ; P  F  F  g   L   T  20.0  90 
Area A  R2
Thus, percentage error in g is
P F 2R
P
100 
F
100 
R
100  g / g 100   L / L 100  2   T / T 100  2.7
 5  2  3   5  6  11% 9. The measured mass and volume of a body are 2.42
3. What is error in density of a cube when its mass is g and 4.7 cm3 respectively with possible errors 0.01
Uncertainty by 2% and length of its edge is g and 0.1 cm3. Find the maximum error in density
uncertainty by 1% ? A) Density  mass Maximum percentage error in
volume
 M L
A) D ensity     M  M3  3 density
V L  M L V m V  0.01 0.1 
  100   100    100   100 
  2 %  3  1 %    5% E m V  2.42 4.7 
4. A physical quantity X is related to four measurable N =0.413+2.127=2.54%
quantities a,b,c, and d as follows X=a2 b3 c5/2 d-2. K 10. The error in measurement of radius of a sphere is
The percentage error in the measurement of a,b,c and A 1%. What is the error in the measurement of volume?
d are 1%,2%,3% and 4%. What is the percentage A) We know V  r
3

error in X? Given that X=a2b3c5/2d2 the maximum T

percentage error in the measurement of quantity X is E So,  V  1 00  3  r  1 00 But given  r  100  1%
V r r
X  a   b  S
A) X  1 0 0  2  a  1 0 0   3  b  1 0 0  Hence,  V
    H  1 00  3 1   3%
5  c   d  V
   100   2  100 
2  c   d  11. The percentage error in the mass and speed are 2%
Given that the percentage error in the measurement of and 3% respectively. What is the maximum error in
quantities a,b,c and are1%,2%,3%and4%respectively kinetic energy calculated using these quantities?
X 5 1 2
  100  2 1%   3  2%    3%   2  4%  A) K  mv  K  mv 2
X 2 2
=2%+6%+7.5%+8%=23.5% K  m   v 
 100    100   2   100 
5. The temperature of two bodies measured by a K  m   v 
thermometer are t1=200C±0.50C and t2=500C±0.50C. m v
Calculate the temperature difference and the error Given  100  2% and  100  3%
there in m v
K
A) t   t 2  t1   50 C  0.5 C    20 C  0.5 C 
0 0 0 0
 100  2  2  3  8%
0
 t   30 C  1 C 0
K
6. Find the relative error in Z. If Z=A4 B1/3/ CD3/2 11. The velocity of a body is given by V = At2 + Bt + C. If
The relative error in Z is V and t are expressed in S.I units what are units of A,
A) Z  4   A    1    B     C    3    D 
 B & C?
Z
 
 A 
  
 3  B 
 
 C 
  
 2  D  Given V = At2 + Bt + C
According to principle of homogeneity
7. The resistance R= V/I where V  100  5%  V and
V LT 1
I  10  2%  A . Find the percentage error in R. 1) V  At 2  A  2
 2   LT 3   A  ms 3
t T
A) R  100  V  100  I  100 V LT 1
R V I 2) V  Bt  B     LT 2   B  ms 2
The percentage error in V is 5 and in I is 2. Therefore, the t T
1
total error in R would be 5+2=7% 3) V  C  C  LT  C  ms 1

Page No: 7
1. Show that the maximum height reached by a 5. A parachutist flying in an aero plane jumps when it is
projectile launched at an angle of 450is one quarter of at a height of 3km above ground. He opens his
its range
parachute when he is about 1km above ground.
A) In case of a projectile thrown at angle   45 0 with an
initial velocity ‘u’ Describe his motion
u 2 sin 2 θ u2 2 u2  1 
2
1 u2
A. Motion before parachute open.
H m ax 
2g

2g
 sin4 5 0   
2g  2   
4 g 1. With velocity ‘v’ of aero plane, he moves horizontally
Through x = vt
u 2 sin2θ u sin  2×45  u 2
2 0
u2
R max    sin  90 0   1 2
g g g g 2. Due to gravity he moves vertically downwordsy  gt
2
R m ax
H m ax  So he follows a parabolic path w.r.t ground till he opens
4
the parachute.
Thus, Maximum height is one quarter of the Range. Motion after Parachute open: In upward direction due
2. Derive S = ut + 1 at 2 in graphical method. to air 1) viscous. 2) Buoyant forces act. In downward
2
direction gravitational force act.
A) Let a body moving with an initial velocity u, uniform
acceleration a along a straight line after t second its gain Due to these forces the net acceleration will become zero
velocity and S displacement S= area of under V-t graph after falling through certain height, from there he moves
S = Area o f   O P Q R + Δ PQ N  along straight line with constant velocity called terminal
1 velocity till reaches the ground.
S   OP)(PQ   (PQ )(QN) 6. A typical raindrop is about 4mm in diameter. If a
2
raindrop falls from a cloud which is 1km above the
1 
S  u t    t v  u   V ground, estimate its momentum when it hits the
2  E ground.
1 A) P = (m)(v) ,Mass m = (V)(d) = 4  r 2 
S  ut+ at 2  v  u  at  N 3
2 K 4 2 4mm

3. A particle moves in a straight line with uniform v  2gh,  P   r ρ 2gh, r   2mm  2 103 m
A 3 2
acceleration. Its velocity at time t = 0 is V1 and at time   1 0 3 k g /m 3 , g  9 .8 m /s 2 , h  1 0 3 m
t = t is V2. The average velocity of the particle in this
T
4 22
time interval is (V1 + V2)/2. Is this correct? E  P    ( 2  1 0  3 ) 3  1 0 3  2  9 .8  1 0 3
3 7
Substantiate your answer. S 4 22 -1
A) Yes, it is correct    8  1 0  1 6  1 4  1 0 = 0.00469 kg ms
H 3 7
Consider a particle moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’ 7. A man walks on a straight road from his home to a
along a straight line (say x – axis). market 2.5 km away with a speed of 5km h-1. Finding
Total Displacement S the market closed, he instantly turns and walks back
Vavg   ...........(1)
Total Time t home with a speed of 7.5 km h-1. What is the (a)
V 2V 2 magnitude of average velocity and (b) average speed
2 1
 
 2 a   2 2
 v  u 
of the man over the time interval 0 to 50 in.
s  v
 u
V av g    and t     A) Time taken to go from home to market is
 V  V
  2a  a 

2 1
  
a S 2 .5 1
  t1    t 1  h r  3 0 m in
V1 5 2
Vavg 
 v  v  v  v    v
2 1 2 1 2
 v
1
Time taken by him to get back from market to home is
v  v 2 2 1
2
t2 
S

2 .5

1
h r  2 0 m in
V2 7 .5 3
V1  V2
average velocity of the particle equal to total displacement 0
2 (a) average velocity =  0
4. Can the velocity of an object be in a direction other total time 50
than the direction of acceleration of the object? If so, to ta l d ista n c e 2 .5 + 2 .5
S peed avg  = =6 km ph
give an example. to ta l tim e  1 1 
 + 
A) Yes,  2 3 
1) For a particle moving in uniform circular 8. A car travels the first third of a distance with a speed
Motion, its velocity along the tangent of 10 kmph, the second third at 20 kmph and the last
Drawn to it. But acceleration is directed third at 60 kmph. What is its mean speed over the
to wards its centre. entire distance?
2) For a body projected vertically upwards A) Given V1 = 10 km/h, V2 = 20 km/h and V3 = 60 km/h
Before reaching the highest point, its 3V1 V2 V3
Vavg 
Velocity is directed vertically up wards. V1V2  V2 V3  V3 V1
But acceleration is in downward direction. 3(10)(20)(60) 36,000

Vavg    18kmph
(10  20)  (20 60)  (6010) 2000


Page No: 8
1. State Parallelogram law of vectors. Derive an 3. Show that the trajectory of an object thrown at
expression for the magnitude and direction of the certain angle with the horizontal is a parabola.
resultant vector. A When a body is projected into air at an angle ‘θ’ less than
A. Statement:- If two vectors are represented in magnitude 900 to the horizontal. It is called projectile.
and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram Consider a body projected into air with an initial velocity
drawn from a point, then their resultant is represented in ‘U’ making an angle ‘θ’ with the horizontal. ‘O’ is the
magnitude and direction by the diagonal passing through point of projection ‘θ’ is the angle of projection. Initial
the same point. velocity ‘U’ can be resolved into two rectangular
components.
Horizontal component u x = u c o s θ
Vertical component u y = u s in θ

Explanation:- Let two forces ‘P’ and ‘Q’ act at a point

‘O’. Let ‘θ’ be the angle between two forces. Let the side
OA = P and OB = Q. The parallelogram OACB is
completed. The points ‘O’ and ‘C’ are joined. Now OC =
R. Along horizontal direction:-
Magnitude of the Resultant vector R: - In triangle Initial velocty( u x )  u cos  , acceleration ( a x )  0
COD distance travelled ( S )  x , time( t )  t
2 2
O C 2 = O D  + CD  1
2 2 F ro m S = u t+ at2
O C 2 =  O A +AD  +  C D   OD = OA +AD  2
OC 2 2 2
=  O A  +  AD  + 2  O A  AD  +  C D 
2 V x  u c o s θ  t  0

 From Δ le 2 2
C AD,AD + C D = AC 2
 E  x 
t =         1 
2 2 N  ucosθ 
O C 2 =  O A  +  AC  + 2  O A  AD 
K Along vertical direction:-
 le AD  Initial velocty( u y )  u sin  , acceleration ( a x )   g
 From Δ CAD , C O Sθ = AC  A
 
 AD = AC C OS θ  T distance travelled ( S )  y , tim e( t )  t
2 2
O C 2 =  O A  +  AC  + 2  O A  AC  CO Sθ E
S 1 2
R = P 2 + Q 2 + 2 P Q .C O S θ From S=ut+ at       2 
H 2
Direction of the Resultant: - Let the resultant R makes Substituting (1) in (2)
an angle ‘α’with the direction of A.  x  1  x2 
CD CD Y =  u s in θ    g 2 2 
T anα =  T anα =  u c o sθ  2  u co s θ 
AD OA+ AD
 g  2
 le CD  Y =  ta n θ  x   x
 In Δ C A D , S inθ =
AC
, C D = A C S inθ  2 2
 2 u cos θ 
 
 In Δ le C A D , AD   g 
 Cosθ = , A D = A C C osθ   L e t A   ta n θ  , B   2 2 
 AC    2u cos θ  
 Q S inθ   w h e r e A a n d B a r e c o n s t a n ts 
T anα =   2
 P+ Q C osθ  Y = Ax – Bx
This is an equation for a parabola
 Q Sinθ 
α = Tan -1   4. A force 2 ˆi+ˆj-kˆ Newton acts on a body which is
 P+ Q Cosθ 
   
 initially at rest. At the end of 20 seconds the velocity
2. If a  b  a  b prove that the angle between a and ˆ ˆ ˆ m .s  1 . What is the mass of the
of the body is 4 i+2j-2k
 body?

b is 900. ˆ v =4 ˆi  2jˆ  2kˆ m /s,
iˆ  ˆj  k,
  A. F=2
Let ‘θ’be the angle between a and b u  0m /s, t  20s, m  ?
      
a + b = a -b   vu
Force acting on a body F  ma  m  
 t 
a 2 + b 2 + 2 ab C o sθ = a 2 + b 2 -2 ab C o sθ   4 ˆi + 2 ˆj - 2 kˆ    0  
S q u arin g o n b o th s id es 2 i + j - k  
ˆ ˆ ˆ  m
 20


 
2 2 2 2
a + b + 2 ab C o sθ= a + b -2 ab C o sθ 2
 2 ˆi + ˆj - kˆ   m
20
 2 iˆ + ˆj - kˆ 
4 ab C o sθ= 0
20
m  =10kg
C o sθ = 0  θ= 9 0 0 2
Hence angle between the two vectors is 900.

Page No: 9
5. Show that the maximum height and range of a 7. What is relative motion? Explain it.
 2 2   2  A. Relative motion: - when two bodies are moving with
projectile are  u sin θ  and  u sin2θ  each other, the motion of one body with respect to
 2g   g  another body is called relative motion. It is also called
respectively where the terms have their regular apparent motion.
meanings. Case-i) Suppose the two objects A and B are moving
A. Maximum height(H):- The maximum vertical with the velocities VA and VB in the same direction at
displacement of a projectile during its journey is called time‘t’ as shown in the figure
maximum height
Initial velocity (u y )  u sin  , Final velocity(v y )  0
acceleration(a y )   g , displacement(S)  Hmax The apparent velocity of ‘A’ relative to that of ‘B’ is,
2   
A cco rd in g to v y  u 2 y  2a yS VAB = VA  VB and VAB = VA2 +VB2  2VA VBcos0 0 = VA  VB
v2y  u2y Similarly, the apparent velocity of B relative to that of A is
S   
2a VBA = VB  VA and VBA = VB2 +VA2  2VB VA cos0 0 = VB  VA
2 2
 0    usinθ  Case –ii) suppose the two objects A and B are moving
H m ax 
2g with the velocities VA and VB in the opposite direction at
time‘t’ as shown in the figure.
 u sin 2 θ 
2
H max   
 2g 
Horizontal range(R):- The maximum horizontal
displacement of a projectile where it reaches the The apparent velocity of ‘A’ relative to that of ‘B’ is,
  
horizontal plane of projection is called horizontal range. VAB = VA -VB and VAB = VA2 +VB2  2VA VBcos1800 = VA + VB
Initial horizontal velocity(u x )  ucosθ, acceleration(a x )  0, V Similarly, the apparent velocity of B relative to that of A is
2usinθ E   
distance  (R), Time of flight(T)  VBA = VB  VA and VBA = VB2 +VA2  2VBVA cos1800 = VB + VA
g N
Case –iii) suppose the two objects A and B are moving
Range (R) = (Horizontal velocity) (Time of flight) K with the velocities VA and VB making an angle 900 at
 2usin θ  A time ‘t’ shown in the figure
R   u cosθ   
 g  T
 u 2 sin 2 θ  E
R    2 sin θ co sθ = sin 2 θ  S
 g  The apparent velocity of ‘A’ relative to that of ‘B’ is,
H   
Maximum horizontal range:- when a projectile is VAB = VA  VB and VAB = VA2 +VB2  2VA VBcos900 = VA2 + VB2
thrown at an angle 450 with the horizontal the range
8. Define unit vector, null vector and position vector.
becomes maximum.
A. Unit vector: - A vector whose magnitude is unity(1) is
 u 2 sin 2 θ  u 2 sin  2 × 4 5 0  u 2 called unit vector. It is represented by ‘A’
R m ax     
g g g   A
  U nit vector along the directio n of A is given by A= 
0 A
6. Show that a boat must move at an angle of 90 with
respect to river always in order to cross the river in a It has no units and dimensions.
minimum time? Ex: in a coordinate iˆ, ˆj , kˆ system are the unit vector
A. Suppose a river is flowing with a constant velocity Vw as
shown in the figure. along X,Y&Z axis respectively. (or) iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  1
Consider a boat crossing the river with velocity VB along Null vector: - A vector whose magnitude is zero(0) is
AC as shown in figure called a null vector. It is represented by ‘O’
The component of velocity of the boat along AB (or) Ex: The position of the particle at the origin.
normal to the river is V B co sθ
widthof theriver
Thetimetaken 
Componentof velocityof theboatalongAB

d Position vector: - A vector which specifies the position

t of an object with respective to the origin of a coordinate
VB cosθ
system is called as position vector of the object in the
system.
Ex: If P(X,Y,Z) are the coordinates of the object P and
VBcosθ must be maximum to cross the river in ‘O’ is the origin of the system then position vector is
minimum time.
 
c o sθ  1 o r    0 0 given by OP  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ , O P = x 2 +y 2 +z 2
Result:- To cross the river in minimum time, the boat
must be rowed normal to the river flow.

Page No: 10
1. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of friction. 6. Define the terms momentum and impulse. State and
A. Advantages explain the law of conservation of linear momentum.
1. We cannot walk without friction between feet and Give its examples.
ground. A. Momentum (P): The product of mass and velocity of a
2. ‘Brakes’ are able to stop the vehicles only due to body is called momentum.
friction between brake shoes and the inner surface of Momentum = (Mass)(Velocity)
the brake drum. Impulse (J): Change in momentum of a body during
3. We are able to pick up a Book due to friction small interval of time is called impulse.
between Hand and the Book. I m p u ls e ( J )  F o r c e ti m e in te rv a l 
4. Nails and screws are fitted in the walls due to J  m a t 
 v -u 
m  t 

friction.  t 
Disadvantages J  m v -m u 
1. Heat generated due to friction, decreases the Law of conservation of linear momentum: It is states
efficiency of engine. that “the total momentum of an isolated system remains
2. Friction results in the large amount of power loss in constant if there is no net external force acting on it”
engines. Explanation: Consider two smooth, non-rotating spheres
2. Mention the methods used to decrease friction. of masses m1 and m2. Let u1 and u2 be their initial
A. Polishing: By polishing the surfaces, frictional force can velocities. Let v1 and v2 be their final velocities after head
be reduced. on collision. According to law of conservation of linear
Lubricants: Lubricants like oil, grease which forms a momentum.
thin layer between two surfaces in contact and it reduces Momentum of the system before collision = Momentum of
the friction. the system after collision.
Ball – Bearings: The wheels of motor vehicles, cycles m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2.
and dynamos are provided with ball bearings to reduce Examples: 1. Motion of a Rocket.
friction. V 2. Bullet-Gun motion.
Streamlining: By making front portion of aero planes E 7. Why pulling the lawn roller is preferred than pushing
and vehicles to reduce friction due to air. the lawn roller?
N
3. Explain the terms limiting friction, dynamic friction A. Pulling: Roller of mass ‘m’ is kept on a rough horizontal
and rolling friction. K surface. The weight ‘mg’ is acting vertically downwards.
A. Limiting friction(fS): It is the maximum value of static A The normal reaction ‘N’ acts upwards. Let ‘F’ be the
friction between two surfaces in contact when a body is T pulling force acting on the roller towards right. The
just ready to slide over a surface is called limiting E horizontal component ‘ Fcosθ ’ moves the body. The
friction. vertical component ‘ Fsinθ ’ acts upwards.
S
Kinetic/Sliding friction (fK ): The resistance force Total upward force = Total down ward force.
encountered by a sliding body on surface is called H
kinetic/sliding friction.
N1 + Fsinθ  mg
Rolling friction(fR): The resistance force encountered by N1  mg  Fsinθ
a rolling body on the surface is called rolling friction.
4. Why are shock absorbers used in motor cycles and f1  μ R N1  μ R  mg  Fsinθ 
cars? Explain.
A. When the vehicle moves over an uneven road, it receives
a jerk. So the vehicle receives the impulsive force. To
minimize this impact shock absorbers are used.
 Impulse  Pushing: Roller of mass ‘m’ is kept on a rough horizontal
Impulse  F  Δt   Fα   surface. The weight ‘mg’ is acting vertically downwards.
 Δt  The normal reaction ‘N’ acts upwards. Let ‘F’ be the
The shock absorbers increase the time of the jerk, thereby pushing force acting on the roller towards left. The
reduce the impulsive force. This minimizes the damage horizontal component ‘ Fcosθ ’ moves the body. The
to the vehicles. vertical component ‘ Fsinθ ’ acts downwards.
5. State the laws of rolling friction. Total upward force = Total down ward force.
A. The laws of rolling friction can be stated as follows.
1. Rolling friction is directly proportional to normal N 2  mg + Fsinθ
reaction. f 2  μ R N 2  μ R  mg + Fsinθ 
2. Rolling friction depends upon area of contact.
3. Rolling friction depends upon radius of rolling body.
4. Rolling friction decrease with increase of hardness of
the surface.

As f1  f 2 , less force is required to pull the lawn roller.

Pulling is preferred to pushing.

Page No: 11
1. State Newton’s second law of motion. Hence derive 4. Define angle of friction and angle of repose. Show that
the equation of motion F = ma from it. A body is angle of friction is equal to angle of repose for a rough
moving along a circular path such that its speed inclined plane.
always remains constant. Should there be a force A) Angle of friction ( ) : The angle between normal
acting on the body? reaction and resultant of normal reaction and frictional
A) Newton’s Second law of motion: The rate of change of force is called angle of friction.
momentum of a body is directly proportional to the net From the figure, we have
external force acting on the body and it takes place in the f μN
direction of the force that acts Tan( )   s  f  μs N
Derivation: N N
μ s  Tan( )       (1)
Angle of repose ( α ): It is defined as the angle of
inclination at which the body tends to slides down is
known as angle of repose.
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity ‘v’.
under the action of an external force ‘F’ in the direction
of velocity.
P  mv      (1) Where ‘P’ is momentum of the
body
According to Newton’s II law of motion
dp
Fα  P  mv  Consider a body of mass ‘m’ placed on a rough inclined
dt plane which makes an angle ‘ α ’ with horizontal as
dp
F  k       (2) shown in figure.
dt V The force acting on the body are.
From equation (1) and (2) E 1. Weight ‘mg’ acting vertically downwards
d m v  2. Normal reaction ‘N’ acting perpendicular to the
F k N
dt inclined plane.
K
 dv  3. Limiting frictional force ‘fL’ acting upwards along
F k m  A
 dt  the inclined plane.
T The weight of the body ‘mg’ is resolved into two
 dv 
F  k ma  a E components.
 dt 
S 1. mgcos Perpendicular to the inclined plane.
If F = 1N, m = 1kg, and a = 1m/s2, Then k = 1
H 2. mgsin  Acting downwards along the inclined
F  ma
i) Yes, centripetal force must action on the body. plane.
Direction of velocity of the body changes point to point At angle of repose, the body is in equilibrium. So, the net
in circular path. force acting on it is zero.
m g s in   f L  0
2. The linear momentum of a particle as a function of
time t is given by p = a + BT, where a and b are f L  m gsin         (2)
positive constants, what is the force acting on the N  m gcos         (3)
particle? And Limiting friction
A) Given, Linear momentum p = a + bt, where a & b are
constants fL  μs N      (4)
dp d From (2),(3) and (4) mgsin   mgcos
Newton’s 2nd law, F  , F  a  bt  mgsin 
dt dt μs  μ s  Tanα      (5)
dt mgcos 
F  0  b. F b.
dt From equation (1) and (5), it is clear that angle of friction
3. Calculate the time needed for a net force of 5N to is equal to angle of repose ( α )
change the velocity of a 10kg mass by 2m/s. A block of mass 4kg is resting on a rough horizontal
A) Given, Force Fnet = 5N, mass m = 10kg force of 30N is applied on it. If g = 10m/s2, find the
Change in velocity(  v) = 2m/s, time t = ? total contact force exerted by the plane on the block.
 C ha nge in ve locity  m (  v ) M = 4kg, and g = 10m/s2, N = mg = 4 x 10 = 40 N,
F  ma  m  
 tim e  t Applied force (f) = 30N
10 (2) 2 2
5  t  4s FR  f 2  N 2 ; FR   30    40 
t
FR  900  1600  2500
FR  50 N

Page No: 12
1. State the law of conservation of energy and verify it in 2. What are collisions? Explain the possible types of
case of a freely falling body. What are the conditions collisions? Develop the theory of one Dimensional
under which the law of conservation of energy is elastic collision?
applicable? A) Collision: The strong interaction among bodies
A) Statement: “The total mechanical energy of a system is
constant, if the internal forces doing work on it are involving exchange of momenta in small interval of time,
conservative and the external forces do no work” is called a collision
At Point A: Height of the ball =H, velocity of the ball = Ex: Collision 2-billiard balls
vA=0, distance travelled by the ball =0 Collisions are of two types:
1 2 1 2 Elastic collision: The collision in which both momentum
K.E K  mv A  m  0   0
2 2 and kinetic energy is constant is called elastic collision
P.E = mgH Inelastic collision: The collision in which momentum
T.EA = P.E+K.E remains constant but not kinetic energy is called inelastic
T.EA= 0+mgH collision
T.E  mgH...............(1)
At Point B:Height of the ball = H-x,
velocity of the ball =vB, distance travelled by the ball =x One dimensional elastic collision: If the velocities of
2 2 2 2 the objects involved in collision are along the same
From v  v  2as; v  0  2 gx
B A B
straight line before and after collisions are known as one
 vB2  2gx dimensional collision.
1 1 Consider two smooth spheres moving along the straight
K  mvB2  m  2 gx   mgx
2 2 line joining their centers of Mass with initial velocities u1
P.E= mg(H-x)=mgH-mgx and u2. They undergo head on collision and move along
V
T.E = P.E+K.E the same line after collision with final velocities v1 and v2
E
T.E  mgH- mgx  mgx Applying law of conservation of linear momentum
N
M1u1 +m2u2= m1 v1+m2v2
T.E  mgH...............(2) K
M1 (u1-v1) =m2(v2-u2)…………..(1)
At Point C: Height of the ball =0 , A
Applying law of conservation of kinetic energy
velocity of the ball= ve, distance travelled by the ball =H T
1 1 1 1
2 2
From vc  vA  2as E m1u12  m 2 u 22  m1 v12  m 2 v 22
2 2 2 2
S
vc2  0  2 gH  vc2  2 gH 1 1
m1  u12  v12   m 2  v 22  u 22  ........(2)
H 2 2
1 1
K  mvc2  m  2 gH   mgH 2  m1  u1  v1   u1  v1  m2  v2  u 2   v2  u 2 
2 2 
1 m1  u1  v1  m 2  v2  u 2 
P.E U  mgh  0  h  0 
T.E = P.E+K.E u1  v1  v2  u2
Ec  mgH  0  u1  u 2    v 2  v 1  ..........( 3)
T.E  mgH...............(3) The relative velocity of approaching before collision is
Conditions: equal to relative velocity of separation after collision
1) The total mechanical energy of the system remains From eq (3), v2=u1+v1-u2 sub, in eq (1)
constant, under the action of the conservative forces m1  u1  v1   m2  u1  v1  u2  u2 
2) The total mechanical energy of the system not, constant,
under the action of non conservative forces m1u1  m1v1  m2u1  m2v1  2m2u2
b) A machine gun fires 360 bullets per minute and each
bullet travels with a velocity of 600m/s. If the mass of  m  m2   2 m2 
each bullet is 5gm. Find the power of the machine v1   1  u1    u2
gun?  m1  m 2   m1  m 2 
A) Let velocity of each bullet v = 6000m/s from eq  3  : v1  v2  u1  u2 sub.it in eq 1
Mass of each bullet m = 5gm = 5x10-3kg.
No. of bullets fired n = 360, Time t = 1minute = 60sec, m1  u1  v2  u1  u2   m2  v2  u 2 
Power P =?
1 mnv 2 1 0.005×360×600× 600 mu
1 1  m2v2  m1u1  m1u2  m2v2  m2u2
Power(P)  
2 t 2 60
2m1u1  m2u2  m1u2  m1v2  m2v2
1 5
Pow er(P)    108  100 00
2 1000  m  m1   2 m1 
v2   2  u2    u1
Power(P)  5  1080  5400  5.4kw  m1  m 2   m1  m 2 

Page No: 13
3. Develop the notions of work and kinetic energy and 3. Find the useful power used in pumping 3425 m3 of
show that it leads to work energy theorem water per hour from a well 8 m deep to the surface,
A) Work: Work is said to be done, when a force acting on a supposing 40% of the horse power during pumping is
body moves it, through some distance in the direction of wasted. What is the horse power of the engine?
the force W= F.s cos  A) Volume of the water to be pumped is V = 3425 m3
Ex: A stretched rubber card. Density of water, d = 1000 kg/m3
Kinetic energy: It is the energy possessed by a body by Mass of the water that has to be pumped is M =
virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy (volume)density = (3425)103 kg
KE 
1
mv2
G = 10 m/s2, height, h = 8m, time = 1 hour = 3600
2 seconds, 1 hp = 746 w
Ex: i) A vehicle in motion. ii) water in a river 60 100 Mgh
Work energy theorem: The work done by a net force Useful power Puseful  Ptotal  Ptotal 
acting on a body is equal to change in its kinetic energy. 100 60 t
1 1 100  3425103 108  3 126103
W= mv2- mu2 PTotal     (126)10 w  H.P 168H.P
6  3600  746
2 2
3. A pump is required to lift 600 kg of water per minute
from a well 25 m deep and to eject it with a speed of
50 ms-1. Calculate the power required to perform the
Proof: - Consider a particle of mass ‘m’ is moving with above task?
initial velocity ‘u’ of final velocity V. Let ‘a’ be its A) Mass of water that has to be lifted is M = 600 kg
acceleration and s be its distance travelled. The kinetic Height to be lifted, h = 25 m
relation is given by g = 10 m/s2, velocity of ejection v = 50ms-1, time = 60
V2-u2 =2as…………….(1) seconds
V Power,
m E
Multiplying both sides by , we have 1 1
Mgh  Mv2 600 10  25   600  50  50
2 N P 2  2  15000W  15KW
m 2 m 1 1 K t 60
 v  u 2    2 as   mv 2  mu 2  mas
2  2 2 2 A
4. From a height of 20 m above a horizontal floor, a ball
is thrown down with initial velocity 20 m/s. After
1 2 1
mv  mu 2  mas  FS ........(2) T striking the floor, the ball bounces to the same height
2 2 E from which it was thrown. The coefficient of
1 2 1 2 S restitution for the collision between the ball and the
mv  mu  W floor is (g = 10 m/s2)
2 2 H
A) e = velocity of bouncing/velocity of striking
W = (Final K.E) – (Initial K.E) The striking velocity is obtained with u12 – u2 = 2as
Here u = 20 m/s, a = g = 10 m/s2, s = h = 20m
Thus, Work Energy theorem is proved. 2
U  202  2  10  20 U  20 2m / s
4. What is potential energy? Derive an expression for 1 1

the gravitational potential energy. As it rises to 20 m, the bouncing velocity

A) Potential energy:- The energy possessed by a body by Given by v 1   2 g h   2 0 m / s
virtue of its position or state is called potential energy E = velocity of bouncing/velocity
1) Energy possessed by water stored in a dam
of striking  e  v 2  v1   v1  20  e  1
2) A stretched rubber card u1  u 2 u1 20 2 2
Formula for P.E: - The potential energy is measured by
5. A ball falls from a height of 10 m on to a hard
the work done in lifting a body through a height ‘h’
horizontal floor and repeatedly bounces. If the
against gravitational force.
(Mass lifted to a height) coefficient of restitution is 1 , what is the total
Consider a body of mass m on the 2
body against gravitational force. distance travelled by the ball before it ceases to
Force F= weight of the body rebound?
F=mg Height lifted =h A) Given h = 10m, coefficient of restitution e = 1
W= gravitational force x height lifted 2
W= mgh Total distance travelled before it ceases to rebound is
2
This work done is stored as potential energy   1  
Potential energy P.E = mgh 2 1  2 
1 e       30 m
d  h 2 
 d  10 2
1 e    1  
 1   2  
   

Page No: 14
1. (a) State and prove perpendicular axes theorem. 3. (a) State and prove parallel axes theorem.
A. Statement:- The moment of inertia of a plane lamina A) Statement: The moment of inertia of a rigid body about
about an axis passing through a point perpendicular to its any axis is equal to sum of moment of inertia about a
plane is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia about parallel axis through its centre of mass and product of the
two mutually perpendicular axes in its plane passing mass of the body and the square of the perpendicular
through the same point. distance between the two parallel axes.

IZ  Ix + Iy
I=I G +Mr 2

Proof: Consider a plane lamina of mass ‘M’ It is divided

into number of small particles, each of mass ‘m’
Let a particle P of mass ‘m’ with coordinates (x,y) be at a
distance ‘r’ from the axis OZ.
Proof:- Consider a plane lamina of mass ‘M’ having its
Moment of inertia about Y - axis is I y   M x 2
centre of mass at ‘G’. Consider an axis AB passing
Moment of inertia about X - axis is I x   M y 2 through the point ‘O’ about which the moment of inertia
Moment of inertia about Z - axis is I z   M(OP) 2 of the body is to be found. Consider a particle of mass
‘m’ at a distance r from the axis AB. Consider another
From diagram, OP2 = x2+y2 axis CD Passing through G and parallel to AB, so that the
Multiplying on both sides by M distance between the two parallel axis ‘x’
 M (O P ) 2 2
  M (x + y ) 2
MI of a body about the axis AB is I   m r 2 ...... 1 
2
 M (O P )   M (x ) 2 +  M ( y ) 2 MI of a body about the centre I G   mr 2 ......  2 
V
IZ  Ix + Iy 2
E From ΔOPE.OP 2   OE  +EP 2
Hence the theorem is proved. N 2
(b) If a thin circular ring and a thin flat circular disc OP 2   OG+GE  +EP 2
K
of same mass have same moment of inertia about
A OP 2  OG 2 +GE 2 +2  OG  GE  +EP 2
their respective diameters as axes find the ratio of
their radii.
2
T  From ΔGPE, GE 2
+EP 2  GP 2 
MI of a circular ring about the diameter I 1  M R 1 E
2 OP 2  OG 2 +GP 2 +2  OG  GE 
S
2
MI of a circular disc about the diameter I 2  R 2
M H  r 2  x 2 +b2 +2xa
4
2 2
Now applying  m on both sides
Given I1 = I2 , M R 1 M R 2 , R1 1
   R 1:R 2  1: 2  mr 2   m  x 2 +b 2 +2xa 
2 4 R2 2
2. State and prove the principal of conservation of I   mx 2   mb 2   m  2xa 
angular momentum. Explain the principle of
conservation of angular momentum with examples. I  Mx 2  I G   m  2xa 
Statement:- When there is no external torque on a But, algebraic sum of the moments about centre of mass
rotating system, the angular momentum of the system  mxa  0
remains constant. =
I=I G +Mr 2
dL
when τ = 0, then = 0, L = 0, Iω = constant (b) For a thin flat circular disc, the radius of gyration
dt
Derivation: - From Newton’s II law of motion. about a diameter as axis is k. If the disc is cut along a
Example 1: A person stands on turn table with equal diameter AB as shown into two equal pieces, then find
weights in his stretched hands. When the person brings the radius of gyration of each piece about AB.
his hands closer to his body then his angular velocity moment of inertia changes, but radius of gyration
increase due to decrease of moment of inertia. remains same. Radius of gyration K  I ,
Angular momentum when hands stretched L = I ω M
Angular momentum when hands closed L = I ω when the disc cut into two equal parts | M I
M  , I| 
L =L 2 2
I ω =I ω the radius of gyration of each piece
But I < I then ω > ω I
Example 2: A diver leaves the spring board with some | I| 2 I
K     K
angular velocity and jumps upwards. He brings his hands M | M M
and legs close to his body. His moment of inertia 2
decreases. His angular velocity increases due to LCAM.
This help to make more number of somersaults quickly

Page No: 15
1. Define vector product. Explain the properties of a 4. Distinguish between centre of mass and centre of
vector product with two examples gravity.
A) Vector Product: - Cross product of two vectors is equal Centre of mass Centre of gravity
to product of magnitudes of the vectors and sine of angle The point, where total The point, where total
between the vectors. mass of the body is weight of the body always
   
A × B  A B s in θ concentrated is called acts is called centre of
centre of mass. gravity.
Properties:-
1) Cross product does not obey commutative law In the case of small and In the case of very large
        regular bodies centre of bodies centre of mass and
A× B  B×A  A× B   B×A     mass and centre of gravity centre of gravity do not
2) It obeys distributive law coincide coincide
      
A   B + C = A  B  A  C It does not depend on‘g’. It depends on ‘g’
3) The magnitude cross product of two vectors which are Centre of mass lie within Centre of gravity lie
parallel is zero the body (or) outside the within the body only
 
θ = 0 ; A × B  A B s in 0 0  0 body.
5. Define angular acceleration and torque establishes the
4) For perpendicular vectors,
  relation between angular acceleration and torque
θ  9 0 0 , A × B  A B sin 9 0 0  A B A) Angular acceleration:- The rate of change of angular
Example:- velocity is called angular acceleration.
     
1) Torque T  r  F 2) Angular momentum L  r  p dω
α 
dt
2. Define angular velocity ( ω ). Derive v  rω .
Torque:- The rate of change of angular momentum is
A) Angular velocity ( ω ):-The rate of change of angular
called torque.
displacement of a body is called angular velocity
V dL
dθ τ
A n g u l a r v e lo c i t y ( ω )  E dt
dt
Derivation: - Let a particle be moving along circular N Relation between angular acceleration and torque:
path. K Consider a rigid v of mass ‘M’ rotating in a circular path
A of radius ‘R’ with angular about fixed axis.
T By definition, τ  d L  d  I ω 
dt dt
E
S dω dω
τ I , But  α , [I= constant]
H dt dt
τ  Iα
6. Find the centre of mass of three particles at the
Let r = radius of the circular path vertices of an equilateral triangle. The masses of the
s = distance travelled by the particle from P1to P2 particles are 100g, 150g and 200g respectively. Each
v = Linear velocity of the particle side of the equilateral triangle is 0.5m long.
ω =Angular velocity ofthe particle A) The coordinates of points O, A and B forming the
The arc P1P2 of length ‘s’ subtends angle at centre, equilateral triangle are respectively
From the property, length of arc= radius x angle (0,0),(0.5,0),(0.25,0.25√3). Let the masses 100g, 150g
S  r.θ and 200g be located at O, A and B be respectively. Then
Differentiating S  r.θ with respect to 'time'
ds d ds dθ m1 x 1  m 2 x 2  m 3 x 3
  rθ  r  r is constant  X
m1  m 2  m 3
dt dt dt dt
 ds dθ  100(0)  150(0.5)  200(0.25) 
X
v  rω   v and  ω 100  150  200 
 dt dt 
3. Explain about the entre of mass of earth-moon system 0  75  50 125 5
X   m
and its rotation around the sun. 450 450 18
A) The Earth-Moon system rotates about the common centre m 1 y1  m 2 y 2  m 3 y 3
of mass. The mass of the Earth is about 81times that of Y 
m1  m 2  m3
the Moon. This reveals that the centre of mass of the
Earth-Moon system is relatively nearer to the centre of
Y
100(0)  150(0)  200(0.25 3 
the Earth.
100  150  200
The interaction of the earth and moon does not affect the
motion of the centre of mass of the earth-moon system. 50 3 3 1
Y  m m
The gravitational attraction of the sun is the only external 450 9 3 3
force that acts on the earth-moon system and it moves in
an elliptical path around the sun.

Page No: 16
3. Derive the equation for the kinetic energy and 4. Obtain an equation for the frequency of oscillation of
potential energy of a simple harmonic oscillator and spring of force constant k to which g mass m is
show that the total energy of a particle in simple attached:
harmonic motion is constant at any point on its path. A) Consider a block of mass ‘m’ suspended from one end of
Kinetic energy: a spring. The spring is suspended from a fixed point as
A) Displacement of SHM is given by y  A sin  t shown in the figure
Let the block be pulled down and released
dy d
Velocity v    A sin t  At any instant, ‘y’ be the displacement of the block, from
dt dt the mean position. The restoring force (F) acting on the
body is divide by proportional to the displacement (y) in
 A. cos t  A 1  sin 2 t
opposite direction
2 2
Velocity v   A  y Restoring force of spring F   y
The K.E of the particle is given by  F   ky ……………… (1)
1 1 K is a constant called spring constant
KE  mv 2  m 2  A 2  y 2  Newton’s second law F= ma……… (2)
2 2 From (1) and (2)
Potential energy:- Potential energy of a simple ma= -ky
harmonic oscillator is equal to the work done giants the k
restoring force in producing the displacement ‘y’ a y..............(3)
When displacement =0, F=0 m
When displacement=y, fore=F Comparing equation (3) with standard equation of SHM
0 F F k
Average force =  a   2 y y   2 y
2 2 m
Work done= Average force x displacement k k
V Then  2    
F m m
W  y E
2  2 m
N But T    2
If ‘m’ is the mass of the particle and ‘a’ is the  k k
acceleration, then K
m
 ma  y . A
 Time period of loaded spring
W  F  ma  T
2 m
E T  2
m 2 y 2 k
The work done on the particle W  .  a   2 y  S
2 Frequency of oscillation of loaded spring is
This work done is stored as potential energy H
1 1
1 n n 
 PE  m 2 y 2 T m
2 2
k
Total energy TE=PE+KE:
1 1 1 k
E  m 2 y 2  m 2  A2  y 2  n 
2 2 2 m
1 5. Define simple harmonic motion? Give two examples.
E  m 2 A2 A) Definition of SHM: A body is said to be in simple
2 harmonic motion provided.
Total energy is same at all points. Hence law of (i) The motion should be to and fro and is periodic
conservation of energy is proved in the case of particle about a fixed point
undergoing S.H.M (ii) The acceleration should always be directed towards
Note: Variation of P.E and K.E with displacement is the mean position and always directly proportional to
shown below the displacement from the mean position
(iii) Acceleration and displacement are always in
opposite direction
Ex(1):Oscillations of a loaded spring suspended from a
rigid support.
k = Spring constant
Ex(2):Oscillations of a simple pendulum with small
amplitude and vibrations of strings in musical
instruments.
Ex(3):The projection of a particle performing uniform
circular motion on any diameter.
Ex(4):Oscillation of a liquid column in a U tube.

Page No: 17
1. Define simple harmonic motion. Show that the motion 2. Show that the motion of simple pendulum is simple
of (point) projection of a particle performing uniform harmonic and hence drive an equation for its time
circular motion, on any diameter is simple harmonic period. What is seconds’ pendulum?
A) Definition of SHM: -A body is said to be in simple A) The distance between the point of suspension and the
harmonic motion, if it moves to and fro along a straight centre of gravity of the sphere is known as the length of
line, about its mean position such that, at any point its the pendulum
acceleration is proportional to its displacement but
opposite in direction and directed always towards the
mean position
To show that the projection of uniform circular
motion on any diameter is S.H.M

At any instant, let the bob is making as angle  with the

vertical. The weight (mg) can be resolved into two
perpendicular components. One component ms cos 
balance the tension and the other component mgsin 
provides restoring force
Restoring force F  mgsinθ........... 1
But From Newton's II Law F  ma.........  2 
Consider a particle ‘p’ is moving uniformly on a circle of
radius ‘A’ with angular speed '  ' in anti clock wise From 1 &  2  ma  mgsinθ
direction  a  gsinθ
Displacement: The distance of the particle executing
SHM measured along the path form the men position V  a=gθ  when 'θ'is very small,sinθ  θ 
gives the displacement. At t=0 the particle is at X. After E Also x  lθ  arc length  radius  angle 
the time ‘t’ the particle is at ‘P’ . The angular N
displacement of the particle during this time is    L K x x g
θ a   g    a     x.........  3
From triangle ONP A l l l
ON y T Hence, the motion is simple harmonic motion if  is
Sin    y  A sin  t angular velocity of the bob then its acceleration
OP A E
Velocity (v): The rate of change of displacement is called S a  ω 2 x............  4 
velocity H Substitute above value in equation (3)
dy d g g
v   A sin t   ω2 x     x  ω2   
dt dt l l
v  A cos  t
g
2  
 v  A 1  sin t l
The time period of pendulum T is given by
 cost  1  sin 2 t  2 2 l
T   T  2
 y  g g
v   A2  y 2 sin t  
 A l
Y=0, velocity is maximum Vmax  A Second’s pendulum: A simple pendulum whose time
period is two seconds is called a second’s pendulum.
Acceleration (a): The rate of change of velocity is called What is the length of a simple pendulum, which
acceleration ticks seconds?
dv d The time period of the simple pendulum, which ticks
a   A cos t   v  A cos t 
dt dt seconds is T = 2S. We take g = 9.8 m/s2.
a   A   sin  t  l l gT 2
T  2  T 2  4 2  l 
a   A 2 sin t g g 4 2
 y  A sin t 
2
a   y2 gT 2  9.8 2   9.8 4
l 2  2
  1m
2
(y=A ) acceleration is maximum amax   A 4 4  3.14  4  9.8

1.

Page No: 18
1. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. 3. What is orbital velocity? Obtain an expression for it.
Law of orbits:- All planets revolve around sun in elliptical A) Orbital velocity:- The minimum velocity required for an
orbits with the sun situated at one of the foci object to revolve around a planet in a circular orbit is
called orbital velocity
Expression: Consider an object of mass m revolving
around planet of mass M and radius R. Let ‘h’ be the
distance of centre of mass of the object from the surface
Law of areas: - The line that joins any planet to the sun of the planet.
equal areas in equal areas in equal intervals of time Let V0 be the horizontal speed of the object when it
revolves around the planet in circular orbit
Centripetal force = Gravitational force
mV0 2 GMm

(R  h) (R  h)2
Law of periods: - The square of the time period of GM
 V0 2 
revolution of a planet is proportional to cube of the semi- (R  h)
major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet
GM
T 2  R3  V0 
(R  h)
2. Define gravitational potential energy and derive an
When h is very same when compared to the radius of the
expression for it associated with two particles of masses
m1 and m2 planet R, then (R+h) becomes R.
A) Gravitational potential energy:- The amount of work GM
 V0 
done in bringing the given body from infinite to that V R
point against the gravitational force Gravitational E
potential energy. gR2  GM 
Expression for gravitational potential energy:
N   g  2
GM  gR2 
Consider a body of mass m2 is placed at B in the K R  R 
gravitational of a body of mass m1. Let ‘r’ be the distance A V0  gR
of separation between two particles. T
E 4. What is escape velocity? Obtain an expression for it.
S A) Escape velocity:- The minimum velocity required for
H an object escape from the gravitational influence of a
In order to determine the gravitational potential energy of planet is known as escape velocity.
this system of two particles, let is calculate the work done Expression:- Consider an object of mass ‘m’ at rest
in moving mass m1 from infinity to B. When the mass m1 on the surface of a planet of mass M and radius R.
us at A, the gravitational force of attraction on it due to Gravitational P.E = work done on the body
mass m2 is given by  P .E  F  R
G m 1m 2 GMm
F  2   R
x R2
When the mass m2 moves from A to B, through distance GMm
dx then P .E  
R
dw = Force x displacement The minimum speed to be imparted to the bound
dw = F x dx object at rest is escape velocity Ve
G m1 m 2 The kinetic energy imparted to the object must be
dW  dx
x2 equal and opposite to the potential energy of the
Total work done in bringing the body from infinity to system
point P is given by When it’s K.E=P.E
r
Gm1m2 1  GM m 
W  dx m V e2    
 x2 2  R 
r 1 2 GMm 2GM
1 1 1   mV
 e   Ve 
W  Gm1m2    Gm1m2    2 R R
 x  r 
2 gR 2 GM  gR 2 
G m 1m 2 
W  R
r
Ve  2gR

Page No: 19
5. Derive an expression for the variation of acceleration 2. What is a geostationary satellite? State its uses.
due to gravity (a) above and (b) below the surface of A) If the period of revolution of an artificial satellite is equal
the earth: to the period of rotation of earth such a satellite is called
i) Variation of g with height: Let ‘g’ be the acceleration geostationary satellite”
due to gravity on the surface of the earth. The time period of geostationary satellite is 24 hours
GM USES:
Then g  ----------(1) i) To study the upper layers of atmosphere
R2 ii) To forecast the changes in atmosphere
The gravitational force of attraction of the earth on the iii) To know the shape and size of the earth
body is equal to its weight mgh where gb is the iv) To identify the minerals and natural resources
acceleration due to gravity at height ‘h’ present inside and on the surface of earth
GM v) Transmit the T.V programmes to distant objects.
gh  --------(2)
( R  h) 2 3. Derive the relation between acceleration due to
gravity (g) at the surface of a planet and gravitational
gh GM R2 constant(G).
 
g ( R  h ) 2 GM A) Consider a body of mass ‘m’ placed on the surface of the
g R2 1 earth. Consider the earth as a perfect sphere of radius ‘R’.
 h   suppose the mass of the earth is concentrated at its centre.
g ( R  h ) 2  R  h 2
According to Newton’s universal law of gravitation
R2 the gravitational force on the body is
2
g  h
 gh  2
 g 1  
 h  R GMm
1   F ....... 1
 R R2
From Newton’s II law, force
If h<<R, then g h  g  1  2 h  V
acting on the body is
 R  E
Thus the acceleration due to gravity decreases with N F  mg........  2 
height K From (1) and (2) we have
ii) Variation of g with depth: Let g be the
A GMm GM
acceleration due to gravity at a place on the surface of  g
T mg 
the earth R2 R2
GM E
Then g  -------------------- (1) S 4. Find the torque of a force 7iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ about the
R2
H origin. The force acts on a particle whose position
But the mass of the earth M  4  R 3 
3 vector is iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
 
4 3 A) Given r  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and F  7iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ then
R 
4
g  G 3 2   RG      (2) Torque is,
R 3
iˆ ˆj kˆ
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ is at a depth ‘d’ from the   
surface of the earth the force on the body will be to the   r F  1 1 1  iˆ(5  3)  ˆj ( 5  7)  kˆ(3  ( 7))
mass of the earth confined in a sphere of radius (R-d) 7 3 5
only. Let gd be the acceleration due to gravity at depth
4  2iˆ  12 ˆj  10kˆ
Then g   G ( R  d )      (3)
3
From eq. (2) and (3), we get
4 gd R  d
 (R  d ) G 
gd 3
g

4
g R
 G R
3

 d
 g d  G  1          (4)
 R
Thus the acceleration due to gravity decreases with
depth.

.
Page No: 20
1. Define the Stress and explain the types of stress. 3. Define Young’s modulus, Bulk modulus and
A. Stress: restoring force per unit cross sectional area is Rigidity modulus.
called stress. A. Young’s modulus of Elasticity(Y): The ratio of
Different types stress: longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain is called
Longitudinal (or) linear (or) tensile stress: When a young’s modulus of elasticity.
deforming force is applied to cause a change in length L o n g itu d in a l stre ss
of the body is called longitudinal stress. Y 
L o n g itu d in a l stra in
R e s to r in g F o r c e
L o n g it u d in a l S tr e s s =
C ro s s io n a l A r e a = = x
∆ ∆
Bulk (or) Volume (or) Normal stress: When a
deforming force is applied to cause a change in
volume of the body is called bulk stress.
R e s to r i n g F o r c e  F  Bulk (or) volume modulus of Elasticity (B): The
B u lk S tr e s s   
C r o s s io n a l A r e a  A  ratio of volume stress to volume strain is called
Shearing (or) tangential stress: When a deforming bulk/volume modulus of elasticity.
force is applied to cause a change in shape of the V o lu m e s tre s s
V  
body at constant volume, is called shearing stress. V o lu m e s tra in
∆
S h e a r in g S t r e s s 
R e s to rin g F o rc e  F 

= ∆

C ro s sio n a l A re a  A 
2. Define the Strain and explain the types of strain. Here Negative sign shows that
A. Strain: The ratio of change dimension to original with increase in pressure the
dimension is called strain. volume decreases.
C h a n g e in D im e n s io n
S tr a in 
O r ig in a l D im e n s io n Here Negative sign shows that with increase in
V pressure the volume decreases.
Different types strain:
E Shear (or) Rigidity modulus of Elasticity (B): The
Longitudinal strain: The ratio of change in length to
original length is called longitudinal strain. N ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain is called shear
K modulus of elasticity.
A Shearing stress
T
 G 
Shearing strain
E
= =
S .
H 4. Define modulus of elasticity, stress, strain and
Poisson’s ratio
C hange in Length   l  e A. Modulus of elasticity (K): The ratio of stress to strain
LongitudinalStrain    
O riginal Length  l  l is called modulus of elasticity.
Bulk strain: The ratio of change in volume to stress
original volume is called bulk strain. Modulus of Elasticity  K  
strain
S. I Units: N. m (or) Pascals
Stress: restoring force per unit cross sectional area is
called stress.
R e s to rin g F o rc e  F 
S h e a r in g S t r e s s   
C ro s sio n a l A re a  A 
S. I Units: N. m (or) Pascals
C h ange in V o lum e   V   e  Strain: The ratio of change dimension to original
Bulk S train    
O riginal V olum e  V  V  dimension is called strain.
Shearing strain: The ratio of relative displacement C h a n g e in D im en s io n
S tra in 
between two layers to perpendicular distance between O r ig i n a l D im e n s io n
those two layers is called shearing strain. S. I Units: N. m (or) Pascals
Poisson’s Ratio (σ): The ratio lateral contraction
strain to longitudinal elongation strain is called
Poisson’s ratio
L ateral co n tra tio n stra in
  
L o n g itu din a l elo n g atio n strain
Theoretical limits of Poisson’s ratio are from -1 to 0.5
Relative displacement between two layers
Shearing Strain  Practical limits of Poisson’s ratio are from 0 to 0.5
Perpendicular distance between two layers

Page No: 21
4. Describe the behavior of a wire under gradually 1. A tungsten wire of length 20cm is stretched by
increasing load? 0.1cm. Find the strain on the wire.
A. Graph is drawn between strain along X- axis and stress A. Original length = 20cm = 20x10-2m,
along Y – axis. The graph is shown below Change in length = 0.1cm = 0.1x 10-2
c h a n g e in len g th  l
s tra in = 
O rig in a l le n g th l
0 .1x 1 0  2 1
stra in =   0 .0 0 5
2 0 x 1 0 2 200
2. If an iron wire stretched by 1%, what is the strain
on the wire?
Original length = 1m, change in length = 1%
c h a n g e in len g th  l
Proportionality limit (A): The stress is directly s tra in = 
O rig in a l le n g th l
proportional to the strain and the wire obeys Hooke’s 1 1
law. The point A is called proportionality limit. s tra i n =   0 .0 1
1 x 100 100
Elastic limit (or) Yield Point(B): From A to B, as 3. Determine the pressure required to reduce the
stress is further increased, the wire does not obey given volume of water by 2%. Bulk modulus of
Hook’s law at B, The wire regains its original length water is
after removing the stretching force at B. the point B. is
2.2x 109 Nm-2.
called elastic limit. Original volume = 1, change in volume = -- 2%,
Permanent set(C): If the stress is further increased
K = 2.2x 109
the wire does not regain its original length and the
 V 
length of the wire changes permanently. The point ‘C’ P = -K  
 V 
is called permanent set.
Breaking point(D): When the stress increased, the wire  2 
P = -2.2x109   9 2 7
  4.4x10 x10  4.4 x10 Nm
2

becomes thinner and thinner. When the stress increases  100 

to a certain limit the wire breaks. The point ‘D’ is called 4. A copper wire 1mm diameter is stretched by
breaking point. applying a force of 10N. Find the stress in the wire
Elastic fatigue (or) Fracture point: The state of V F F F
stre ss = = = 2
temporary loss of elastic nature of a body to continuous E A  r2  D 
  
strain is called elastic fatigue (or) fracture point. N  2 
5. Define strain energy and derive the equation for 10 10  7  4 14
K stress = 2
= =  10 7 =1.273  10 7 N 2
the same. -3
22  10  22 10 -6 11 m
A
A. Strain energy: The energy stored in a body when 7  2 
T
stretched is called strain energy. 5. A steel wire of length 20cm is stretched to increase
Expression for strain energy: Let us consider a wire E
its length by 0.2cm. find the lateral strain in the
of length ‘L’ and cross-sectional area ‘A’. Let ‘X’ be S wire if the Poisson’s ratio for steel is 0.19
the change in length of the wire by the application of H length=20cm=20×10-1 m,Δl=0.2cm=0.2×10-3m,σ=0.9
stretching force ’F’
Lateral strain = ( σ) longitudinal strain
LongitudinalStress  F   L 
Youngs modulus = =    2×10-3 1
LongitudinalStrain  A   X  lateralstrain = 0.19× =0.19× = 0.0019
-1
To stretch the wire further by ‘dx’ the workdone 2×10 100
dw = F.dx 6. A copper cube of side of length 1cm is subjected to
 yA x  pressure of 100 atmospheres. Fine the change in its
dw =   dx volume if the bulk modulus of copper 1.4 x 10-2
 L 
Total work done to stretch the wire from ‘0’ to ‘x’ is N/m2
given by length =1cm=1×10-2 m,V = L3 =10-6 m2 ,
x
P =100atm=100×105 N/m2 ,K =1.4×10×1011 N/m-2 .
W=  dw=   YAx
L  dx
0 PV 100×105×10-6 10 -10 3
changeinvolumeΔV= = = ×10 m
x
K 1.4×1011 14
 = 
2
x x
  x  dx= YAL
YA 1 YAx
= L 2 2 L 7. A spherical ball of volume 1000cm3 is subjected to a
0
pressure of 10 atmospheres. The change in volume
W = 12 F.x is 10-2cm3. if the ball is made of iron. Find its bulk
modulus.
W= 12  stretching force  elongation 
V=1000cm3 =10-3m3 ,P=10atm=10×10N
5 2
/m,ΔV=10-2 2
cm=10-8m3
 Strain energy  1  F  X  1
 =    =  Stress Strain  PV 10×10 5 ×10 -3
 Volume  2  A  L  2 (K )= = -8
= 1 0 14 ×10 -3 =1× 10 11 N /m 2
ΔV 10

Page No: 22
1. What is atmospheric pressure and how is it 4. Explain surface tension and surface energy:
determined by using Barometer? A) Surface tension(S): The force acting per unit length of
A) The pressure of the atmosphere at any point is equal to an imaginary line drawn on the free surface of the liquid
the weight of a column of air of unit cross sectional acting perpendicular to it is called surface tension.
area extending from that point to the top the atmosphere.. F
At sea level it is 1.013 x 105 Pa (1 atm). Surface tension: T  ; S .I unit ; Nm 1
l
Dimensional formula:
F MLT 2
T   ML0T 2
l L
Surface energy (E): The additional potential energy per
unit area of the surface film is called surface energy
work done
Surface energy = S.I unit l/m2
Area
i) Consider a horizontal liquid film ending in bar free to
Along glass tube closed at one end and filled with slide over parallel guides
mercury is inverted in to through of mercury this device ii) Let the bar be moved a small distance d. Work has
is known as mercury barometer. The space above the been done against an internal force
mercury column in the tube contains only mercury Let this internal force be F, the work done by the applied
vapour whose pressure P is small and it is neglected. The force is F.d
pressure inside the column at point A must equal the
F
pressure at point B S (2dl) =Fd S=
p=  gh 2l
Where  is the density of mercury And h is the height of 5. What is gauge pressure and how is a manometer used
for measuring pressure difference?
the mercury. The experiment is found that the mercury
column in the barometer has a height of about 76 cm at V A) Guage pressure us the difference between the actual
E pressure at a point and the atmospheric pressure
sea level equivalent to one atmosphere
2. State Pascal’s law and verify it with the help of an N
experiment: K
A) The pressure in fluid at rest is the same at all points if
A
they are in the same height.
T
E
S
H An open –tube manometer is a useful instrument for
measuring pressure difference. One end of the tube is
open to the atmosphere and other end is connected to the
Consider a small element in the interior of a fluid a rest.
system whose pressure is determined. The pressure P at
The element ABC –DEF is in the form of a
A is equal to pressure at point B. Let Pa be the
right –angled prism the effect of the gravity is the same
atmospheric pressure P-Pa =  gh
at all these points
Suppose the fluid exert pressure PaPb and Pc on the faces Gauge pressure is proportional to height h
BEFC, ADFC and ADEB respectively. The 6. If the diameter of a soap bubble is 10mm and its
corresponding normal forces are Fa , Fb and Fc Let Aa, Ab surface tension is 0.04 Nm-1, Find the excess pressure
and Ac be the respective areas of the three faces in inside the bubble.
various directions. A) Given, Diameter = 10 mm, Radius = 5 mm = 5 x 10-3 m,
Absin = Ac cos=Aa Surface tension T = 0.04 Nm-1
(By geometry) thus Excess pressure in bubble
Fb sin 2 Fc Fb cos  2 Fa 4T 4  0.04
  P   32 Nm 2
Ab sin 2 Ac Ab cos 2 Aa r 5 10 3
7. If the workdone by an agent to from a bubble of
Fb F F radius R is W, then how much energy is required to
 c  a increase its radius to 2R.
A b Ac Aa
A) Given, workdone to from a bubble of radius R is W.
Hence pressure exerted is same in all directions in a fluid W  8 R2T  (1)
at rest. This proves pascals law
3. The density of the atmosphere at sea level is 1.29 Energy required to increase its radius from R to 2R
2 2
kg/m3. Assume that it does not change with altitude.  8  T   2 R    R    8  T  3 R 2 
 
Then, how high would the atmosphere extend?
 3  8 R T  3W .  From(1) W  8 R 2T 
2
A) Atm. Pressure = h  g
1.01 x 105 = h x 1.29 x 9.8 = 7989 m
H = 8 km (approx)

Page No: 23
1. Explain dynamic lift with example 4. Explain hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes:
: A) Dynamic lift: Dynamic lift is the force that acts on a body A) Hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes are based on pascal’s
by virtue of its motion through a fluid law
Lift on aircraft wing: The wings of the aeroplane are Hydraulic lift: Here C and D are two cylinder of
designed in such a way that the streamlines are clustered on difference areas of cross section. They are connected to
the upper side giving rise to a low pressure each circle with a pipe E. Each cylinder is provided with
air light friction less piton. Let A1, A2 be the areas of
cross section of the piston at C and D (A1<<A2)

The wing has a curved part on the upper surface. As the

aeroplane moves fast on the runway, the velocity of air is The cylinders are filled with an incompressible liquid.
more at the upper surface of the wings than at its bottom. Let f be the applied force at C pressure exerted on the
Hence the pressure is less on the upper surface of wing and liquid
more on the bottom. The difference in pressure produces f
the required dynamic lift and allows the aeroplane to take P= ………………….. (1)
off.
a
According to pascals law, this pressure is transmitted to
2. What is venture-meter? Explain how it is used.
A) Venturi meter: The venture –meter is a device to measure piston of cylinder D. Upward force at D will be
the floe speed of incompressible fluid. f A
V F=PA = A= f …………….. (2)
a a
E As A > > a F>>f
N  Heavy load placed on the larger piston is easily lifted
K Hydraulic Brakes:
A When the brake pedal is pressed, the piston (P) of the
T after cylinder is pushed inwards. There will be increased
pressure on solid at P. Which is transmitted equally P1
E and P2 of wheel cylinder in accordance with pascal law.
S Due to which P1 and P2 move outwards. Breakshoes to
i) It consists of a tube with a broad diameter and a small H move away from each other which in turn press against
constriction at the middle the inner of the wheel. The brake become
ii) A manometer in the form of a U- tube is also attached to 5. What is Torricelli’s law? Explain how the speed of
it, with one of arm at the broad neck point of the tube and efflux is determined with an experiment.
the other at constriction as shown in fig A) Torricelli’s law: The efflux velocity if a liquid through
iii) The manometer contains a liquid of density  m an orifice (small hole) of a vessel is equal to the velocity
iv) The pressure difference causes the fluid in the U-tube acquired by a freely falling body from a height which is
connected at the narrow neck to rise incomparison to the equal to that of liquid from the orifice
other arm Let P13 v1 and h1 be the pressure,
v) Filter pumps, sprayers used for perfumes, carburetor of velocity and liquid level at the
automobile has used on the principle. surface of the liquid
3. What is Reynold’s number? What is its significance.
A) Reynold’s number is a dimensionless number, whose Let P23 v2 and h2 be the
value gives an approximate idea whether the flow is corresponding values at the
steady or turbulent. This number is called Reynold’s orifice
number. Let  be the density of the liquid
ρ vd According to Bernoulli’s equation At(A) and (O)
Re 
η 1
(P+  gh+O)atA = [p+0+  v2]atO
Where ‘ ρ ’ is the density of the fluid flowing with speed 2
‘v’ and ‘d’ is the dimension of the pipe. ‘ η ’ is the 1
P+  gh = P +  v2
coefficient of viscosity of the fluid. 2
Importance: - 1 2
1. R e  1 0 0 0 The flow is streamlined flow. = Pgh= Pv v= 2gh
2
2. R e  1 0 0 0 The flow is turbulent flow.
3. R e lies between1000 and 2000 The flow is
unsteady and it may change laminar to turbulent flow.

Page No: 24
1. Explain Celsius and Fahrenheit scales of temperature. 5. Write the short notes on Triple point of water?
Obtain the relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit A. Definition: - The pressure and temperature at which the
scales of temperature. solid, liquid and vapor can co – exist in equilibrium is
A. Celsius scale: - In the Celsius scale of temperature, the called triple point of water.
lower fixed point (ice) is taken as 00C. The upper fixed Its coordinates are (273.5 K, 4.58 atm )
point (steam) is taken as 1000C. The interval between
lower and upper fixed point is divided into 100 equal
parts, each one corresponding to 10C.
Fahrenheit scale:- In the Fahrenheit scale of
temperature, the lower fixed point (ice) is taken as 320F.
The upper fixed point (steam) is taken as 2120F. The
interval between lower and upper fixed point is divided
into 180 equal parts, each one corresponding to 10F.
Y 2 -Y1
Slope = = C onstant
X 2 -X 1 Ice (fusion) line PB: - The line PB is called ice line.
C -0 F -32 C F -32 Here ice and water are in equilibrium. It has negative
=  
100 -0 212 - 32 100 180 slope. Hence melting point of ice decreases within
This is relation between ‘C’ and ‘F’ increase in pressure. The substance will exist in the solid
2. Explain conduction, convection and radiation with state to the left and in liquid state to the right.
examples. Steam line PA: - The line PA is called steam line. Here
A. Conduction: - The process of transmission of heat from water and vapor are in equilibrium. It has positive slope.
one place to another place without actual moment of Hence boiling point of water increases with increase of
particles of the medium is called conduction. pressure. The substance will exist above the curve in
Ex: - Conduction takes place through solids. liquid state and below the curve in vapor state.
Convection: - The process of transmission of heat from V Sublimation (or) Hoar frost line PC: -The line PC is
one place to another place with actual moment of E called sublimation line. Here solid and vapor are in
particles of the medium is called convection. equilibrium. It has positive slope. The substance will
N
Ex: - Sea breeze, trade wind ext., exist above the curve in solid state and below the curve in
K vapor state.
Radiation: - The process of transmission of heat from
one place to another place without requirement of the A 6. Two identical rectangular strips one of copper and
medium is called radiation. T the other of steel are riveted together to form a
Ex: - Earth receives heat radiations from the sun. E bimetallic strip. What will happen on heating.
3. Pendulum clocks generally go fast in winter and slow A.
S
in summer. Why? H
A. T = 2  l , T α l
g
(a) Consider a bimetallic strip made of copper and steel
(a) In winter, due to decrease in temperature, length of the of same length. ‘l’ at room temperature
pendulum decreases, time period decreases and clock (b) When a bimetallic strip is heated copper expands
gains time. Hence it goes fast in winter. more than the steel. So, the bimetallic strip bends
(b) In summer, due to increase in temperature, length of the with the copper on convex side and steel on concave
pendulum increases, time period increases and clock side.
looses time. Hence it goes slowly in summer. (c) When a bimetallic strip is cooled copper contract
4. In what way is the anomalous behavior of water more than the steel. So, the bimetallic strip bends
advantageous to aquatic animals? with the copper on concave side and steel on convex
A. side.
7. What is the temperature for which the readings on
Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales are same?
A. Given F = K = x
 K - 273   F-32  x  273 x  32
 =  
 100   180  100 180
(a) Anomalous behavior : Water attains maximum density at
40C.
9  x  273   5  x  32 
(b) So, when temperature increases from 00C to 40C water 9 x  273  9  5 x  32  5
contract instead of expansion. This is called anomalous
behavior of water. 9 x  5 x  2457  160
(c) During winter, when the temperature of the atmosphere 4 x  2297
falls below 00C, the surface of lakes freezes to ice.
2297
(d) But ice is bad conductor of heat. Under the frozen upper x  574.25 0
layers, the water remains in its liquid form and does not 4
freeze. Thus aquatic animals are survived.

Page No: 25
7. State boyle’s law and Charles law. Derive ideal gas distance ‘d’ time ‘t’. the amount of heat flowing between
equation. Which of the laws is better for the purpose the two faces.
of thermometer and why? 1) Directly proportional to the area of cross section (A).
A. Boyle’s Law:- At constant temperature, the volume of a Q α (A)--------(1)
given mass of gas inversely proportional to its pressure. 2) Directly proportional to the temperature difference
 1 
Pα   A t c o n s ta n t te m p e ra tu r e  (θ − θ ) between the two faces.
 V 
 1  Q α  θ 2 - θ 1  ------  2 
P = K  
 V  3) Directly proportional to the time for which the heat flows
PV = K
Q α  t  ------  3 
P1 V 1 = P 2 V 2
Charles Law:- At constant pressure, the volume of a 4) Inversely proportional to the distance (d) between the
 1 
given mass of a gas directly proportional to its absolute Q α   ------ 4 
faces.  d 
temperature.
V α T   A t c o n s s ta n t p re s s u re  From (1), (2), (3) and (4)
V = K T  ( A )  θ 2 - θ 1  t  K ( A )  θ 2 - θ 1  t  The
Qα O R  Q
V d d
= K
T rate of flow of heat
V1
=
V2 Q K ( A ) θ 2 - θ 1 
T1 T2 =
t d
Ideal gas:- A gas which obeys Boyle’s law and Charles K is called co-efficient of thermal conductivity
laws at all temperatures and pressures is called ideal gas Co-efficient of thermal conductivity:- The quantity of
Derivation for the Ideal gas Equation:- Consider and heat flowing through unit area of the substance per unit
ideal gas of mass ‘m’ having pressure P1, volume V1, and time per unit temperature gradient.
absolute temperatureT1 . Let the final values of pressure a) CGS unit of ‘K’ is cal s-1 cm-1 0C-1
P2, volume V2 and temperatureT2 of the gas. b) SI unit of ‘K’ is J s-1 m-1 K-1
c) Dimensional formula of ‘K’ is [ M L T-3 K-1 ]
9. A copper bar of thermal conductivity 401w/(mk) has
V one end at 1040C and the other end at 240C The
According to Boyles law, Keeping temperature of the E length of the bar is 0.10m and the cross sectional area
gas constant, pressure is changed from P1 to P2, let
N is 1.0x10-6m2 what is the ratio of heat conduction
volume changes from V1 to V0 along the bar?
PV K A. K = 401w/(mk), A = 1.0x10-6m2, d = 0.10m
P1 V1 = P2 V 0 (O R ) V 0 = 1 1 .............(1 )
P2 A T1 = 104 C, T2 = 240C,
0

According to Charles law, Keeping the pressure of the T The rate of flow of heat
gas constant, if the temperature is changed from T1 to T2, E Q K ( A )  θ 2 - θ 1  4 0 1  1 0  6 1 0 4  2 4 
= 
let the volume changes from V0 to V2. t d 0 .1 0
S -5 -5
V0
=
V2
(or) V0 =
T1
V 2 . .. ... .. .. .( 2 ) H 401×10 ×80=32080×10 J/s =0.32080 J/s
T1 T2 T2
10. State and explain Newton’s law of cooling state the
From the equation (1) and (2) conditions under which Newton’s law of cooling is
P1 V1 T P1 V1 PV PV applicable
= 1 V2  = 1 2 =r
P2 T2 T1 T2 T A. Statement: - The rate of loss of heat of hot body is
‘r’ is the constant for 1gm of gas at S.T.P. called gas directly proportional to the temperature difference
constant 1gm. Mole of gas is considered, ‘r’ is replaced between the body and its surroundings provided the
by ‘R’ temperature difference is small and the nature of the
P V reading surface remains same.
= R P V = R T
T
Charles law is better for the purpose of thermometry. If dQ is the rate of loss of heat of hot body at a
At constant pressure, volume is directly proportional to dt
absolute temperature. And at constant volume, pressure is temperature θ and θ0 is the surrounding temperature
dQ
directly proportional to absolute temperature. - α  θ - θ 0   - V e S ig n in d ic a te s lo s s o f h e a t 
dt
8. Explain thermal conductivity and coefficient of
dQ
thermal conductivity. - = K  θ - θ 0  - - -- - 1 
dt
A. Thermal conductivity:- The process of transfer of heat Where ‘K’ is the constant proportionality.
through a material without any actual movement of If ‘m’ is the mass of the body and ‘S’ is the specific heat
molecules is called conduction (or) thermal conductivity.
of the body. If temperature falls by small amount dθ than
dQ = ms dθ
dQ dθ
L o ss o f h eat =m s ----- 2 
dt dt
From equations (1) and (2)
Consider a rectangular slab of area ‘A’. it has two end dθ dθ K
ms =K θ - θ 0   = θ - θ 0 
faces ‘E’ and ‘F’, maintained at temperatures θ2 and θ1 dt dt ms
(θ > θ ) Let ‘Q’ be the amount of heat transmitted by K
is c o n s ta n t
conduction between the faces ‘E and ‘F’ separated by the m s

Page No: 26
1. Explain reversible and irreversible processes Describe
the working of Carnot engine Obtain an expression n R T 2 lo g e


V 3


 V 
for the efficiency. η 1  4

 V2 
A. Reversible Process: - A process that can be retraced n R T 1lo g e 
 V1


back in the opposite direction in such a way that the Adiabatic expansion (2 – 3):-
system passes through the same states as in the direct T1 V 2 γ -1  T 2 V 3 γ -1      6 
process and finally the system and the surroundings
Adiabatic compression (4 – 1):-
return to their original states is called a reversible
T1 V 1 γ -1  T 2 V 4 γ -1      7 
process.
Ex:- Melting of ice and vaporization of water. Dividing equation (6) by (7)
γ -1 γ-1
Irreversible processes:- A process that cannot be  V2  V   V 2   V3 
retraced back in the opposite direction is called an    3  o r         8 
 V1   V4   V1   V 4 
irreversible process.
From equations (5) & (8)
Ex: - Free expansion of a gas and work done against
 V   V 
friction. n R T1 l o g e  2   n R T 2 l o g e  2 
Carnot’s Engine: - A reversible heat engine operating η   V1   V1 
 V2 
between two different temperatures is called a Carnot n R T1 l o g e  
engine.  V1 
 V 
n R lo g e  2 
 V 1   T1 - T 2   T2 
η     η  1 - 
 V 2   T1   T1 
n R lo g e  
 V1 
2. Derive a relation between the two specific heat
capacities of gas on the basis of first law of
V thermodynamics
Isothermal Expansion(1 – 2) : Isothermal expansion of A) 1) Consider one mole of an ideal gas contained in a
the gas taking its state from (P1,V1,T1) to (P2,V2,T1) The E
cylinder provided with a frictionless piston
heat absorbed by the gas (Q1) from the reservoir at N
temperature T1 is equal to the work done by the gas and K
is given by A
V  T
W 1  2  Q 1  n R T1 lo g e  2  ------ 1 
 V1  E
Adiabatic Expansion (2 – 3): Adiabatic expansion of S
the gas from (P2,V2,T1) to (P3,V3,T2) work done by the 2) Let A be the area of piston and P,V and T be the
H pressure, volume and temperature of the gas
gas and is given by
 T -T 2  respectively.
W 2 3  nR  1  ------- 2  3) When the gas is heated at constant volume so that
 γ -1 
Isothermal Compression(3 – 4) : Isothermal it’s temperature increases by ‘dT’ the heat supplied dQ
compression of the gas taking its state from (P3,V3,T2) to is utilized to increase the internal energy of the gas
(P4,V4,T2) The heat released by the gas (Q2) from the only.
reservoir at temperature T2 is equal to the work done by dQ =dU= 1 ( CV ) dT
the gas and is given by dU= 1 ( CV ) dT = CV dT................................(i)
4) When the gas is heated at constant pressure it’s
temperature increases thorugh dT the heat supplied is
V  V 
W3 4  Q 2  nRT2 log e  4    nRT2 log e  3  ------  3  dQ is utilized to increase the internal energy dU and to
V
 3  V4  do external work dW by displacing the piston through
Adiabatic Compression(4 – 1): Adiabatic compression a distance dx.
of the gas from (P4,V4,T2) to (P1,V1,T1) work done by the dQ = 1 ( CP ) dT = CP dT .................................(ii)
gas and is given by From the first law of thermodynamics , dQ’ = dU+dW
CP dT = CV dT + dW………………..(iii)
 T -T   T -T  Let F is the force acting on the piston and dx is the
W 4  1  n R  2 1    n R  1 2  -------  4  distance moved. Then workdone
 γ -1   γ -1 
dW= F dx………………(iv)
Total work done by the gas in one complete cycle is Let P is the atmospheric pressure outside the piston.
W  W 1 2  W 2  3  W 3  4  W 4  1
Then force on the piston is given by
V   T -T  V   T -T 
W  n R T1 lo g e  2   n R  1 2   n R T 2 lo g e  3   n R  1 2  F=PA ………………….(v)
 V1   γ -1   V4   γ-1 
dW=PA dx=PdV (or) (or) CpdT=CvdT + PdV
 V   V 
W  n R T 1 lo g e  2   n R T 2 lo g e  3  (or) (Cp-Cv)dT = PdV ………………..(vi)
 V1   V4  From ideal gas equation PV= RT pdV = RdT……(vii)
Total work done = Total heat absorbed W = Q1 – Q2 From (vi) and (vii)
W Q -Q 2 Q (Cp-Cv)dT= RdT
η   1  1  2      5 
Q Q1 Q1 (or) Cp – Cv=R
Substitute equation(1) &(3) in equation (5)

Page No: 27
1. Obtain and expression for the work done by an ideal
gas during isothermal change. 3. State second law of thermodynamics. How is heat
A) Isothermal change: - Changes in pressure and volume in engine different from a refrigerator?
such a way that temperature remains constant are called A) Second law of thermodynamics:- Second law of
isothermal changes. thermodynamics consists of two statements. It gives the
Let the gas expands isothermally at constant temperature direction of flow of heat.
T from its initial state (P1, V1) to the final state (P2,V2) I. Kelvin –Plank statement: No process is possible
The work done during a small change in volume dV at whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a
pressure ‘P’ is given by dW=PdV reservoir and the complete conversion of the heat
The total work done in expanding the gas from volume into work
V1 to volume V2 is given by (OR)
V2 V2 It is impossible to construct ideal heat engine
W   dW   PdV     (1) II. Clausius statement: No process is possible whose
V1 V1 sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder object
From ideal gs equation , PV= nRT to a hotter object.
nRT (OR)
 P      (2)
V It is impossible to construct an ideal refrigerator
Substituting equation (2) in (1)
V2 V2
RT 1  1 
W  n dV  nRT  dV   dx  log e x
V1
V V1
V  x 
V2
W  n R T  lo g e V V  n R T  lo g e V 2  lo g e V 1 
1

V  V 
W  nRTlog e  2   2.303 nRTlog10  2  HEAT ENGINE
 V1   V1  V
E 1. Heat engine converts heat into work.
2. Obtain an expression for the work done by an ideal 2. The working substance absorbs heat (Q1) from an
gas during adiabatic change N
external reservoir at high temperature(T1)
A) Adiabatic change:- Changes in pressure and volume in K 3. The working substance rejects heat (Q2) to cold
such a way that no exchange of heat takes place between A reservoir at lower temperature (T2)
the system and the surroundings are called adiabatic T 4. Here, work (W) is done by the system.
change 5. The efficiency (  ) of a heat engine is
E
Let the work done during a small change in volume dV at
pressure ‘P’ is given by dW = PdV S W Q
  1 2
The total work done in expanding the gas from volume H Q1 Q1
V2
(V1) to volume (V2) is W  6.  is less than 1
 PdV      (1)
V1

For an adiabatic process PVγ =constant (K) and

K
P        (2)
V
Substituting equation (2) in (1)
V2 V V2
K 2
V   1  x n 1 
W    dV   KV   dV  K   1   x dx 
n

V1 V V1 V1  n 1

K REFRIGERATOR
W  V2   1  V1   1 
  1  1. This is a heat pump which is the reverse of a heat
1 engine
W   KV2   1  KV1   1  2. The working substance absorbs heat (Q2) from the
  1  clod reservoir at temperature (T2)
1 3. The working substance rejects heat (Q1) to hot
W  PV
 1 
  1
2 2 V2  PV   1
1 1 V1
  PV
1 1

2 2  K
 PV 
reservoir at temperature (T1)
1 4. Here, work done on the system (refrigerant)
W   P2V 2  P1V 1  5. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator
  1
1 Q2 Q2
W   P1V1  P2V 2   
 1 W Q1  Q2
1 6.  is greater than 1.
W  nRT1  nRT2   PV  nRTand PV 2 2  nRT2 
1 1  nRT1, PV
 1

nR
W  T1 -T2 
γ-1

Page No: 28
1. Explain the kinetic interpretation of temperature 3. Explain the concept of absolute zero temperature on
A) From kinetic theory of gases, average kinetic energy of a the basis of kinetic theory?
1 2 3 1 2 A) From kinetic theory of gases, average kinetic energy of a
gas molecule is mv  K T (or) mv  T
2 2 2 gas molecule is given by 1 m v 2  3 K T  1 m v 2 T
Thus, Average kinetic energy of a gas molecule is 2 2 2
directly proportional to its absolute temperature of the Thus, Average kinetic energy of a gas molecule is
gas. Thus the temperature of the gas gives the measure of directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the
average kinetic energy of the gas molecular. gas. Thus the temperature of the gas gives the measure of
average kinetic energy of the gas molecule.
1 2
If T = 0, then mv  0 (or) v = 0 since m  0 If T = 0, then 1 m v 2  0 (or) v = 0 since m  0
2 2
Therefore, absolute zero is that temperature at which the Therefore, absolute zero is that temperature at which the
molecular motion stops. molecular motion stops.
2. How specific heat capacity of mono atomic, diatomic 6. What is the ratio of rms speed of oxygen and
and poly atomic gases can be explained on the basis of hydrogen molecules at the same temperature?
Law of equipartition of energy?
A) 1. Mono atomic gas: A mono atomic gas molecule has 3 A) For a gas rms Velocity V  2 R T ( or ) V  1 at
degrees of freedom.(f =3) M M
The total internal energy U of a mole of a gas is V M H2 2 1
f f dU f f constant temperature ( or ) O 2   
U  KT×N A  RT. (KNA  R)   RT  R VH 2 M O2 32 4
2 2 dT 2 2
The Ratio of rms speeds of oxygen to hydrogen is 1 : 4
The molar specific heat at const. volume is
7. Four molecules of gas have speeds 1,2,3 and 4 km/s.
f 3
CV  R  R Find rms speed of the gas molecules.
2 2
V A) For the gas rms speed V 2  V 22  V 32  V 42
For an ideal gas V   1 ;
3 E 4
C P  C V  R  C P  C V +R  R + R N 12  2 2  3 2  4 4 1  4  9  16 30
2 V   
K 4 4 4
5 C 5
 CP  R   P  A V  7.5  2.74 km / s
2 CV 3
T 10. If the absolute temperature of a gas is increased to 3
2. Diatomic gas: A Diatomic gas molecule has 5 degrees times, what will be the increase in rms velocity of the
E
of freedom 3 – translational and 2 – Rotational. (f = 5) gas molecule?
The total internal energy U of a mole of a gas is S
3 K B T V  T and given T = T, T = 3T
f f dU f f H A) V rm s  rms 1 2
U  KT×N A  RT. (KNA  R)   RT  R m
2 2 dT 2 2 V 1 rm s

T2

3T V 1rms  3Vrms
The molar specific heat at const. volume is V rm s T1 T
f 5
CV  R  R Increase in RMS velocity =
2 2
5 V 1rms Vrms  3Vrms Vrms  Vrms 1.732 1  0.732Vrms
For an ideal gas C P  C V  R  C P  C V +R  R+R
2 8. Find the increase in temperature of aluminum rod if
7 C 7 its length is increased by 1%
CP  R   P  (  for aluminum = 25x10-6/0C)
2 CV 5
A) Give that  = 25x10-6/0C length increased by 1%
3. Polyatomic gas: A polyatomic molecular has 6 l 101l1 l 101
degrees of freedom 3 – translational, and 3 – rotational. (f l2  l1  l1 1%   l2  1   2
= 6) 100 100 l1 100
The total internal energy U of a mole of a gas is l
f f dU f f l2  l1 1    t2  t1   2  1    t2  t1 
U  KT×N A  RT. (KNA  R)   RT  R l1
2 2 dT 2 2
molar specific heat at constant volume is l2 101
 1    t2  t1     t2  t1   1
f 6
CV  R  R  3R
l1 100
2 2 101  100 1
For an ideal gas   t2  t1      t2  t1  
100 100
CP  CV  R  CP  CV +R  3R+R
1 1 10000
CP  4R C 4  t 2  t1    6

  P  100   100  25  10 25
CV 3
 t2  t1   4000 C

Page No: 29
1. Derive an expression for the pressure of an ideal gas Or
2
in a container from kinetic theory and hence give Px  Py  Pz Nm  v 1  Nm   2
kinetic interpretation of temperature? P P or P   v
A) Consider a cubical vessel each of side l as shown in the 3 3V N 3 V 
2
figure N m 2  Nm  v
Then volume of the vessel V=l3 P 
N  3V
  3V N
v 
Let m is the mass of each molecule and N is the total 2
number of molecules in the gas. Let the mean square velocity of the molecules v  v2
N
Consider a molecule of the gas moving with velocity v. Nm 2
Let vx , v y and vz are the rectangular components of v Then P  v but Nm= mass of the gas M
3V
along OX, OY and OZ, then v2=vx2+vy2+vz2……….(1)
Mv 2 1 2  2  here 1
Consider the molecule with horizontal component of P   mv   mv 2 =KE of the gas
3V 2  3V  2
velocity vx colliding the face ‘E’ of the vessel elastically
Then P  K E  2  (or) P V  2 K E
Before collision momentum of the molecule =m vx   3
 3V 
After collision momentum of the molecule = -m vx But PV=RT 2
 RT  KE
Change in momentum of the molecule 3
P   mvx   mvx   2mvx (or) KE  T
the average KE of a gas is directly proportional to
absolute temperature of the gas
2. A refrigerator is to maintain eatables kept inside at
90C. If room temperature is 360C, calculate the
coefficient of performance
A) The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator
T2
 
V T1  T2
E Here T1=273+36 = 309K, T2=273+9=282 K
Momentumimparted to the face ‘E’ of the vessel by one N 282 282
    10.4
collision of the molecule = 2m vx K 309  282 27
Suppose the molecule come back and colliding the face A 3. Find the external work done by the system in kcal,
when 20 kcal of heat is supplied to the system the
‘F’ and agin collinding face ‘E’ in time interval  t. T
increase in its internal energy is 8400J. (J= 4200
2 l where 2l is ditance between E and F E J/kcal)
 t  ; S A) From the first law of thermodynamics,
vx
H Q   U  w
The force exerted on the face ‘E’ due to one molecule is
given by Given  U  8400 J  8400  2 kcal ,  Q  20 kcal
4200
2 mv x 2 mv x mv x2 The external work done
Fx   
t 2l / v x l W  Q  U  20  2  18cal
Now the total force exerted on ‘E’ by all the molecules 4. Find the efficiency of a heat engine if the temperature
with component of velocity along OX is given by of the source is 1000C and sink is 270C

mv x2 m  T2
Fx     v x2 A) Formula:   1 
l l T1
Now pressure exerted by rge above force on face ‘E’ is Given T1=373K, T2=300K
given by 300
 1  1  0 .8 0 4 3  0 .1 9 5 7 ( o r )   1 9 .5 7 %
m 2 373
Fx vx m  m 
Px   l 2  3 vx2  vx2
areaof faceE l l V
m 2 m 
Similary, Py   vy and Pz   vz2
V V
Sice the pressure exerted by gas molecules is the same in
all the directions, we have
Px  P y  Pz  P ( sa y ) Then, Px  P y  Pz  3 P
Px  Py  Pz m m
P
3

3V
 vx2  vy2  vz2   v 2
3V

Page No: 30