Power System Analysis
Symmetrical Fault
Analysis
1
Fault
The operation of a power system departs from normal after the occurrence of a
fault. Faults give rise to abnormal operating conditions – usually excessive currents
and voltages at certain points on the system – which are guarded against with
various types of protective equipment.
Most of the faults on the power system lead to a short-circuit condition. When
such a condition occurs, a heavy current (called short circuit current) flows through
the equipment, causing considerable damage to the equipment and interruption of
service to the consumers. There is probably no other subject of greater importance
to an electrical engineer than the question of determination of short circuit
currents under fault conditions. The choice of apparatus and the design and
arrangement of practically every equipment in the power system depends upon
short circuit current considerations.
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Fault studies form an important part of power system analysis and the problem
consists of determining bus voltage and line current during faults. The three-
phase fault information is used to select and set phase relays.
Fault studies are used for proper choice of circuit breakers and protective
relaying.
Broadly speaking the faults can be classified as:
1. Shunt faults (short circuits).
2. Series faults (open conductor).
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Series Fault
1
Shunt Fault
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𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑: 𝐼𝑔 = ? , 𝐼 𝒎 =? ; 𝐼𝐹 = ?
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝟏. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕
𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐼𝐿. 𝑃𝑈 =
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟓 𝑨
( . )
𝑃
𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
3𝑉𝐿 𝑥 𝑝. 𝑓
10 𝑥 10
𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = ∠ cos 0.8
3(11 𝑥 10 𝑉)(0.8)
𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝟔𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟕𝟗∠𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝟗°𝐀
656.079∠36.869°𝐴
𝐼𝐿. 𝑃𝑈 =
912.085 𝐴
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𝐼𝐿. 𝑃𝑈 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟗∠𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝟗° 𝒑𝒖
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑: 𝐼𝑔 = ? , 𝐼 𝒎 =? ; 𝐼𝐹 = ?
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝟐. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒓𝒆 − 𝒇𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕:
𝑉𝑓 11 𝑥 10
𝑉𝑓. 𝑃𝑈 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖∠𝟎°
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 12.66 𝑥 10
𝟑. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒖𝒃 − 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓:
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐾𝑉𝐿 @ 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 1:
𝐸𝑔. 𝑝𝑢" − 𝐼𝐿. 𝑃𝑈(𝑗0.15 + 𝑗0.10 + 𝑗0.08 + 𝑗0.10) − 𝑉𝑓 .pu
𝐸𝑔. 𝑝𝑢" = 0.8688 + 0.719∠36.869°(𝑗0.43) = 𝟎. 7267∠𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝟕°
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐾𝑉𝐿 @ 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 2:
𝑉𝑓. 𝑝𝑢 − 𝐼𝐿. 𝑃𝑈(𝑗0.15) − 𝐸𝑚. 𝑝𝑢”
𝐸𝑚. 𝑝𝑢" = 0.8688 − 0.719∠36.869°(𝑗0.15) = 𝟎. 9375∠ − 𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟐°
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𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑: 𝐼𝑔 = ? , 𝐼 𝒎 =? ; 𝐼𝐹 = ?
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝟒. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕:
𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙" = 𝐼𝑝𝑢 𝑥 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐸𝑔. 𝑝𝑢" 0.7267∠19.907°
𝐼𝑔. 𝑝𝑢" = =
𝑍𝑔. 𝑝𝑢 𝑗0.15 + 𝑗0.10 + 0.08 + 𝑗0.10
𝐼𝑔. 𝑝𝑢" = 1.69∠ − 70.092°
𝐼𝑔. 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙" = 1.69∠ − 70.092°𝑥 912.085𝐴
𝐼𝑔. 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙" = 1541.464∠ − 𝟕𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐°𝑨 𝟓. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕:
𝐸𝑚. 𝑝𝑢" 0.9375∠ − 5.282° 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑔 " + 𝐼𝑚"
𝐼𝑚. 𝑝𝑢" = = 𝐼𝑓 = 1.69∠ − 70.092° + 6.25∠ − 95.282°
𝑍𝑚. 𝑝𝑢 𝑗0.15
𝐼𝑚. 𝑝𝑢" = 6.25∠ − 95.282° 𝐼𝑓 = 7.813∠ − 90°
𝐼𝑓. 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 7.813∠ − 90° 𝑥 912.085𝐴
𝐼𝑚. 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙" = 6.25∠ − 95.282°𝑥 912.085𝐴
𝐼𝑓. 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟖∠ − 𝟗𝟎° 𝑨
𝐼𝑚. 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙" = 𝟓𝟕𝟎𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟔∠ − 𝟗𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟐° 1
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𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑: 𝐼𝑔 = ? , 𝐼 𝒎 =? ; 𝐼𝐹 = ?
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚:
𝟏. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒊𝒏 𝒔 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
(𝑗0.15 + 𝑗0.10 + 𝑗0.08 + 𝑗0.10)(𝑗0.15)
𝑍𝒕𝒉 =
𝑗0.15 + 𝑗0.10 + 𝑗0.08 + 𝑗0.10 + 𝑗0.15
𝑍𝒕𝒉 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝒑𝒖
𝐸𝑇𝐻 0.8688
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = = = 7.813∠ − 𝟗𝟎°
𝑍𝑇𝐻 𝑗0.1112
𝟐. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 (𝑪𝑫𝑻):
𝑍2 𝑗0.15
𝐼𝑔𝑓. 𝑝𝑢" = 𝐼𝑇 𝑥 = 7.813∠ − 90°( )
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 𝑗0.43 + 𝑗0.15
𝐼𝑔𝑓. 𝑝𝑢" = 2.0206∠ − 𝟗𝟎°
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𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑: 𝐼𝑔 = ? , 𝐼 𝒎 =? ; 𝐼𝐹 = ?
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚:
𝟐. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒕
𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 (𝑪𝑫𝑻):
𝑍1 𝑗0.43
𝐼𝑚. 𝑝𝑢" = 𝐼𝑇 𝑥 = 7.813∠ − 90°( )
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 𝑗0.43 + 𝑗0.15
𝐼𝑚. 𝑝𝑢" = 5.7925∠ − 𝟗𝟎°
𝑨𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔 𝒘𝒉𝒚 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕:
𝐼𝑔"= Igf" + 𝐼𝐿𝑝𝑢 = 2.0206∠ − 90° + 0.719∠36.869°
𝐼𝑔"= 1.69∠ − 70.092°
𝐼𝑚"= Imf" − 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝑝𝑢 = 5.7925∠ − 90° − 0.719∠36.869°
𝐼𝑚"= 6.25∠ − 95.282°
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆: 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒏𝒐 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕. 1
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w/o reactor w/ reactor
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w/o reactor
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w/ reactor
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w/ reactor
