Historical Background of Russia

The area that is today the country of Russia has been inhabited by people for thousands of

years.Its history is decorated with colorful leaders,global and continental wars and the dramatic

comparison of brilliant cultures with brutality and poverty.

From the beginning of 16th century through the mid of 17th century,Russia was an average

annually added territory equivalent to the size of Netherlands ,and it continued expanding until

World War 1. No to other state in the world history has expanded so consistently.

Russia was never a nation-state but was an empire from the beginning.

Periodic History of Russia

1. Grand Duchy of Moscow

(1283-1547)

2. Tsardom of Russia

(1547-1721)

3. Russian Empire

(1721-1917)

4. Soviet Russia

(1917-1922)

5. Soviet Union

(1922-1991)

6. Russian Federation

(1991- present)

Ancient Russia was called Rus which was later on in 15th century named as Rossiya by Grand

Duchy of Moscow. Russian empire was converted into soviet Russia/Unionby Valdimir Lenin

after the 1917 revolution,which was later on in 199 splitted into 15 independent countries

namely:
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Latvia,

Lithuania,Moldova,Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

After 1991,Rossiya was named as Russian by federation which was the largest of the 5 republics

that made up the USSR.This republic was dominating in GDP, military and politics. After

becoming a sovereign state its first direct presidential elections were held in June 1991.

POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SOVIET UNION

The political system of the Soviet Union took place in a federal single-party soviet socialist

republic framework which was characterized by the superior role of the Communist Party of the

Soviet Union, the only party permitted by the Constitution. The Communist Party of the Soviet

Union was the sole governing party of the Soviet Union until 1990 when the Congress of

People's Deputies, which was the highest body of state authority of the Soviet Union from 1989

to 1991, modified Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution, which had previously granted the

Communist Party of the Soviet Union a monopoly over the political system.

The Congress of Soviets was the supreme organ of power in accordance with Article 8

of the 1924 Soviet Constitution. The Congress was replaced in the 1936 Soviet Constitution by

the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. In accordance with Article 30, it functioned as the

highest state authority and the only legislative branch of the Soviet Union. The Supreme Soviet

consisted of two chambers, the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities which had

equal rights and an equal number of deputies. The Soviet of the Union was elected by

constituencies with equal populations while the Soviet of Nationalities was elected on the basis

of the following representation as 32 deputies from each Union Republic, 11 deputies from each

autonomous republic, five deputies from each autonomous region and one deputy from each

autonomous area.
 According to the 1924 Soviet Constitution, the executive branch was headed by the Council

of People's Commissars. In the 1977 Soviet Constitution, the Council of Ministers was the head

of the executive branch. The Council of Ministers was formed at a joint meeting of the Soviet of

the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities. The Council of Ministers regularly reported to the

Supreme Soviet on its work. In 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev created the office of the President of

the Soviet Union, the head of the executive branch. In the meantime, the Council of Ministers

was dissolved and replaced by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Soviet Union. The new cabinet

was headed by the Premier.

The Supreme Court was the highest judicial body in the country as it supervised the

administration of justice by the courts of the Soviet Union and its soviet republics within the

limits of established law. The leadership of the Supreme Court was elected by the Supreme

Soviet.

POLITICAL SYSTEM OF MODERN RUSSIA

After the Cold War, the politics of Russia took place in the framework of the federal semi-

presidential republic of Russia. According to the Constitution of Russia, the President of Russia

is head of state, and of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the government,

headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President with the parliament's approval.

The 1993 constitution declares Russia a democratic, federative, law based state with a

republican form of government. State power is distributed among the legislative, executive and

judicial branches.

Russia's legislative body was established by the constitution approved in the December

1993 referendum. The 616-member parliament, termed the Federal Assembly, consists of two

houses, the 450-member State Duma (the lower house) and the 166-member Federation

Council (the upper house).The Federal Assembly is prescribed as a permanently functioning

body, meaning that it is in continuous session except for a regular break between the spring and

fall sessions.The two chambers of the Federal Assembly possess different powers and

responsibilities, with the State Duma the more powerful. The Federation Council deals primarily

with issues of concern to the subnational jurisdictions. The legislative process in Russia

includes three hearings in the State Duma, then approvals by the Federation Council, the upper

house and sign into law by the President.

The 1993 constitution created a dual executive consisting of a president and prime

minister, with the president as the dominant figure. This executive branch implements laws in

the country.

The Judiciary of Russia is defined under the Constitution and law of Russia with a

hierarchical structure with the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and Supreme Court of

Arbitration at the apex. The Supreme Court is the highest court of Russia, consisting of 19

judges. It deals with the federal issues. The Constitutional Court is for resolving the

constitutional cases. Judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and of the

Supreme Court of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Federal Council of the Federal

Assembly of the Russian Federation on proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

Economy of Russia

Russia's vast geography is an important determinant of its economic activity.Russia is a

permanent and influential member of the nuclear club.

Russia have an upper-middle,mixed and transitional economy with enormous natural resources,

particularly oil and natural gas.Russia contains over 30% of world's natural resources. Russia is

considered as an energy super power.

Russia"s economy is mainly based on exports like natural gas, petroleum, arms industry and

high tech military equipments(fighter jet,nuclear powered marines,firearms and short/long range

ballistic missiles.It's GDP is made up of ;

 1. Agriculture

2. Industrial sector

3. Service sector

Russia is an emerging market economy, considered as 5th largest economy in

Europe and 11th largest by GDP.But still it's impact on the world economically is

weaker than it's impact on the world geopolitically.

Facts about Russia

1. Moscow the capital of Russia have more billionaires per capita than any

other city of the world.

2. Moscow has the 3rd busiest metro in the world.

3. Russians are taught not to smile in school.

4. Russians have alot of superstitions.

5. Russians bride gor for a city tour after their marriage.

6. Russians women walk around in 6-inch heels.

7. If you took 6 minutes to look into the exhibit in the hermitage,it would

take you 6 years to look into the whole museum because its very big.

8. The village of suzdal is only 15 kilometers bit has an incredible 53

churches.

9. St.petersburg has three times as many bridges ans venice.

10. The Trans-Siberian railway crosses 8 time zones,goes through 87

countries and towns,and cross 16 rivers including the Volga.

FOREIGN RELATIONS OF USSR(1945-

1991):
Soviet Union better known as USSR was a communist-socialist state that comprised of Eastern
Europe and existed from 1922-1991.

FOREIGN POLICY OF USSR:

Foreign policy of Soviet Union was based on Peaceful coexistence(peaceful relations with
capitalist states) and Proletarian Internationalism(communist revolution) based on Vladimir
Lenin’s Decree of Peace. Marxist-Leninist strengthened different aspects of political culture
which created a sense of competition with other states. The general goals of this foreign were
structuralized in 1986. The most important factor of this policy was to promote communism.
Apart from this,other highlitening goals include demolishing the threat of world
war,disarmament,supporting the world socialist system,having peaceful relations with third
world countries,peaceful coexistence etc. These goals were set up in the terms of priorities.
These priorities included relations with the US,relations with Eastern Europe through the
Warsaw Pact,relations with Western Europe and states on the southern border. States nearer were
given fourth priority. With the passage of time, the ranking of these priorities changed but two of
them remained the same; national security and authority over Eastern Europe.

USSR-Pakistan Relations:
USSR and Pakistan official and diplomatic relations were first set on May 1,1948. But these
relations have been through ups and downs over the years. Soviet Union considered Muslim
League as a tool for British and did not send any welcoming message to the founder of
Pakistan,Muhammad Ali Jinnah. In April 1948,after the death of Jinnah, Soviet Union sent an
invitation to then-Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaqat Ali Khan. At the UN Economic And Social
Commission For Asia And Far East, Pakistan’s foreign officers asked for aid from the states
around the world but Soviet Union did not respond. Apart from this, Soviet Union remained
neutral during the First Kashmir War(1947-1948). In 1948, Pakistan looked forward to having
diplomatic relations with Soviet Union but Soviet Union remained quiet. In 1949,after
witnessing the healthy relations developing between India and the U.S, Soviet Union invited
Liaqat Ali Khan to visit Moscow without setting any dates and plans. Liaqat Ali Khan rejected
the invitation and visited the U.S on May 7,1949. The reason behind this visit was the need of
military,economic and technical aid. In 1954, Pakistan became a member of CENTO and
SEATO which was rejected by Soviet Union. In 1955,then-Prime Minister Huseyn Suhrawardy
tried to improve relations between the two states. From 1956-1958, Soviet Union offered help in
many on-going developments in Pakistan including the formation of Nuclear power and
Pakistan’s first steel mills.

After the military coup d'etat in Pakistan,relations between the countries improved. But they
worsened after the U-2 incident that occured between Soviet Union and U.S.A in which Pakistan
supported the U.S.A. As a result, Soviet Union backed Indian Army during the Indo-Pak 1965
War. USSR supported India in 1971 Indo-Pak war. India was provided with nuclear missiles.
The independence of Bangladesh was also supported by Soviet Union,one of the ways to weaken
its enemies.
Relations between the two states were built on mutual cooperation in the era of Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto,when he relieved Pakistan from SEATO and CENTO. He visited Soviet Union and
several agreements were made between the two states.It was the result of this approach that
Soviet Union not only helped Pakistan build its Steel mill but also sent many experts. After the
execution of Z.A.Bhutto in 1979,these relations deteriorated.

After involvement of Soviet Union in Afghanistan,Pakistan in the era of General Zia Ul Haq,
strongly supported the Islamist Mujahideen to take revenge of support of India in 1971 war.
Alongside with U.S.,Pakistan provided nuclear weapons to Islamist Mujahideen in Afghanistan.
Benazir Bhutto also backed the Islamist Mujahideen and attacked the Soviet army even though
they failed.Later on,in the end years of cold war,Soviet Union announced to establish a nuclear
power plant in Karachi but no interesr was shown from Pakistani side.

USSR-US RELATIONS:
USSR and US had bitter relations during the cold war. Both the states were struggling to
influence the whole world. This created a geopolitical,economical,political and nuclear arms race
between the two states. The United States started the Marshall Plan to economically help
Western Europe which was rejected by Soviet Union due to opposing ideologies.US launched
NATO,a military agreement with the Western bloc, which was countered by Soviet Union with
the Warsaw Pact,an alliance with Western bloc. In 1969, US President Richard Nixon along with
his top adviser Henry Kissinger took steps for relaxation of tensions(Détente) between the two
states. They were of the view that these two states should not let other rivals overcome
them.During this period,different treaties were signed which included SALT I and Helsinki
Accords. Between 1972 to 1974,different summits were arranged between the two states. A
direct hotline was installed for easy interaction between Soviet Union and the US.It was the
result of this relaxation that soviet union agreed to grant free elections in Europe. But after
Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, relations between the USSR and the US started deteriorating
as they considered it as Soviet Union’s military superiority over that of the United States. Apart
from this,after Ronald Reagen became president of the US,the relaxation in cold war came to an
end as he considered the Détente as a source of attainment of goals for Soviet Union. All the
negotiations and treaties came to an end and in 1983,these two powers almost came at the brink
of nuclear war.In December 1989,at Malta Summit,heads of both the states announced the end
of cold war.In 1991,both countries became partners against Iraq in the Gulf War. It is thought
that the cold war actually ended after the dissolution of Soviet Union.

USSR-UK RELATIONS:
Relations between USSR and UK were tensed during the cold war era. A lot of syping activities
were exchanged between the two states. In 1978, A Soviet spy agency were suspected of the
murder of a Bulgarian writer,Georgi Markov. During 1980s,then-British Prime Minister attained
a highly anti-communist policy. British supported Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan war,
sending them arms and weapons. These relations improved in 1985 when Mikhail Gorbachev
came into power.

USSR AND EASTERN EUROPEAN:

Central and Eastern Europe was dominated by USSR during Cold war. To counter military
alliance of Western Europe in the form of NATO,they formed The Warsaw Pact,a military
alliance of communist states. This pact limited the freedom of speech,prevention of opposoing
parties to gain power and monitoring citizens by sending spies. The states which were included
in this Pact were Bulgaria,Romania,Hungary,East Germany,Poland,Albania(till
1960),Yougoslavia(till 1948). These states are also reffered to be as satellite states; states who
are heavily under political and military control from outside.Soviet union used Eastern bloc for
its own recovery.It had its involvement in space and technology,military and indusrties. Two of
the countries among the satellite states including Yougoslavia and Albania crushed the Warsaw
Pact due to regional political disagreements. The warsaw pact was dissolved af

Relations of Russian federation :

● Foreign policy are the guidelines for a country to present their mottos and goals in
international world and to decide their path.
● ARISE OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THEIR NEW
BEGINNINGS:
Russian fedration was the new form of devastated USSR. They tried hard to reshape
their state for two main reasons. Which are:
● To rehabiliate their state and to make it a rising power again as it was once, A super
power!
● To avoid all those mistakes which lead to their fall.
For this they reformed their foreign policy, following are the main points:

MAIN POINTS:
● Guiding principle
● The modern world and foreign policy of Russian federation
● The priorities of the russian fedration in resolving global problems.
● Forming a new world order.
● Strengthen international security.
● International economic relations
● Human rights and international relations
● Information support for foreign policy activities.
● Regional priorities
● The shaping and implementation of foreign policy of the russian fedration.
OUT COMES :
Federal laws, other legislative acts and concepts of national security to empower federal
bodies and to strengthen state were the highlighting points of their policy. Also to
strengthen the international position of Russia in external world was their main motto.
To preserve sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state and they emphasis on
making Russia as the centre of modern world which were necessary for the growth of its
political, economical, intellectual and spiritual potential. To form good relations with
other countries also to prevent conflicts and develop good neighbours belt in the region
was included in the foreign policy of Russia. To protect and to uphold the rights of theirs
citizens in any possible way as well as their oversea citizen’s rights were also the part of
their policy. On lighter note to introduce russian language and promote Russia culture to
neglect negativity and spread positive image of Russia in international world were
highlighted in russian foreign policy.
Relations of russian fedration and international world:
● RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND PAKISTAN :
After the dismissed of former USSR the world dynamics changed with regards to politics
and international relations. The renovated and reshaped foreign policy of Russia placed
south Asia 7th out of 10th in the priorities list.
Talking specifically about Pakistan, the ice melts in 1992, neglecting the harshness of
past in NOV, 1992 sardar asif ali, state minister of Pakistan for economic affairs paid his
visit to Moscow to give a fresh friendly direction to Islamabad – Moscow relations. In
reciprocation russian vice president Alexander rutskoi visited Pakistan in december
1992. Moscow new appraisals considered Islamabad as a crucial factor to any
political settlement in Kabul, where their defeat started , inclusive of its help to
Moscow to get back its Russian POWs. The joint communicated press released
at the time of Rutskoi’s visit said that it was the policy of the Russian government
‘to develop relations with Muslim states on new principles besides of and
ideological differences and based good will and mutual benefits.
Russia and Pakistan international conference held in Moscow in April 1992.
Another visit invitation was given by russian president Boris yelst to Pakistani
prime minster Benazir bhutto,which was laterly cancelled due to Pakistan’s
domestic issues.
3-5 July 1994,
Foreign minister of pakistan sardar asif ali visited again Moscow and talk to his
counterpart Andrei Kozyrev.
24 September, 1995,
Leader of Russia parliamentary delegation Alexander Vengerovsky visited
pakistan and agree on supply of military hardware to pakistan and also to provide
technological access to Pakistani market.
April, 1999,
Nawaz Sharif visited Moscow, was the first premier visit by any pakistani in last
25 years.
● OVER VIEW OF PAKISTAN AND RUSSIA RELATIONS:
After cold war the dynamics of world politics got changed. It was focused by Russia to
make a constructive relations with regional world specifically with pakistan and India.
They provide pakistan with military hardware and to provide support to pakistani
markets. Also they invite both pakistan and india, and made them the offer to play a
role in Kashmir issue. Official visits were made. But ups and down were in the relation
ship due Russia ‘s strong partnerships with india and also the interference of
international world in Pakistan’s affair made it difficult for both the countries to make a
long lasting friendship.
● RUSSIA AND EUROPEAN UNION:
EU and Russia assimilate each other as partner on international scene and band on a
numbers of issues of mutual interest
POLITICAL RELATION:
-The delegation cover political life in the country including issues relating to areas of
human rights, justice, freedom ,security and development in Russia's foreign and
defence) policy
 -Russia is EU's largest neighbour which has been editorialize In extensive corporation
and exchange over 25 years prior to the current crisis. Russia is key player in in UN
security council and due to history geographic proximity and cultural link is one of the
key player in Europe and its neighbourhood
-Russia is also major supplier of energy products to EU and a larger dynamic marketer
for EU goods and service with considerable economic growth.
ECONOMIC AND TRADE RELATION:
Positive authority on bilateral economic and relations of Russia joining the WTO in 2012
has unfortunately been compressed by consequences of localization and import
substitution policy data continues to pursue. likewise, unless dynamic Russia economy
(partly duo difficult political environment) has been a limiting factor in the bilateral
trade within EU.
In this context in addition Russia adopted a series of laws aiming at reducing the shares
of imported products in various sectors.
E.g:
wines and spirits or seed for planting. Gases emissions Russia is the world's fifth largest
emitter country after China ,the US, the EU and India.
TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL COOPERATION:
The nature of EU and russia cooperation change following the end of TACIS.
For already near a decade, available EU-funding for cooperation with Russia has been
largely channelled to support ongoing policy dialogues in the framework of EU Russia
common spaces and the partnership for modernisation.
The EU also provide support to civil society in Russia via the European instrument for
democracy and human rights and civil society organization and also support policy
dialogues via the partnership.
● Russia and USA relations :

The United States has long sought a full and constructive relationship with Russia.

POST USSR RELATIONS : Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the US tries to
make a bilateral strategy to facilitate cooperation on global issues and promote foreign
investment and trade. The United States supported Russia’s integration into European union
and global institutions and a deepened bilateral partnership in security cooperation to
reinforce the foundations of stability and predictability. While on other hand Russia rejected
their approach as they were thinking that US is doing this favour for their own unilateral
interests.
DISINTEGRATION OF RELATIONS: In 2014 Russia violet the sovereignty and territorial
integration of Ukraine due to which US downgraded bilateral relations with Moscow and also
cancel the president commission jointly founded in 2009 by the United States and Russia to
promote cooperation between the two countries.
RUSSIAN RESPONSES :Russia on other hand to make its state a competitor to US, started a
new hybrid tool, undermining of international system while also continue aggression in
Ukraine and Georgia. Russia’s campaign aims to undermine core institutions of the West,
such as NATO and the EU, and to weaken faith in the democratic and free-market system.
Russia’s aggressive foreign policy is driven at least in part by an effort to use foreign
adventurism to distract from significant domestic political and economic issues. The Kremlin
increasingly relies on repression to stifle civil society and critical voices, even using the
COVID-19 pandemic as a justification to further restrict freedom of expression and assembly.
New constitutional amendments approved Putin to be the lead head of state up to
2036,which will be remained a challenge for the US.
BILATERAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS:

Due to Russian violation in Ukraine, Us cancelled all the bilateral economic relations with
Russia. And also allegation of mistreatment of US investors were filled against Russia, at the
same time they emphasised Russia to provide investors friendly climate to the foreign
investors.
In 2014, Russian government faced a huge reduction in its financing, energy, defence and
also limited its access to technologies in these sectors. Due to the sanctions enforced by EU
and US. Also US imposed a number of unilateral sanctions on Russian entities using
administrative action and legislation
EFFECTS OF SANCTIONS :
A combination of low oil prices, structural limitations, and sanctions pushed Russia into a
deep recession in 2015, with the economy contracting by four percent that year and one
percent in 2016.
Russia’s Status in International Organizations
● ROLE OF RUSSIA IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS: Russia play a very significant
role in international world politics. Following are details.
● Russia is the permanent member of UN security council. And also member of Europe
council.
● Russia’s participation in the G8 (now G-7) was suspended in March 2014 in response
to its violation in Ukraine .
Russia is not a member of NATO, NATO suspended all practical civilian and military
cooperation with Russia as a result of Russia’s 2014 actions in Ukraine; however, military
communications channels remain opened between Russia and NATO.
● Russia is the part of OSCE(organisation for security and cooperation in Europe ), Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and East Asia
Summit (EAS), and an observer state to the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
Russia also takes part in a number of regional organizations including the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Eurasian Economic Community, the
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), and the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO).
● RELATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND UNITED KINGDOM (UK) :
Russia–United Kingdom relations, also Anglo-Russian relations, involve the bilateral
relationship between the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom.
 Russia and UK relations were cold before, but the new Russian federation tries to broke
the ice and to make a friendly relations with great Britain. Here are the main events
follow up:
● U.k Prime Minister Boris Johnson with Russian President Vladimir Putin at the Libya
Conference, January 2020.
The start of 21 century brought a strain in the Moscow - UK relations when a Russian,
Alexander Litvinenko was poisoned in 2006,also Russia face the same backlash from
Britain due to Ukraine crisis in (13-14). Russian activities, such as the suspected poisoning
of Sergei and yulia Skripal, seen as hostile by the UK and by many in the Western world.
In this regard of the poisoning, 28 countries expelled suspected Russian spies acting as
diplomats.
● RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIA AND RUSSIA :
India-Russian relations )are the bilateral relations between India and Russia. . After the
Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia continues its inherited friendly relations with India
sharing a very special bond . Russia and India both term this relationship as a "special
and privileged strategic partnership". Owing this Special relations, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi and President Vladimir Putin, the bilateral relationship has seen further
growth and development. An informal meeting between them in 2018 at Sochi helped
accelerate the partnership, displaying the role of interaction and cooperation between
India and Russia
OFFICIAL VISITS:
President Vladimir Putin of Russia and Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India, during a
state visit to India in 2014.
Politics, anti-terrorism cooperation, civil nuclear energy, defence and space are the major
components of Delhi – Moscow relations.
TRADE:
Sixth components, trade was added to the bilateral relations. economic component has
grown in importance, with both countries setting a target of reaching US$30 billion in
bilateral trade by 2025, from about US$9.4 billion in the year 2017.In order to meet this
goal, both countries are looking to develop a free trade agreement. Bilateral trade
between both countries in 2012 grew by over 24%.
INTERNATIONAL SUPPORTS:
IRIGC (India-Russia Intergovernmental Commission) is the main body that conducts affairs at
the governmental level between both countries.
● Both countries are members of many international bodies where they collaborate
closely on matters of shared national interest. Important examples include the UN,
BRICS, G20 and SCO.Russia has stated publicly that it supports India receiving a
permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. In addition, Russia has
 expressed interest in joining SAARC with observer status in which India is a founding
member.
DEFENCE SECTOR:
India is the second largest market for the Russian defence industry. In 2017,
approximately 68% of the Indian Military's hardware import came from Russia, making
Russia the chief supplier of defence equipment.
OVER VIEW:
According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 85% of Russians view India positively, with
only 9% expressing a negative view.
● RELATIONS OF RUSSIA AND TURKEY
Turkish president rajab tayyab Erdogan met Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin in 2020, to
make a new arise to Moscow-Istanbul relations.
NEW DYNAMICS AND POST USSR RELATIONS :
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, relations between Turkey and
Russia improved significantly and the two countries came to rank among each other's
largest trade partners. Russia became Turkey's largest provider of energy, while many
Turkish companies began to operate in Russia. In the 1990s, Turkey became the top
foreign destination for Russian tourists.
CONTROVERSIES :
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Syrian Civil War, Libyan Civil War, the Kosovo conflict and
have opposing views on the Armenian genocide are the issues in which both countries
stands opposite regarding to their foreign policies. Relations were tense following the
Russian fighter jet shoot down in November 2015, becoming normalised again in 2016.
● RELATIONS OF RUSSIA AND SAUDI ARABIA:
Russia–Saudi Arabia relations are the bilateral relationship between Russian Federation
and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The two countries are referred to as the two petroleum
superpowers and account for about a quarter of the world's crude oil production
between them.
Currently the saudi prince Muhammad bin salman and russian president putin paid a
great attention to these relations and want to make it more applicable through trade and
military aspects.
● RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND RUSSIA :
Relations between Russia and china also known as Sino-Russian relations
Diplomatic relations between China and Russia improved after the dissolution of
USSR and the establishment of the Russian Federation in 1991.

CONCLUSION:
Beside these countries russian have a wide range of bilateral relations with other
countries including Germany, France, Canada, japan, north korea, south korea, iran,
middles Eastern countries, African countries and are trying to make sure their compition
over other super powers like china and USA.
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