INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS

DEPARTEMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

NAME ID

AWEL WAFI 2224/14

ADVISOR NAME:Mr.Dagne Wale

NAME OF HOSTING ORGANIZATION : Oromia Broadcating Network(OBN)

SUPERVISOR NAME: Mr.Kamiso Bange & Mr.Gemachis Kumara

DURATION OF INTERNSHIP: 45 days

SUBMISSION DATE:

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

DECLARATION

We declare that this is my final report of the internship program prepared by Awel Wafi 4th year
information technology student at Haramaya university. All sources of materials used on this
paper have been strongly acknowledged and given citation.

Approval of Mentor and Company Supervisor

Mentor’s name: Mr.Dagne Wale

sign___________________

Company supervisor’s name: Mr.Kamiso Bange & Mr.Gemachis Kumara

sign __________________

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is all about the last one/half months internship time experience. . During stayed this
organization we gained a lot of good and important skills that changed our life. The report is all
about the Internship Hosting Company Oromia Broadcasting Network. The report contains
Background history, the main services, the main and over all work flow of the company .The
report also states the overall benefits that we have gained from the internship and the work tasks
that we have done in the last one months/half in every section and some skills knowledge
about the section we attended in the last one months/half. Additionally it includes
recommendation for the company and also the conclusion about the internship. It further
divides the overall benefits in to details and tries to explain them. Lastly reference is part of the
report.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise is due to GOD and we would like to say thanks to our department of information
technology for permitting this field practice. Again, we would like to thank Oromia Broad
casting networking Organization for giving the opportunity to do an internship program within
the organization. we also say thanks to ICT staff employers who are network administrator and
who coordinate the ICT staff employers to give me the practical lab. we need to express our
thanks to all workers of maintenance, ICT and system administration rooms and all technicians
for their special supports during our internship period. At the last, but not the least we are
heartily thanks to my university advisor Mr.Dagne Wale for his support us with his knowledge
by telephone that we ask him at any time.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

LIST OF ACRONYMS

OBN……………………………….…..Oromia Broadcasting Network

STP…………………………….……Shielded Twisted-Pair.

UTP…………………………………Unshielded Twisted-pair

DNS…………………………………..Domain Name System

CPU…………………………………..Central Process Unit

CD-ROM……………………………..Compact Disc, Read-Only-Memory

ICT……………………………………Information Communication Technology

IP………………………………..…….Internet Protocol

LAN…………………………………...Local Area Network

WAN…………………………………..Wide Area Network

RAM……………………………..……Random Access Memory

RJ45………………………….……….Registered Jack

FTP……………………………………File Transfer Protocol

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Oromia broadcasting network(OBN) Logo...............................................................- 2 -

Figure 1.2 Organizational work flow structure...........................................................................- 8 -

Figure 2.1 System administration .............................................................................................- 13 -

Figure 2.2 star topology diagram of ICT ..................................................................................- 15 -

Figure 2.3: Twisted pair cable ..................................................................................................- 16 -

Figure 2.4 Coaxial cable ...........................................................................................................- 17 -

Figure 2.5 Single Fiber Optic Cable .........................................................................................- 17 -

Figure 2.6 Cable tester .............................................................................................................- 19 -

Figure 2.7 Cisco Switch ...........................................................................................................- 19 -

Figure 2.8 Crimper ....................................................................................................................- 19-

Figure 2.9 Trunk cable .............................................................................................................- 20 -

Figure 2.10 Registered jack (RJ-45) ........................................................................................- 20 -

Figure 2.11 Screw driver ..........................................................................................................- 20 -

Figure 2.12 Cutter .....................................................................................................................- 20-

Figure 2.13 Straight through cable color Order........................................................................- 22 -

Figure 2.14 Crossover Cable ....................................................................................................- 23 -

Figure 2.15 Inside a Desktop Computer Case...........................................................................- 26 -

Figure 2.16 Back of Desktop Computer Showing ..................................................................- 28 -

TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents Pages

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................III
LIST OF ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................IV
LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................V
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................- 1 -
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................- 1 -
1.1 Background Of The Organization.....................................................................................- 1 -
1.1.1 Brief history of the company....................................................................................- 1 -
1.1.2 Mission Of Oromia Broadcasting Network................................................................- 2 -
1.1.3 Organizations Strategic Focus Area...........................................................................- 3 -
1.1.4 Vision Of Oromia Broadcasting Network..................................................................- 3 -
1.1.5 Organization Core Values..........................................................................................- 4 -
1.1.6 Product Or Service Of The Oromia Broadcasting Network.......................................- 4 -
1.1.7 The main customer or the end users of the products..................................................- 6 -
1.1.8 The Future Plan Of Oromia Broadcasting Network...................................................- 7 -
1.2 Objective Of Internship.....................................................................................................- 7 -
1.2.1 The Overall Work Flow Of Oromia Broadcasting Network......................................- 8 -
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................- 8 -
2. THE OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE...................................................................- 8 -
2.1 Major duty we were given to perform (section of the company in which we have been
working in)..............................................................................................................................- 8 -
2.2 Orientation With The Responsibilities Of Job..................................................................- 9 -
2.3 The Main Support We Have Obtained From The Supervisor (The role.........................- 10 -
of supervisor in the given assignment/company supervisor)................................................- 10 -
2.4 How Good While We Was Performing Our Task...........................................................- 10 -
2.5 section of the company, we have been working..............................................................- 10 -
2.6 Media automation system (System Administration).......................................................- 11 -
2.6.1 Ingest room...............................................................................................................- 11 -
2.6.2 Preview room...........................................................................................................- 11 -
2.6.3 Audio record room...................................................................................................- 12 -
2.6.4 Editing room.............................................................................................................- 12 -
2.6.5 Avid network............................................................................................................- 12 -
2.6.6Server room...............................................................................................................- 12 -
2.7 Information And Communication Technology Room (ICT)..........................................- 14 -
2.7.1 ICT server room.......................................................................................................- 14 -

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

2.7.2 Networking...............................................................................................................- 16 -
2.7.3 Network cable...........................................................................................................- 21 -
2.8 Telecommunication System............................................................................................- 23 -
2.9 Hardware Maintenance....................................................................................................- 24 -
CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................................- 29 -
3. OVER ALL BENEFIT GAIN FROM INTERNSHIP PROGRAM.....................................- 29 -
3.1 The Skills and Qualifications Gained from the Practice.................................................- 29 -
3.2 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge.................................................................................- 30 -
3.3 Improving interpersonal communication skill................................................................- 30 -
3.4 Improving team playing skills.........................................................................................- 30 -
3.5 Improving leadership skill...............................................................................................- 31 -
3.6 Understanding work ethics..............................................................................................- 31 -
3.7 Entrepreneurship skill......................................................................................................- 32 -
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................- 32 -
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................................- 32 -
4.1 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................- 32 -
4.2 RECOMONDATION......................................................................................................- 33 -
4.2.1 Personal Opinion of the Company and Internship...................................................- 33 -
4.2.2 Consideration of the Company for Future Student Placement.................................- 34 -
4.2.3 Recommendations for Improving the Internship......................................................- 35 -
Reference ..........................................................................................................................- 36 -

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Organization
1.1.1 Brief history of the company
After transitional government / Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia / has started
governing the nations, nationalities and peoples of the country gets chance to use the
broadcast media. At the beginning, all of them broadcast their programs through Ethiopian
Radio and TV organization. The Oromia Regional state also start broadcasting regional
programs since 1989 EC. At the time, it was organized under the Oromia cultural and truism
bureau as one department. Later the radio and TV department was transferred to the Oromia
information and public relation bureau.Oromia Broadcasting Network (OBN) Organization
started November 23, 1999 E.C under Abba DulaGamada, Oromia regional state president in
Oromia region at Adama town. To fulfill the needs and interest of Oromo people by showing
the culture, tradition, historical background, ethics and language of the Oromo people living
inside and outside of the country, which were weakened by early Ethiopian leaders. Oromia
radio is established on March 16, 2000 E.C and Television established on March 16, 2001
E.C. And also Finfinnee FM 92.10MHz is started on February 22, 2002 E.C. Before 2001,
OBN TV is working on ETV media as one program named as STVO. In 2001, OBN became
an independent organization. The fly way of live (oduu) is being started. OBN organized with
resource and human power in August 2002 E.C. At the first time, the organization used to
have both electronic and print media services. Now the organization has only the electronics
media (meaning it has Radio, Television and website). According to the media mapping
survey, it employs are journalist, technician and part timers workers are totally 300 at 2003
E.C. But now the employers are more than 500 workers are there. The government maintains
complete monopoly on television broadcasting, but it has licensed a handful of private radio
stations. The basic function of OBN is to connect people through voice transfer and via radio
and television media is becoming a very common measure of communication in our country.
The number of media user is increasing day to day. It is a very attractive market for mobile
connection providers. Presently there are many branches in the Oromia region. From these,
there are 16 branches of TV transmitter zone; there are 3 AM radio transmitter and nine (9)
FM radio transmitter zone of Oromia regions.
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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

Figure 1.1 Oromia broadcasting network(OBN)Log

1.1.2 Mission Of Oromia Broadcasting Network

Oromia broadcasting network OBN has a government organization it has its own vision and
mission.

The mission of the Oromia Broadcasting Network is to transmit periodical information and
entertainment programs by using electronic media and website that provides awareness of
building good democracy for people as well as to announce Oromo cultures, norms and to create
relationship within country and with outer country. And also to provide current, real and
reasonable information by using electronic media and providing entertainment program that
recreate and educate the public as well as enable them to building democracy and good image of
the region and development of the country. Other missions of OBN are:-
 To increase study, discoveries and innovation

 To develop and organize good experience

 To increase good work and service

 To develop the faithfulness with government

 To develop the participation of customers by advertising their products

 To increase participation of community in all aspects

 To develop work culture of community

 To increase organization of all sectors

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

 To develop and organize good experience

 To increase good work and service

 To increase using and presenting technology material

 To improve the benefit of budget

 To increase revenue of government or country

 To improve the benefit of budget

 To extend and use democratic right of the community

 To increase using and presenting technology material

 To develop the ability of leaders and actors

 To develop work culture of community

1.1.3 Organizations Strategic Focus Area

 Quality and standardize news and programs.

 Increase media coverage

 Improve workers' capacity.

1.1.4 Vision Of Oromia Broadcasting Network

The vision of Oromia Broadcasting Network is became the most preferable media in the Oromia
region, competence within the country and in the east Africa in 2012. The most media have
being developed and movement of social development and give a lot of result in the region In
this year in Oromia region the Oromia Broadcasting Network is the most popular media of
information, competent within country media. And also to be the most chosen and trusted media
in the country as well as prominent in Africa by providing quality, timely, balanced information,

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

news, educational and Entertainment programs by using modern media technology and efficient
internal structure of management system.

1.1.5 Organization Core Values

 Truth telling (Honesty)

 Loyalty
 Participatory

 Commitment

 Professional ethics

 Team work or co-operation(work together)

 Quality service

 Keep the sound of people

 Work for change

 Uncorrupted work

 Make participant

 Reliability

By opening Oromia Broadcasting Network, the country benefits in many directions are:

 It is used as means of income and created number of jobs opportunity for country.
 It advertises the country products to the world market.
 And also announces the country land productivity to attract the investors to the country.
1.1.6 Product Or Service Of The Oromia Broadcasting Network

There are strong and well organized advertising services of different products, like
editing service of news, entertainment, educational thing and other program. There is also
recording services of news, music, entertainments, educational things and other issues like
political, social and cultural issues can be recorded in the organization. Training service
is also given for the workers of the organization. The Transport service is given to the

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

organization workers. The organization is also planned to expand its services in the near
future with respect to its quality and performance as well. Generally products or services of
the organization are:

 Periodical News

 Entertainment

 Advertisement

 Holy Day Programs

 Production

 Renting Studio

 Direct Transmitting information service

 Script writers service

 Documentary film service

 Library services are given for the organization workers.

 Video editing service

 Computer maintenance service

 About Government Issue

 About health

 About agriculture

 upload daily information Oromia Broadcasting Network to website

 In addition to these Oromia Broadcasting Network is giving service by different

language such as:

 Afan Oromo

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

 Amharic

 English

 Somali

 Halaba and others

1.1.7 The main customer or the end users of the products

In all sectors of activities the organization has different users over the country.

The followings are some of the end users of the organizations services and products.

 Government organization and institutes

 Non-government organization and institutes
 Private sectors and NGOs
 Individuals
 Music and video industry holders
 Air time users.
Additionally, through Website from every corner in the world can site the web and
have the service.

 The customers who have opportunity to have internet access it gained any
information about OBN.

 The Organization gives a choice to the service through three languages such as
Afan Oromo, Amharic and English.

The customers gained service from different sites or centers Because OBN has many center
or site in different town of the region for example:-
 Radio transmitting center in: - Nekemte, Finfine and Bale at Am frequency FM
with 5kw and Am with 100kw

 Television transmitting centers in all over the Oromia region. Few of them are:-

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

Adama, Ambo, Adola, Yabelo, Harar, Shashemene, GobaEntot, Furi, Wonchi,

Shambu, Gimbi, Denbidolo, Gore, Chiro and Jimma.

1.1.8 The Future Plan Of Oromia Broadcasting Network

The OBN organization has the following future plan. Such as:

 To improve the quality of news and programs.

 To reach 100% coverage across the region with both radio and television.

 To improve the capacity of journalists and technical staff.

 To improve internal working environment and developing efficient and effective system.

 To improving use of ICT.

 To make its own website radio online entertainment

1.2 Objective Of Internship

Internship has many objectives. From the objective of internship;

 To give additional knowledge to the students

 To know which learned theoretically, by practical

 To visualize the real applications & mistake managements

 To develop the theoretical knowledge

 To improve provisional and personal skills

 Prepare students to the future work

 To ensure the quality and performance of the students

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

 To increase self-confidence of the students

1.2.1 The Overall Work Flow Of Oromia Broadcasting Network

 The general work flow of the Oromia Broadcasting Network is as flows.

Figure 1.2 Organizational work flow structure

CHAPTER TWO

2. THE OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 Major duty we were given to perform (section of the company in which we have
been working in)

The major duties we were assigned are classified into Two parts under department of
technology. Even if department of technology of Oromia Broadcasting Network is classified into
five sub units, two sub units are not concerned with our internship program.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

 Radio Station

 Television station

 Maintenance station

 System administration

 Information and communication technology

When we enter into the organization for the internship our supervisor Mr.Gemechis and
Mr.Kamiso allocated us into two departments. Within one/half months we have worked on each
of the two sections being in two groups of different members in each group. From our daily duty
we developed as

 qualities of ideas

 performance of work

 personal quality

 educational quality and our understanding developed from day to day activities.

These qualities indicates us that we can perform any work which are related to our profession
and over stand challenges of responsibility which given for us. We have learnt how to search a
solution of some relevant problems. So in general this internship program helped us to develop
the qualities of our personality as required.

2.2 Orientation With The Responsibilities Of Job

At the first time we are oriented about the whole system of the organization and the qualification
of the workers. They informed us, the responsibilities and duty for the time we stayed there. In
general we are oriented the whole system of the Oromia mass-media organization, the future
career goals of the organization and the responsibilities and duties which we had there during the
internship period. But the orientation was not need for us only the internship period, also
important for our future life style.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

2.3 The Main Support We Have Obtained From The Supervisor (The role

of supervisor in the given assignment/company supervisor)

 Our supervisor tells us the whole things that he knows, which concern us with related to
the hosting organization.

 He showed us what we want to see

 He answered the question that we raise during the internship period.

 He told technical operation of the studio equipment and their maintenance system of the
equipment.

 He showed us the function, application and purpose of the equipment found in the
organization.

 He also shared us his experiences that he had during his work life.

2.4 How Good While We Was Performing Our Task

As we are stranger for tasks, it was good to develop our abilities .To some extent there is also
confusion in our work. When we take the percentage of goodness of our work almost 80% is
good as much as possible. However, there are some failures. There are also some factors that
cause failures as we are stranger for the companies.

2.5 section of the company, we have been working

The back bone of Oromia Broadcasting Network organization are media technology department,
inside media technology department there are three sub departments which are called media
automation system, ICT service and radio and television broadcasting. And we are assigned in
the two sub departments of the organization. These are:

 Media automation system:- is all about the system administration

 Information communication technology:- is concerned to ICT and all related

issues.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

Within one/half month we have worked on each of the above sections.

2.6 Media automation system (System Administration)

Media automation System is one of the automation systems which is automating media file. To
perform it is task it uses its own application which developed for OBN Company for different
purpose. Also it uses Avid tapeless work flow. Media automation System has seven main
working environments which we will study about:-

 Ingest room
 Preview room
 Audio recorder room
 Editing room
 Avid network server room
 Server room
 Studio room

2.6.1 Ingest room

Data’s are imported from different places through Satellites, Cassette and secondary storage
devices like memories. All data’s are stored in central and shared storage only through ingest
room. Ingesting is capturing recorded media from Video cassettes, Memories, Satellites, and
from remote location through file transfer protocols like FileZilla. While ingesting video file it
requires real time duration of that video using VTR (video Tape Recorder). During ingestion
each files are categorized based on Oromia Broadcasting organization service and stored
according to its classification.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

2.6.2 Preview room

During ingestion time file takes place based on captured amount of data. After ingestion
journalist check his files and select the needed part of this video and collect it in his folder. He
did this task in preview room. He can access and use little amount of transferred files during
ingestion. And also be can trim video timelines which he want to broadcast and also he extract
script by listening sound from video. Software’s used for this purpose is called AVID
Interplay(database) assist. Every journal has own account to access this system.

2.6.3 Audio record room

After preview room Audio recording room contain sound recording device like mic, sound
mixer, and computer with software like Adobe Audition, Audacity to record and edit the audio of
journalists. This room is prepared for recording and editing the sound purpose only. All wall of
this room is covered by sponge and other cardboards, to reduce noise and prevent echo while
recording journalists sound. Every journalist has own account to access this system.

2.6.4 Editing room

Editing room contain workstation with video editing software and speakers. Editors are assigned
on each of them to give the video editing service.

Editing room is one of media automation system rooms in which the media file is edited. This
file is edited on avid news cutter software by editors and then the editor give id for that file and
they send the Meta data of that media file to play out through avid network.

2.6.5 Avid network

Avid network is a network which link computer to share only data between them. Avid network
is land locked network it cannot be connect to internet. Computer in this network is linked by
using hybrid topology. IP address are configured manually and also use class C type IP address.

2.6.6Server room

It is highly secured area. The organization has its own integrated set of information system (ISIS)
to store its data. As it is 24hr working organization, there are many things recorded in day. The
organization has many branches from different zone in Oromia region. At every branch, there is

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

a journal that feed different data to the server through ingest in different way such as internet,
USB flash disk and so on. This room contain same component that is used to store and process
media file. Same component which we will see and learn about:-

ISIS:-Is a storage devices which used to store media file. It has client to map workspace drive to
the clients which is ISIS client

Ingest: - There are four ingest. Each of them contains two channels. So totally, there are eight
channels. It stores media files that are ingested for temporary.

Indexer:-

 It indexes or directs the path where metadata or media file can be accessed.
 It registers the path where both metadata and media file goes while ingesting.
 Then it indexes the between metadata and media files.

Play out:-To output the edited data to broadcast to the air. it stores media files which are sent by
users from assist, access and newscutter but in our case we can only send from newscutter or
disabled for others

Cluster:- Cluster is a set of independent computers that work together with another system to
increase the availability of services and applications. The clustered servers (called nodes) are
connected by physical cables and by software.

Interplay:-

 it stores interplay database ;head fram, metadata and AAF

 control interplay client software like; access, assist and news cutter
 runs and controls interplay engines like ; transfer engine, restore engine and archive
engine.

Look up server(DNS)

 it is the back bone of avid system

 it works as the active directory of avid system:-
 contains the domain control run group policy

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

 contains the list of client computer

 it works as the DNS server of the avid system

Editing
Ingested avid
Row material Central Preview
Server and
storage
archive

Figure 2.1 System administration Play out

2.7 Information And Communication Technology Room (ICT)

In our duration at Oromia Broadcasting Network ICT section, our daily technical duties and
responsibilities were mainly on networking activities and maintenance which includes Crimping
both straight through and cross over UTP cable to RJ45and participating on daily problem
solving activities. The daily technical duties and responsibilities we had and a section we will see
during internship period:-

 ICT server room

 Network sharing
 Hardware maintenance
 Telecommunication system server
 Cable

2.7.1 ICT server room

What is ICT? ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication devices or application,
encompassing; radio, television, cellular phone, computer and network hardware and software,
satellite systems, etc. as well as the various service and applications associated with them.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

ICT is also to refer to the convergence of audio - visual with computer network through a single
cabling or link system. These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting
technologies (radio and television) and telephony. The topology that used in the OBN
organization is the star topology. Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch or
concentrator before continuing to its destination. The advantage of using this topology is Better
performance preventing the passing of data packets through an excessive number of nodes.

Figure 2.2 star topology diagram of ICT

The advantage of using this topology

 Better performance: star topology is preventing the passing of data packets through an
excessive number of nodes.
 Isolation of devices: each device is inherently isolated by the link that connects it to the
hub.
 Easy to faults and to remove parts.
 Installation and configuration are easy.
 No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing device
Disadvantage of using star topology
 Reliance on central device: star topology relies on the central devices.
 High cost.
 Limited number for nodes.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

This room contain same component that is used to give internet and SMS service to the
company. Same component which we will see and learn about:

Filezilla Server:-Is a server which used to receive file from zone.

Sms server:- Sms server is aserver which used to store short message comes from client and it
can be accessed only inside the company. To perform it is task telecommunication line is
connected to it and it takes ip address from main router.

Security camera server:-Security camera server is a computer which use window server 2012
operating system and used to control the environment.

Server access control:-This is a server which control access of employee to different room. This
server supported by window server 2012 operating system and security view software to perform
it is task.

2.7.2 Networking

Networking is one the subsections that we have seen in the ICT department.

Cable: There are three types of cable.

 Twisted-Pair Cable:- A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper),

each with its own plastic insulation, twisted together. It is the most common guided
transmission medium. It is used as medium in the telephone network , communications
within buildings .It is much less expensive than the other commonly used guided
transmission media (coaxial cable, optical fiber) .
 It divided in to two shielded and unshielded the device which used to cut the Twisted-
pair cable is called crimper.

Figure 2.3: Twisted pair cable

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN 2024

 Coaxial Cable:- Coaxial cable (or coax) carries signals of higher frequency ranges
than those in twisted-pair cable, in part because the two media are constructed quite
differently. Instead of having two wires, coax has a central core conductor of solid or
stranded wire (usually copper) enclosed in an insulating sheath, which is, in turn,
encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, braid, or a combination of the two. The
outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second
conductor, which completes the circuit. This outer conductor is also enclosed in an
insulating sheath, and the whole cable is protected by a plastic cover.
 Coaxial Cable is used to connect for the satellite dish into decoder. The device which
used to cut the coaxial cable is machines or motordriver. It is very expensive.

Figure 2.4 Coaxial cable

Advantages of coaxial cables

● can be used over longer distances
● support more stations on a shared line than twisted pair.
● operate over a wider range of frequencies
● much less susceptible to interference and crosstalk than twisted pair.
Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics
● superior frequency characteristics compared to Twisted Pair
● performance is limited by attenuation & noise
● For analog signals, amplifiers to be placed at every few km
● For digital signals, repeaters to be placed at every 1km

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 Fiber-Optic Cable:- A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits

signals in the form of light. This device is used to consume network from Tele, the
data in the form of light.

Figure 2.5 Single Fiber Optic Cable

Advantages: Fiber-optic cable has several advantages over metallic cable (twisted-
pair or coaxial).
● Higher bandwidth: Fiber-optic cable can support dramatically higher
bandwidths(and hence data rates) than either twisted-pair or coaxial cable.
● Less signal attenuation: Fiber-optic transmission distance is significantly
greater than that of other guided media. A signal can run for 50km without
requiring regeneration. We need repeaters every 5 km for coaxial or
twisted-pair cable.
● Immunity to electromagnetic interference: Electromagnetic noise cannot
affect fiber-optic cables.
● Resistance to corrosive materials: Glass is more resistant to corrosive
materials than copper.
● Light weight: Fiber-optic cables are much lighter than copper cables.
● Greater immunity to tapping: Fiber-optic cables are more immune to
tapping than copper cables. Copper cables create antenna effects that can
easily be tapped.
 Cable Tester: Used to test a cable whether it works or not. The device has two plugin
sockets for the end outlet part of the cable so after I plug the cable from the screen menu and
provide the type of cable to be checked the tester automatically test the cable and shows
“pass” or “fail” result.

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Figure 2.6 Cable tester

 Swith2960:- We used this device to interconnecting networking device from core layer to
access layer.

Figure 2.7 Cisco Switch

Crimping Tool: -It is a networking tool used To crimp or connect a connector to each end of the
cable. We also used it for crimping RJ-45 (8-Pin) connectors and also include a wire.

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Figure 2.8 Crimper

Trunk cable: - used to consist of multiple wires, cables, or fiber optic strands to maximize the
available bandwidth and the number of channels that can be accommodated. A trunk can also be
a broadband wireless link. The use and management of trunks in a communications system is
known as trucking.

Figure 2.9 Trunk cable

RJ45:-A registered jack (RJ) is a used for us to construct and wiring pattern for connecting data
equipment to a service provided by a local exchange carrier or long distance carrier.

Figure 2.10 Registered jack (RJ-45)

Screw Drivers: - is a device used to open/stretch and close /compress each screw on the
computer.

Figure 2.11 Screw driver

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Cutter: - is used to cut different materials of networking such as: cable, wires, trucking and etc..

Figure 2.12 Cutter

Cable crimping and punching

 Crimping UTP cable to RJ45

 UTP cable is used to connect devices to networking equipment such as router
or switches.
 The RJ45 cable is a standard cable which has four twisted pairs of colors.
 RJ45 cable can be crimped either in straight through or cross over
arrangement.

2.7.3 Network cable

This is also one the tasks we have taken during our internship program. In this section we have
been studying about different types of network cables and the difference between them. Also we
implement UTP cable.

Coaxial and twisted-pair cables use electrical signals over copper to transmit data.

Fiber-optic cables use light signals to transmit data and also it transmite data over long distance.
These cables are used in this company to take network line from telecommunication.

 Twisted-pair cables are terminated with an RJ-45 connector. Twisted-pair comes in two
types:
 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)

UTP is network cable that consists of 4 pairs of wires. Each pair is twisted around each other at
a different rate and the entire cable is encased in a protective plastic covering, which reduces
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) between the pairs and other electrical signals. Each pair is
color-coded, according to standards, and the entire cable is inside a protective plastic insulation

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sheath. In Category 5e/4 UTP, there are usually 4 pairs of wires, with one wire of solid color and
one of white with the same color stripe in each pair:

 Fiber-optic cables are broadly classified into two types:

 Single-mode fiber (SMF) - Uses lasers to send a single ray of light that can
travel hundreds of kilometers.
 Multimode fiber (MMF) - Uses LEDs to send multiple light signals that can
travel up to 550 meters.
 Twisted-pair is the most popular type of cabling used in OBN Company.
 Two types of cables can be created: a straight-through cable and a crossover cable.

Straight-through cable Arrangement:- Ethernet cables are the standard cable used for almost
all purposes, and are often called "patch cables" and it is used to connect different type of
devices. This type of cable will be used most of the time and can be used to:

 Connect a computer to a switch/hub's normal port

 Switch to router
 Switch to PC or server
 Hub to PC or server

Figure 2.13 Straight through cable color Order

Crossover Cables: Ethernet Crossover UTP cabling used to connect like devices. Cable end
have the different pin arrangement in both ends or the pins order on one end follows the 568a

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pinning order and the other end of the cable follows the 568b pinning order. Used when
connecting two pieces of equipment those have the same pin edge on both ports.

 Switch to switch
 Switch to hub
 Hub to hub
 Router to router
 Router Ethernet port to PC NIC
 PC to PC

Figure 2.14 Crossover Cable

2.8 Telecommunication System

The organization uses two type of telecommunication. Both of this telecommunication

line are comes from Ethiopian telecommunication line and connected to central box called

unicast21 to control and manage this telecommunication system. A telecommunication used by

OBN which we will see and learn about:-

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Public telecommunication:-a line which comes from Ethiopian telecommunication corporation

with payment.

Private owned telecommunication:-Communication system that owned by the organization

itself to communicate in that organization only without payment to Ethiopian

Telecommunication Corporation.

2.9 Hardware Maintenance

The software, hardware and network technicians are responsible for maintenance of any
operating system, applications, and hardware and network problems. As hardware technicians we
have tried to develop the ability of maintaining different computer hardware.

Hardware is the physical equipment needed for a computer to function properly. The basic
hardware parts are briefly described here. A desktop computer is used in the photos, but all of
this equipment is also found (in a more compact arrangement) in a laptop computer.

CASE: -The computer case (also called a tower or housing) is the box that encloses many of the
parts shown below. It has attachment points, slots and screws that allow these parts to be fitted
onto the case. The case is also sometimes called the CPU, since it houses the CPU (central
processing unit or processor), but this designation can lead to confusion.
POWER SUPPLY: - The power supply is used to connect all of the parts of the computer
described below to electrical power. It is usually is found at the back of the computer case.
FAN:- A fan is needed to disperse the significant amount of heat that is generated by the
electrically powered parts in a computer. It is important for preventing overheating of the
various electronic components. Some computers will also have a heat sink (a piece of fluted
metal) located near the processor to absorb heat from the processor.
MOTHERBOARD:- The motherboard is a large electronic board that is used to connect the
power supply to various other electronic parts, and to hold these parts in place on the computer.
The computers memory (RAM, described below) and processor are attached to the motherboard.
Also found on the motherboard is the BIOS (Basic Input and Output System) chip that is
responsible for some fundamental operations of the computer, such as linking hardware and

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software. The motherboard also contains a small battery (that looks like a watch battery) and the
chips that work with it to store the system time and some other computer settings.
Drives:- A computer’s drives are the devices used for long term storage of information. The
main storage area for a computer is its internal hard drive (also called a hard disk). The
computer should also have disk drives for some sort of removable storage media. A floppy disk
drive was very common until recent years, and is still found on many older desk top computers.
It was replaced by CD-ROM and DVD drives, which have higher storage capacities. The current
standard is a DVD-RW drive, which can both read and write information using both CD and
DVD disks. The USB ports on a computer can also be used to connect other storage devices
such as flash drives and external drives.
RAM: - is the abbreviation for random access memory. Is a memory that is used to store
documents. while they are being processed? The amount of RAM in a computer is one of the
factors that affect the speed of a computer. RAM attaches to the motherboard via some specific
slots. It is important to have the right type of RAM for a specific computer, as RAM has changed
over the years.
PROCESSOR(CPU): - The processor is the main “brain” of a computer system. It performs all
of the instructions and calculations that are needed and manages the flow of information through
a computer. It is also called the CPU (central processing unit), although this term can also be
used to describe a computer case along with all of the hardware found inside it. Another name for
the processor is a computer “chip” although this term can refer to other lesser processors (such as
the BIOS). Processors are continually evolving and becoming faster and more powerful.

CARDS: - This term is used to describe important tools that allow your computer to connect and
communicate with various inputs and output devices. The term “card” is used because these
items are relatively flat in order to fit into the slots provided in the computer case. A computer
will probably have a sound card, a video card, a network card and a modem.

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Figure 2.15 Inside a Desktop Computer Case

DUST CONTROL: - Dust is very harmful for computer parts. Excess dust can cause
mechanical failures, particularly on computer components with moving parts. Minimizing dust in
a computer lab is an important part of computer maintenance. The computers themselves should
be regularly dusted (wiped with a dry cloth or duster) and if the computers are housed in a
particularly dusty area, the use of dust covers (when the computers are turned off) is advised. In
addition, when a computer case is opened for other repairs, the dust that has built up inside the
case should be blown out. This works best with forced air. Different mechanical and electrical
tools are available to compress air.

Heat Control. Computer parts, in particular the CPU, produce a large amount of heat while
operating. It is important for this heat to dissipate, so that the computer is not damaged by

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overheating. Computers do have fans and heat sinks, but these will only work well if the air flow
to the computer is not blocked. This means, for example, that a laptop computer should not be
left running for any length of time on a soft surface (like a sofa) that conforms around it, and a
desktop computer case should not be used while in an enclosed cabinet. In addition, it is ideal
that the computer lab temperature be kept low. Using air conditioners is a good option, since the
windows can also be kept closed to minimize dust, but many computer projects cannot afford air
conditioners or the associated electricity costs. Therefore curtains (to reduce the heat of the
sunlight), open windows and fans are often the best alternatives, although their use requires
increased vigilance against dust.

PERIPHERAL HARDWARE: - Peripheral hardware is the name for the computer components

that are not found within the computer case. This includes input devices such as a mouse,

microphone and keyboard, which carry information from the computer user to the processor,

and output devices such as a monitor, printer and speakers, which display or transmit

information from the computer back to the user.

Computer Port: The peripheral hardware mentioned above must attach to the computer so that
it can transmit information from the user to the computer (or vice versa). There are a variety of
ports present on a computer for these attachments. These ports have gradually changed over time
as computers have changed to become faster and easier to work with. Ports also vary with the
type of equipment that connects to the ports. A computer lab manager should become familiar
with the most common ports (and their uses), as described below.

Serial Port This port for use with 9 pin connectors is no longer commonly used, but is found on
many older computers. It was used for printers, mice, modems and a variety of other digital
devices.

Parallel Port. This long and slender port is also no longer commonly used, but was the most
common way of attaching a printer to a computer until the introduction of USB ports (see
below). The most common parallel port has holes for 25 pins, but other models were also
manufactured.

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Figure 2.16 Back of Desktop Computer Showing Ports

VGA the Video Graphics Array port is found on most computers today and is used to connect
video display devices such as monitors and projectors. It has three rows of holes, for a 15 pin
connector.

PS/2 Until recently, this type of port was commonly used to connect keyboards and mice to
computers. Most desktop computers have two of these round ports for six pin connectors, one
for the mouse and one for the keyboard.

USB the Universal Serial Bus is now the most common type of port on a computer. It can be
used to connect mice, keyboards, printers, and external storage devices such as DVD-RW drives
and flash drives.

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TRS. TRS (tip, ring and sleeve) ports are also known as ports for mini-jacks or audio jacks.
They are commonly used to connect audio devices such as headphones and microphones to
computers.

Ethernet This port, which looks like a slightly wider version of a port for a phone jack, is used
to network computers via category 5 (CAT5) network cable. Although many computers now
connect wirelessly, this port is still the standard for wired networked computers. Some
computers also have the narrower port for an actual phone jack. These are used for modem
connections over telephone lines.

CHAPTER THREE

3. OVER ALL BENEFIT GAIN FROM INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

The most and main benefits that we got from internship are as follows: -

 Improving Practical Skill

 Upgrading theoretical knowledge
 Improving interpersonal communication skill
 Improving team playing skills
 Improving leadership skill
 Understanding work ethics

This internship helped us to develop professional work habit.

3.1 The Skills and Qualifications Gained from the Practice

During the internship period we have been participating on some practical tasks which are related
to our field of study. For instance, we have seen the computer hardware maintenance, crimping
of the cables and how media file is automated. In this internship program as electrical computer
engineering students we have developed our practical skills in the following way.

 The ability to understand the problems faced on some computer hardware.

 Understanding maintenance, repair and how to control computer.

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 Understand how UTP cable is arranged and crimped to RJ 45.

 Understand how single printer is shared for money users.
 Understand how window is format.
 Understand how telephone line is distributed for user
 Understand how user remotely access customer‟s computer and desktop sharing over
the internet to installing the software on the customers' computer by using team
viewer software.
 Understand the process of installing different software like antivirus on pc and how
clean it.

3.2 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge

We have gained knowledge theoretically while performing our works in the company. The
theoretical knowledge we are gained are:-

 Understand the process how we can ingest the data to ISIS (storage area).
 In addition to this we have also seen the high light of network configuration.

3.3 Improving interpersonal communication skill

Internship activity is very helpful in improving interpersonal communication. The more

contacting and idea exchanging with the majority of people, the more communication skills that
one can acquire. We have developed the capability to communicate with people those are in a
different kind of stage /levels as well as those people who are qualified under different
profession/position. Through this process we have developed the skill to exchanging information
with the people and we were able to approach to any higher level individual politely.

3.4 Improving team playing skills

The internship activity plays an important role in improving the team playing skills. It develops
the ability to work in cooperation. We have been working together in that company in order to
exchange our experience to achieve an important knowledge. Working in group develops the
capability to acquire new information and knowledge which enables to be competent with the

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technology of the world. Several kind of work requires a lot of effort and skills. For such types of
activity team playing skill play an important role. It maximizes the productivity. It also saves
time (to do more in less time).Not only this, but also it develops strong relationship among the
people. Thus, achieving a good team playing skill is essential for

 Getting a good knowledge

 To develop Communication skill
 Increasing understanding of the task
 Effective completion of tasks

3.5 Improving leadership skill

Leadership is the state of leading people for some purpose in order to reach a certain target/goal.
It asks commitment, being punctual, being responsible for the actions required to be achieved.
During our internship activity we understood how leadership can be exercised among the people.
Leadership is also one of the functions of management which includes Planning, organizing,
setting, leading and controlling. This internship program guides us to be an ethical leader that
means ethical leadership provides deep knowledge, guidance and motivation among members.
Basic advantages of good leadership are:

 Ability to apply knowledge

 Ability to analyze something important
 Ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
 Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems
 Ability to use techniques and skills in order to solve real world problems

3.6 Understanding work ethics

Work ethics are generally accepted guidelines for right and wrong behaviors at work. Having
good ethics is very important for developing safe working environment and increasing
productivity. While we were in the company we have been told that knowing and keeping the
ethics of the company is a must. The following principles allow good work ethics at working
area.

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Punctuality: This means arriving at work on time.

Honesty: Honesty at work means spending working hours and resources totally on work.
Willingness to learn: This means understanding the way things are done at your work place and
trying to do it better.

Initiative: Being prepared/having awareness to do something willingly.

Loyalty: Do what is best for the growth of the organization.

Maximizing productivity: This is the ability to do high quality work faster and efficiently. The
following are ethics we have gained during internship period.

 We observed that group work is better than individual

 Saving money and time is a must within the work ethics
 We observed that precedence was first for work
 How we are being punctual for the future and Being hard worker for the future

3.7 Entrepreneurship skill

In our internship time, we improved our entrepreneurial skills. Because of this internship
program we understand how to become an entrepreneur. From the entrepreneur skills that we
gain: _
 Creativity: should create new ideas on work and have a sense of creativity,
innovation and always be one step ahead in idea
 Initiative: is one that is motivated to take the initiative and to create things on your
own skills.
 Leadership: need to be able to be the leader and be in the charge of a project or
Company
 Responsibility: have to be responsible for the action that participated and
understand the meaning and importance of responsibility.

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CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 CONCLUSION

During our internship program period in OBN, we have got a different theoretical and practical
skill and adapted the real world or working environment. OBN has offered us opportunities to
learn and develop ourselves in many areas. We gained a lot of experience. Lot of the tasks and
activities that we have worked on during our internship are familiar with what we studying at the
moment. Before our internship started our ideas did not match the experiences have gained
during our internship. Some of the benefits that we gain due to internship program are we know
the process to automate media file, how to broadcast media file to airline, how to distribute
telephone communication line to user from the server, how to identify a problem occur on
hardware of computer and how we maintain it, how to sharing network including printer
sharing ,how to installing different windows and also learn the difference between window
server 2012 and other window operating system. Generally we can get the above practical and
theoretical benefit during our internship program period in OBN.

This company contains people who work for it and the department responsible for managing
resources related to employees. So, we have selected the project that solves OBN human
resource management system problem. This human resource management system enables the
human resource tasks to be executed in a modernized way which saves time and suitable to
apply/use. In this system the activity taken place in the OBN company human resource becomes
more secured and managed.

4.2 RECOMONDATION

4.2.1 Personal Opinion of the Company and Internship

For the company

Documented guidelines for intern students: It is important for the company to provide clear
and comprehensive guidelines for intern students. These guidelines should outline the
expectations, responsibilities, and objectives of the internship program. By having well-

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documented guidelines, students can have a better understanding of what is expected of them
and how they can contribute effectively. Additionally, it would be beneficial if the guidelines
differentiate between the tasks and responsibilities assigned to third-year and fourth-year
students, ensuring that they are appropriately challenged and given opportunities for growth.

Mobile and document access for interns: Allowing interns to have their mobile devices and
access to relevant documents can enhance their productivity and efficiency. Mobile devices can
be used for communication, research, and accessing necessary resources. Providing interns with
access to relevant documents, such as project briefs, guidelines, and reference materials, can
help them perform their tasks more effectively. However, it is important to establish guidelines
regarding the appropriate use of mobile devices and ensure that access to sensitive information
is appropriately restricted.

Dedicated room for interns: Providing a dedicated room for interns during their stay in the
company can offer a designated space for them to work, collaborate, and learn. This room can
be equipped with the necessary resources, such as computers, workstations, and reference
materials, to support their internship activities. Having a dedicated space can also foster a sense
of belonging and create opportunities for interaction and knowledge sharing among interns.

Mentorship program: Implementing a mentorship program can greatly benefit intern students.
Assigning experienced professionals as mentors to guide and support interns throughout their
internship can provide valuable insights, advice, and career guidance. Mentors can help interns
navigate the industry, offer feedback on their work, and provide opportunities for professional
growth.

Training and workshops: Offering training sessions and workshops specifically designed for
intern students can enhance their skill development and industry knowledge. These sessions can
cover various aspects of broadcasting, such as technical skills, industry trends, storytelling
techniques, or audience engagement strategies. Providing opportunities for interns to learn from
experts in the field can greatly enrich their internship experience.

Exit interviews and recommendations: Conducting exit interviews with interns can be
valuable for both the company and the interns. This feedback session allows interns to share
their overall experience, provide suggestions for improvement, and offer recommendations for

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future interns. The company can use this feedback to continuously enhance its internship
program and ensure a positive experience for future interns.

4.2.2 Consideration of the Company for Future Student Placement

Considering the positive aspects and opportunities that Oromia Broadcasting Network (OBN)
offers in relation to our field of education, it would be beneficial to explore the possibility of
partnering with the company for future student placements. OBN's commitment to providing
internships and mentorship programs demonstrates their dedication to nurturing young talent
and providing hands-on experience in the broadcasting industry. By collaborating with OBN,
our university can offer our students a valuable opportunity to gain practical skills, industry
exposure, and networking opportunities. .

Through internships at OBN, our students can apply their theoretical knowledge in a real-world
setting, develop industry-specific skills, and gain a deeper understanding of the broadcasting
industry. Additionally, the mentorship program at OBN can provide our students with guidance
and support from experienced professionals, helping them navigate their career paths and make
informed decisions about their future. Overall, collaborating with Oromia Broadcasting
Network for student placements can be a mutually beneficial partnership. Our university can
provide OBN with talented and motivated students who are eager to learn and contribute to the
industry, while OBN can offer our students a valuable platform to gain practical experience and
kick start their careers in broadcasting. This partnership can bridge the gap between academia
and industry, ensuring that our students are well-prepared and equipped with the necessary skills
to thrive in the broadcasting field

4.2.3 Recommendations for Improving the Internship.

Regular check-ins with university advisors: Universities should ensure that students have
access to advisors who can provide guidance and support throughout their internship. Regular
check-ins with advisors can help students address any challenges they may be facing, seek
advice on their career development, and receive feedback on their progress.

Academic credit and evaluation: Universities should establish a system to grant academic
credit for internships and evaluate students' performance during their internships. This can be

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done through regular reports or assessments submitted by the students, as well as feedback from
their internship supervisors. By incorporating internships into the academic curriculum and
evaluating students' learning outcomes, universities can ensure that internships are recognized as
valuable educational experiences.

Integration of theoretical knowledge with practical experience: Universities should

encourage students to apply the theoretical knowledge gained in their coursework to real-world
situations during their internships. This can be achieved through assignments or projects that
require students to reflect on their internship experiences and connect them to relevant academic
concepts. By integrating theory and practice, students can deepen their understanding of their
field of study and develop critical thinking skills.

Career counseling and job placement support: Universities should offer career counseling
services to help students navigate their career paths and make informed decisions about their
future. This can include resume and interview preparation, job search strategies, and assistance
with job placement after graduation. By providing comprehensive career support, universities
can help students transition from internships to full-time employment successfully.

Reference

1. You tube.com/TV Oromia broadcasting network.

2. www.twitter.com/tv Oromia broadcasting network.

3. www.OBN.gov.et .

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