USCP NOTES

THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CULTURE ,SOCIETY AND POLITICS ( Lesson 9 )

SOCIAL GROUP
- is composed of two or more members who interact with one another.

Types of social group

PRIMARY GROUP
- small social groups with members who have personal enduring
relationship.

SECONDARY GROUP
- secondary group have a broader scope of scale . According Cooley ,
relationship in this group are less personal and more goal
oriented .Therefore, these relationship are fleeting rather than long
lasting

 Polish social psychologist henri tajfel and British social

psychologist john turner proposed that there are other types of
social group

In- groups
- is a social group where members feel a sense of belongingness.

Out – groups
- is a group where members feel alienated and indifferent.

Reference group
- refers to a group to which an individual or another group is compared.
Family
- is defined as the basic foundation of society because it is in the family
that social processes an interaction happen first .

Biological family
- is also known as consanguine family. All the members have come from
the same lineage or shared the same bloodline.

Family of affinity
- It is a kind of family without blood or legal ties, but instead members
are bonded by companionship or a sense of belongingness.

Two kinds of family

Nuclear family
- is composed of the parents and children. It can also classified as an
extended family.

Reconstituted families
- Families with separated members are confronted with many
challenges brought about by separation or being away from one
another.

Marriage ( Lesson 9.1 )

 American sociologist John Macionis defines marriage as a legally

sanctioned relationship that usually involves economic
cooperation as well as sexual activity or childbearing that people
expect to be enduring.
 Some societies promote

Endogamy
- also called in-marriage, is the act of marrying another person within
the same family, clan, religious group, or cultural group.

Exogamy
- is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or
social unit.

Monogamy
- the custom that allows a person to be legally married to only one
spouse at one time.

Polygyny
- marriage of a man to two or more women.

Polyandry
- marriage of a woman to two or more men.

Patrilocal
- married couple decide to line near within a husband household of the
family.

Matrilocal
- married couple decide to live near within the wife’s household of the
family

Neolocal
- married couple decide to live far from their parents.

KINSHIP
- Refers to the relationship that exist between members of a family.
 Kinship can be bilateral ,tracing ancestry from both parents or
unilateral tracing it from either one of them.

 Tracing links using the lineage or descent of the father is called

patrilineal while links from the mother is called matrilineal.

Leadership and political structures ( Lesson 9.2 )

Patriarchy
- Leadership emanating from male members of the family or clan.

Matriarchy
- Leadership emanating from female members of the family or clan.

Authority
- is defined as the power of a leader to rule.

Legitimacy
- pertains the perception that the leader has valid right to lead.

 According to Max Weber, the three types of legitimate authority

are traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic.

TRADITIONAL
- is legitimated by the sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule
is passed down, often through heredity. It does not change overtime,
does not facilitate social change.

CHARISMATIC
- is derived from a distinguished personality or character of a person.
The charisma of a leader warrants following from his/her subordinates.
Rational –legal
- Is based on legal documents .These documents are deemed to be well
thought –of ,well written ,and well constructed, such as a constitution
forms of legislation.

SOCIAL,CULTURAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ( Lesson 10 )

POLITICAL INSTITUTION
- are organizations that are responsible for creating laws and policies,
implementing rules, and overseeing the welfare of the people.

POWER
- is the ability of a person or an institution to influence others.

PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT THREE MAIN BRANCHES

 EXECUTIVE BRANCH
 LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
 JUDICIAL BRANCH

Executive branch
- is composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected
by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution
grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These
departments form a large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.

Legislative branch
- is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power
vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the
Senate and the House of Representatives.
Judicial branch
- holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not
there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess
of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is
made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
- Organizations or companies that are incharge of managing the
economy.

ECONOMY
- refers to the structure or conditions of economic life in a country,
area, or period.

THREE SECTORS OF ECONOMY

PRIMARY SECTOR
- involves the collection of raw materials from the environment. This
includes mining, fishing and agriculture.

SECONDARY SECTOR
- is where the transformation of raw materials into manufactured
goods happen. This includes the processing of food, the manufacturing
electronic devices and automobiles

TERTIARY SECTOR
- includes education, health care services, legal services, mass
transportation services or other business that offer services

RECIPROCITY
- Refers to the exchange and transfer of goods and services from one
group of people to another and from one sector to the next.
REDISTRIBUTION
- Refers to the movement of goods or services from a central authority
like the government to the members of society.

 In Japan and South Korea, for instance,

“state of capitalism” shows how their respective governments
ensure the economic success of their countries. On the other hand,
Scandinavian states,such as Norway, Sweden,Finland ,and Denmark
are known as “welfare states” because their political institutions
make sure to provide their peoples all basic things they need.

Non-State Institutions
- These are institutions which are not owned and controlled by the
government.

THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

1.BANKS AND CORPORATIONS

- Banks are institutions that regulate finances and the flow of money
in a society.

2. COOPERATIVE AND TRADE UNIONS

- are institutions created by the people who voluntarily cooperate to
achieve certain goals.

3. TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS

- Provide help and support to other countries that are experiencing
problems related to their advocacy and goals.

4. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
- are independent institutions that assist countries in achieving their
goals toward development.

5. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
- are non-state institutions that operate in different countries. The
Red Cross is an example of international organization.

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ( Lesson 10.1 )

Educational Institutions
- is a place where people of different ages gain an education,
including preschools, childcare, primary-elementary schools,
secondary-high schools, and universities.

2 TYPES EDUCATION

FORMAL EDUCATION
- happens inside the school.

NONFORMAL EDUCATION
- Form of education that occurs outside the school system

Religious Institutions
- are social institutions that serve as the conscience of society. They
teach important religious concepts , faith , hope ,compassion and
many others.

HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
- means an institution (other than a hospital) by or at which health
services or health support services are provided

In the Philippines, the following medical tradition are practiced.

WESTERN MEDICINE
- is a product of Europe’s long history. It is a medical practice based
on empirical researches and observations.
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
- is being practiced by many indigenous societies and culture in the
world.

ALTERNATIVE HEALING
- It is a system of healing that is develop from a particular or belief
system.