UCSP: 2 nd Quarter Lessons Outline

• Kinship - Is a social institution that refers to relations formed between the members of the society.
• Consanguineal Kinship - based on blood is considered as the most basic and general form of relations. It is
achieved by birth or blood affinity. Descent is important as it refers to biological relationship. Lineage, on
the other hand, refers to the line where one’s descent is traced.
• Affinal Kinship - based on marriage; the families of both the husband and wife form new social relations
with each other.
• Nuclear Family - This is the traditional type of family. Two parents and their children are living together as
one is an example.
• Extended Family - Aside from the two parents and their children, they are joined in by relatives like
grandparents, cousins, or aunts and uncles.
• Blended Family - It consists of a couple wherein one or both of them have children from a previous marriage.
• Single-Parent Family - In cases of separation or divorce, either the father or the mother alone takes the
responsibility of raising the child.
• Nonstate Institutions - are people and/ or organization that participate in international affairs and relations
but are not affiliated with any state or nation.
• Transnational Advocacy Groups - play an increasingly important role in international and regional politics
and have contributed to changing policies of multilateral organizations and states.
• Development Agencies have been established to develop the cooperation and economic growth between
the public sector, private sector, and civil society.
• Non-government Organization is a non-profit group that functions independently of any government.
• Cooperatives are people-centred enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their members to realise
their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations.
• Trade unions are groups of employees who join together to maintain and improve their conditions of
employment.
• Generalized reciprocity refers to a type of exchange of goods and/or services where the giver and the recipient
do not keep an exact ledger
• Balanced reciprocity is the act of giving something and expecting a specific outcome in return as repayment.
• Negative reciprocity refers to exchanges where one attempts to act entirely in their own self -interest for
material advantage or profit.
• Traditional Authority carry out his will or maintain his position but depends primarily on a group’s respect;
charismatic authority is based on personal qualities; and legal authority is based on established laws, codes,
and regulations.
• Formal education is a structured and systematic form of learning; while, Non -formal education focuses on
the power of knowledge by helping individuals learn outside the confined zones of education.
• Functionalists argue that education is an important social institution that helps meet the needs of society and
maintain stability.
• Conflict theorists believe that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities that arise
from differences in class, gender, race, and ethnicity.
• The manifest functions of education are the intended purposes of school. These functions include
socialization, cultural transmission, career selection, and rational thinking.
• Self-actualization is the realization of a person's full potential. It is found at the peak of Maslow's hierarchy
of needs.
• Productive citizenry refers to the idea that members of a society actively contribute to the well-being and
advancement of that society.
• Religion came from the word “religio” which means to bind or to obligate.
• Emile Durkheim defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things.
• Karl Marx defined religion as opium of the people. It was used to maintain the unequal system that provides
more benefits to the elites while negatively affecting lower social classes.
• Max Weber described religion as an important factor toward the rise of capitalism.
• Church – most recognized form. It is a large and formalized organization that is incorporated into society and
sometimes fused with the state.
• Denomination – has a large number of members but is less formal than a church.
• Sect – r.o. that tend to differ and reject a larger religion’s beliefs. They focus on the promotion of strict
religious doctrines.
• Cults – small r.o. whose doctrines are outside mainstream religious traditions. They are led by charismatic
leader who has absolute control over its members.
• Judaism - It came from the word “Yehudim,” which means “Judah.” It traces its beginnings to the time of
Abraham, the first Hebrew, who received revelations from God or Yahweh.
• Acc. To Christians, God is “triune” or “three people in one deity”- Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
• Muslims believe in one God called Allah. It believes that Muhammed is the prophet or messenger of God.
• Hinduism is considered as the world’s oldest living religion. It has a complex set of belief systems and
practices that encompasses not only religion but also philosophy and culture.
• Buddhism is focused on the need for discipline and the middle path or way.
• Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings based on factors like wealth,
income, education, family background, and power.
• A social class or social stratum is a grouping of people into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most
common being the upper, middle and lower classes.
• Social Status – position within social structure (ascribed or achieved)
• An achieved status is a position in a social group that one earns based on merit or one's choices. This is in
contrast to an ascribed status, which is one given by virtue of birth.
• Social Role – behavior expected based on status
• Power or Authority is the ability to which one directs, manages, or dominates others.
• Property or Wealth refers to the rights over goods and services.
• Prestige or Social Evaluation implies social judgment that a status or position is more prestigious and
honourable than others.
• Social capital is a set of shared values or resources that allows individuals to work together in a group to
effectively achieve a common purpose.
• Symbolic capital can be referred to as the resources available to an individual on the basis of honor, prestige
or recognition, and serves as value that one holds within a culture.
• Social mobility refers the shift in an individual's social status from one status to another.
• Stereotyping refers to our propensity to picture all members of a particular category as having the same
qualities.
• Scapegoating is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not know how to solve. Racism is
the thinking that one’s own race is superior and has the right to control or direct others.
• Prejudice is the negative attitude towards the members of a particular group.
• Equal Opportunity Employment: Republic Act No. 10524 dated 23, July 1012. At least one per cent (1%) of
all positions in all government agencies, offices or corporations shall be reserved for persons with
disability: provided that, private corporations with more than One Hundred (100) employees are encouraged
to reserve at least one percent (1%) of all positions for persons with disability.
• The Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997, officially designated as Republic Act No. 8371, is a Philippin e
law that recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities and indigenous peoples in
the Philippines.
• ASEAN, international organization established by the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore, and Thailand in 1967 to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development
and to promote peace and security in Southeast Asia.
• Immigrate means to live in a country that is not your country of origin. It is often used with to. Emigrate
means to leave your native country and live someplace else. It is often used with from.
• Industrialism is a way of life that encompasses profound economic, social, political, and cultural changes. It
is by undergoing the comprehensive transformation of industrialization that societies become modern.
 • The various existing laws and policies to empower and protect women, and ensure equal rights and
opportunities for men and women, have been strengthened further with the enactment of Republic Act No.
9710, otherwise known as The Magna Carta of Women.
• Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, 1992, Republic Act No. 7277: This Act provides for the rehabilitation,
self-development and self-reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the mainstream of society.
• An Act Authorizing The Commission On Elections To Establish Precincts Assigned To Accessible Pollin g
Places Exclusively For Persons With Disablities And Senior Citizens – RA 10366.
• Republic Act No. 10627 or the "Anti-Bullying Act of 2013" is a relatively new law which seeks to address
hostile environment at school that disrupts the education process which, in turn, is not conducive to the total
development of a child at school.
• The World Bank promotes long-term economic development and poverty reduction by providing technical
and financial support to help countries implement reforms. It has 139 member countries.
• Constitution is the body of doctrines and practices that form the organizing principle of a state.
• A treaty is a formally concluded and ratified agreement between countries.
• UNCLOS is the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is an international convention that
sets out the legal framework for the seas and the oceans by defining the rights and obligations of States Parties
with respect to the maritime environment.
• A social movement is a developing collective action of a significant portion of members of a major social
category.
• Environmentalism emerged as a reaction to the excesses of modernity and capitalism.
• Feminism addresses the situation of women in the society.
• A revolutionary movement is an attempt to change government, regime, or society (or all three) by violence;
while, reform movement advocates changing some norms or laws, political structures, and processes.
• Adaptive management - a strategy in political governance that allows more room for participation, as it
implies a dynamic, recursive process of actions and feedbacks
• The collaborative management style is a strategy in political governance that emphasizes the importance of
teamwork.

Political and Leadership Structures

Political Organization
• Is an entity that is participating in a political process (political parties, NGOs, special interest advocacy
groups)
Political parties
• An organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country’s election
• It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote
specific ideological or policy goals
• Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power
*Philippines has a multi-party systems with numerous political parties.

3 Types of Parties in the Philippines:

• Major parties – which corresponds to traditional political parties
• Minor parties or party list organizations – which rely on the party-list systems to win congressional seats
• Regional/provincial parties – corresponds to region-wide organizations
NGO (Non-Government Organization)
• Is defined as non-profit entities independent of government influence (although they may receive
government funding)
2 Main Groups of NGO
• Operational NGO – focus on the design and implementation of development projects
• Advocacy NGO – defend or promote a specific causes and seek to influence public policy
Purpose: To pursue goals and aspirations that relate to the public, social, or political good of a nation or the world

4 Types of Sociopolitical Organization

(Elman Service, 1972)
Band
• Is the least complex form of political organization
• It has neither rigid form of governance nor a structured form of leadership
• It is typically consist of 20-50 individuals who are usually related to one another by virtue of kinship
• Individuals are made to follow group decisions through social mechanisms (gossiping, ostracizing and
being ridiculed)
• It is based on foraging, (which is also known as hunting and gathering) allows for greater mobility of the
group as they follow animals and other food resources.
• Decision-making is made by the entire group with the eldest member as the facilitator
• Their form of leadership is informal as the extent of the leader’s power lies only upon his capacity to
influence the course of dialog in the group
• They are egalitarian in social composition where in all members have equal access to resources and values
• Reciprocity (the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit) is the primary form of
exchange among members.
• types of reciprocity:
• Generalized reciprocity – refers to the type of exchange of goals and/or services where the giver and the
recipient do not keep an exact ledger or stipulate the amount or duration of return. It is expected that the
exchange will balance itself overtime. “Pure Gift” – the giver expects nothing in return
• Balanced reciprocity – obligates the recipient to return within a specific time limit, items understood to be
of equal value
• Negative reciprocity – refers to exchange where one party attempts to act entirely in their own self -interest
in pursuit of material advantage or profit. It is an attempt to “get something for nothing” or to obtain
something of greater value than you are willing to give in return
Tribes
• Is a political organization that consist of segmentary lineages
• Individual’s loyalty primarily lies on his/her immediate family. This type of kinship allows for the creation
of interdependent generations
• This also creates a political organization that is less distinct from kinship organization
• Father or the eldest male is the prime decision-maker in the group
• They are less mobile than band as their form of economic subsistence and requires a degree of settlement
• Horticultural (shifting agriculture) and pastoral (tending animals)
• Informal form of leadership that is based on need
• Leaders are chosen and they must possess special skills or aptitudes that relate to the economic activity
• They have no concrete political power over their members, except in areas when group concerns are in
place
• Their economic system is redistribution of commodities among social segments through the process of
tribute ( a form of gift that may consist of wealth, food or other materials given to a central figure who in
turn redistributes the accumulated goods to other members of society) through this process, the products of
some group is shared and consumed by the other group.
Chiefdom
• Is more complex than a tribe, as this political organization consists of a few local communities who
subscribe to the power and rule of a leader who has absolute power on them
• It includes a political leader with an advisory council, a leader who exercises power that is based on
legitimacy and the existence of social stratification ( refers to the society’s categorization of its people into
groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation,
social status, or derived power)
• Their power is derived from the perceived relations of the leader to super natural forces, which is a form of
legitimizing factor
• This political organization is tied with horticulture and pastoralism
 • Part of the organization are the elites who are often relatives of the ruler and are also believed to have
divinity or connections to the supernatural
States and Nations
Nation
• Group of people sharing similar culture and political history
State
• A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government
• It is a political organization united by a common set of laws
• It uses absolute power in directing the path of society
• It uses complete political coerciveness (armed personnel, stricter law, rigid governmental policies) to attain
societal goals and objectives. Political coerciveness provides a marginal intersection between politics and
kinship, as both are required not to interact in the guise of professionalism and incorruptibility.
• The economic subsistence of state is market exchange (an economic system in which goods and services
are produced, distributed and exchanged by the forces of price, supply and demand. Standardized
currencies are used to exchange commodities
• Social rules are implemented in the form of law (are created to manage the interaction among individuals
and the state)
Legal norms in the territory:
• Paying taxes
• Rendering military services
• Contributing to the political life in the society
Authority and Legitimacy
The task of organizing a political community requires the existence of leaders. Leaders, in order to be effective, need
to possess authority that is considered legitimate by the members of the community
Authority
• Is the power to make binding decisions and issue commands. It is necessary for a leader to possess
authority. What makes authority binding and worthy of obedience is its legitimacy
Legitimacy
• Is a moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses power the right to exercise such power since
such is perceived to be justified and proper
• It is not automatically acquired just because one has authority
• This occurs when the authority was obtained through improper means such as through violence or when
one commits cheating in an election, or one is perceived to be underserving of power due to lack of
qualifications
Types of legitimate authority: (Max Weber)
• Legal authority – is achieved by a leader through the process of following established codes and procedures
governing the allocation and distribution of power and resources within a society

*Leaders are elected or appointed to office following the existing laws of the land.
• Traditional authority – is a form of leadership legitimacy that highlights the right of a leader to rule based
on inheritance of the title
*Rule of monarch and their allies in both patrimonial and feudal regimes are examples of this
• Charismatic authority – creates a type of leadership that is based on the personal attachment of subordinates
to the ruler whose characteristics, experiences, or even skills are believed to be extraordinary, or maybe
even supernatural
*Due to this, most of the ruler’s follower are devoted to him without regard as to whether the authority of the ruler is
accepted within legal framework of the society or that he has not been part of aortal lineage
• institutional charisma – is a combination of charismatic and legal authority. This kind of authority is
usually observed among religious institutions
• familial charisma – traditional and charismatic authority. Often observed in kingship rule as individuals
recognize the rights of the king to rule based on his inheritance of the position.
ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION
Economic Institution
• an enduring organizational practice, practice, or relationship created by individuals to handle and cope with
basic economic dilemmas
Economic Institutions refer to two things:
a) Specific agencies or foundations, both government and private, devoted to collecting or studying economic data,
or commissioned with the job of supplying a good or service that is important to the economy of a country. The
Bureau of Internal Revenues (the government tax-collection agency), the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (the
government producer of money), the National Bureau of Economic Research (a private research agency) are all
examples of economic institutions.
b) Well established arrangements and structures that are part of the culture or society, e.g., competitive markets, the
banking system, kids’ allowances, customary tipping, and a system of property rights are examples of economic
institutions.
The main functions of economic institutions are:
• Reciprocity
• is defined as the system of exchange in which goods or services passed from one individual or group to
another as gifts without the need for explicit contracting for specific payments.
• this economic process entails the exchange of commodities between parties
Barter – is the most common form of reciprocity, as this process includes the exchange of commodities between
individuals
• Transfers
• When resources from individual or organization are given to another with no expectation of return
• This type of economic process allows for the redistribution or resources within an economic system
• Examples (transfer of financial aids, government subsidies, social security)
• Redistribution
• When resources are collected and distributed proportionally or equally to participating members
• Examples (income tax, charity donations)
• Market transaction
• ay involve goods, services, information, currency, or any combination of these that pass from one party to
another.
• In short, markets are arenas in which buyers and sellers can gather and interact. Two parties are generally
needed to make a trade.
Market – referred to as the exchange of goods and services that involves buying and selling processes. It is about
making money, capital income and growth (Women, and Economy, 2011)

Standardized Currency – the key element that separates market transaction from reciprocity and redistribution
NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
• Are group of organization which operate outside the support of any state or government
• They are referred to be “stateless” since they are considered to be independent by any state, although they
usually collaborate with the government implementing projects
• They develop certain services needed by members of the society for their progress
• Bank- This is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. Banks may also provide
financial services such as wealth management, currency exchange, and safe deposit boxes. There are
several different kinds of banks including retail banks, commercial or corporate banks, and investment
banks. In most countries, banks are regulated by the national government or central bank. BDO,
UnionBank, Chinabank and others are examples of banks in the Philippines.
• retail/commercial bank – is the provision of services by a bank to the general public. It consist of the basic
financial services such as checking and saving account. It is financial institution which accepts deposit
from public and gives loans for the purpose of consumption and investment to make profit
• investment bank – is a financial institution that acts as an intermediary in complex corporate transactions
such as mergers and acquisitions. It is a bank that purchase large holdings of newly issued shares and
resells them to investors.
 • insurance bank – they offer insurance policies to the public either by selling them directly to a person or
through an employer’s benefit plan
• Corporation- This is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners. Corporations enjoy most of
the rights and responsibilities that individuals possess: they can enter contracts, loan and borrow money,
sue and be sued, hire employees, own assets, and pay taxes. Some refer to it as a "legal person. San Miguel
Corporation, ABS-CBN and GMA Network are some examples of companies in the Philippines.
• Cooperatives- are people-centered enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their members to
realize their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations. Cooperative are jointly owned
enterprises engaging in the production or distribution of goods or services. This is usually operated by
consumers for their mutual benefit Multipurpose Cooperative is an example.
• Trade Unions- they are also known as the labor unions that is consist of workforces who have come
together to attain mutual goals like protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards,
achieving higher pay and benefits like health care and retirement. These are organizations made up of
members (a membership-based organization) and its membership must be made up mainly of workers. One
of a trade union's main aims is to protect and advance the interests of its members in the workplace.
Example of these are Federation of Free Workers (FFW), Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU), Sentro ng mga
Nagkakaisa at Progresibong Manggagawa (SENTRO), and the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines
(TUCP).
• Transnational Advocacy- Transnational advocacy organizations (TAOs) are defined as “self -organized
advocacy groups undertaking voluntary actions across state borders in pursuit of what they deem the wider
public interest.” These are organizations that are devoted to manipulating political, economic, social and
institutional decisions across country borders. Advocacy organizations are known by different names: non -
state actors, NGOs, transnational advocacy networks. Example of this is the Greenpeace, an ind ependent
global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behavior, to protect and conserve the
environment, and to promote peace.
• Development Agencies- these are independent organizations whose goals are to help develop and support
economic growth especially for the poor and marginal portion of the society. Its main duty is to discover
regional potential and develop cooperation between the public sector, private sector and civil society.
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) the Inter-American Foundation (IAF), and
the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) African Development Foundation (ADF) are some
examples.
• Civil Organization – they provide the fact about life’s various realities to influence policy -making. In
include academic institutions, research team, mass media, religious organizations and people’s
organization. They are created to expose the conditions of the marginalized sectors of the society by using
mass media as its platform as they raise critical issues to the government

ECONOMIC INSTITUTION
An economic institution provides the distribution of goods and services to the members of society. In societies with a
recognized economic system, five parts are essential for the economic system to function accurately.
• Production system
• Service system
• Distribution system
• Consumers system
• System of exchange
The most important function of an economic institution is the production and distribution of goods and services.
However, the economic institution also causes some socialization that brings about a distribution of power. It also
influences the culture and affects social stratification

Elements and Processes of an economic institution:

• Reciprocity – it is a situation when you give something away, you expect something in return. This economic
process entails the exchange of commodities between parties, often on individual basis. It is also a binding
method which holds people, peers, and families together (Anthropology, 2008). It is said to be the basis of
most non-market exchange
 • Barter – is the most common form of reciprocity, as this process includes the exchange of commodities
between individuals.

Sahlin’s Types of Reciprocity

Type Characterization Example
Generaliz
ed Gift giving without any expectation of immediate
Giving birthday presents to a friend
reciprocit return
y
Balanced
Expecting immediate return from any given favor. The
reciprocit Selling goods and services in the market
value of the commodities is expected to be equal
y
Negative
The exchange tends to favor one party over the other, A merchant selling fake commodities at
reciprocit
as the value of the goods for exchange is unequal prices of the original and genuine items
y
• Transfers - a change of ownership of an asset or a movement of funds and/or assets from one account to
another. Transfer may involve an exchange of funds when it involves a change in ownership. It is also a
situation when resources from one individual or organization are given to another with no expectation of
return. This type of economic process allows for the redistribution of resources within an economic system.
Some examples of this process include the transfer of financial aids, government subsidies and social s ecurity.
• Redistribution – it refers to a system of economic exchange involving the centralized collection of goods
from the members of a group followed by the distribution of those goods among those members. Two of the
best examples of redistribution are progressive income tax systems and charity donations
• Market Transaction – it is referred as the exchange of goods and services through a market which involves
buying and selling processes. However, it is not a simple process of exchanging materials, goods and services.
It involves several elements and transactions. Market is about money making, capital, income, and growth
(Women and Economy, 2011). Humans have several needs and wants that are deemed as bases of market
sellers for producing goods and services. After the production of goods and services, everything is brought
to market for the purpose of selling. Buyers are the expected to purchase the available market supplies. The
key element that separates market transaction from reciprocity and redistribution is the use of standardized
currency
• Market – an actual or nominal place where forces of demand and supply operate, and where buyers and
sellers interact. To trade goods, services or contracts or instruments, for money or barter. It can be said that
market is the process by which prices of goods and services are established. Market allows any tradeable
item to be evaluated and priced
• State – is an organized political community living under a single system of government. Often, state and
government are used as synonyms
What is the relationship of market and state?
Basically, market involves all human actions associated with economic aspects. On the other hand, the state serves as
the institution that protects and maintains economic balance through its economic laws and policies.
Types of Economic Subsistence
• Foraging
• Pastoral
• Horticulture
• Agriculture
NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
Non-State Institutions
• These are establishments which are not controlled by the government. Some non -state institutions are for
profit and others are non-profits and some are for personal investments and for financial help
• Banks – are places or institutions where people place or deposit their money or savings with corresponding
interest on a given period of time and, or assets for safekeeping
Main functions of banks:
 • Banks are depository of savings.
• Banks are largely responsible for the payment system
• Banks issue loans to both people and companies
• Corporations – is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such
in law. It is a legal entity created under the state law and is designed to generate a profit.
• Stock corporation – where local law distinguishes corporations by ability to issue stock. Ownership of the
corporation is through stock, and owners of the stock are referred to as stakeholders. Stakeholders do not
typically actively manage a corporation; stakeholders instead elect or appoint a board of directors to control
the corporation in fiduciary capacity
• Cooperatives – is a legal entity owned and democratically controlled by its members. Members often have
a close association with the enterprise as producers or consumers of its products or services, or as its
employees. Cooperatives often share their earnings with the membership as dividends, which are divided
among the members according to their participation in the enterprise, such as patronage, instead according
to the value of their capital shareholdings
Cooperatives play a critical role in building community wealth for several key reasons:
• They often provide quality goods and services to areas that have been shunned by traditional business because
they are deemed less profitable markets.
• They typically invest in local communities
• Since most cooperative members are local residents, business profits remain and circulate within the
community
• Cooperative membership builds social networks and strengthens social cohesion which are essential elements
of strong, healthy communities, by connecting diverse community residents
• Purchasing cooperatives, in particular, help small, local business remain competitive within markets
dominated by large, national retailers
• Worker cooperatives, in particular, create quality, empowering jobs for community members
• Cooperatives are typically based on the cooperative values of “self -help, self responsibly, democracy and
equality, equity and solidarity.
• Trade Unions – is an organization whose membership consists of workers and union leaders, united to
protect and promote their common interests.
The principal purposes of a labor union are to:
• Negotiate wages and working conditions terms
• Regulate relations between workers and the employer
• Take collective action to enforce the terms of collective bargaining
• Raise new demands on behalf of its members, and
• Help settle their grievances
TUCP (trade Union Congress of the Philippines
• The biggest confederation of labor federations in the Philippines.
• It is composed of almost 30 federations with members in all sectors and industries.
• It also has members coming from associations/organizations of groups from the OFWs, informal sectors,
drivers, urban poor, youth groups, cooperatives, alliances, coalitions and other civil society groups
• Transnational Advocacy Groups – are fluid and open relationships among knowledgeable, committed
actors. They differ from other types of networks in that they exist to promote principled causes, ideas and
values. They exist to change international policy as well as make changes real in the day-to-day lives of
ordinary people. They develop strategically linked activities among themselves in order to forward a
principled cause.
• Development Agencies – I s an organization committed/dedicated to distributing aid. Aid can be subdivided
into two categories: humanitarian aid (emergency relief efforts} and development aid, aimed at helping
countries to achieve long term sustainable economic growth, with th e aim of achieving poverty reduction
• International Organizations – is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. It
also define salient issues and decide which issues can be grouped together
EDUCATION
Education is viewed as a social institution. It gives society the potential to reach development and success. Generally,
education means the development of the intellect. It is an act of thinking critically.
Functions of education in a society:
• Giving training in specific skills or the basic general education literacy
• Prepare people for occupational roles
• Preserving the culture from one generation to the next
• Encouraging democratic participation by teaching verbal skills
• Developing the person’s ability to think rationally and independently
• Enriching life by enabling the student to expand his intellectual and aesthetic horizon
• Improving personal adjustment through personal counseling and such courses as applied psychology, sex
education, family living and drug abuse
• Improving the health of the nation’s youth by providing physical exercise and courses in hygiene
• Producing patriotic citizens through lessons illustrating the country’s glory
• Building character
Classification of Education:
• Formal Education – refers to the systematic and deliberate process of hierarchically structured and
sequential learning corresponding to the general concept of elementary and secondary level of schooling
• Elementary education – the first part of the educational system and it includes the first 6 years of compulsory
education
• Secondary education – is concerned primarily with continuing basic education of elementary level and
expanding it to include the learning of employable, gainful skills
• Tertiary education – it is regulated by the Commission of Higher education. It is often referred to as the
college level
• Non-Formal Education – refers to any organized systematic educational acivity carried outside of the
framework of the formal system to provided selected types of learning to a segment of a population
Self-Actualization
• Education develops one’s sense of self. As a huge part of the discovery of oneself, education encourages
having the vision to become actualized.
*According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is the highest form of human need. It was defined as “to become
more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. Though education, humans are
empowered to experience and learn their true capacities that lead to self-actualization.
Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs
RELIGION
• Set of attitudes, beliefs and practices, pertaining to supernatural beings and forces
• Is a social institution that answers questions and explains the seemingly inexplicable. It provides explanations
for why things happen and demystifies the ideas of birth and death
Functions of Religion:
• Functionalism (Emile Durkheim)
• It gives meaning and purpose to life
• It reinforce social unity and stability
• It serves as an agent of social control of behavior
• It promotes physical and psychological being
• It motivates people to work for positive social change
• Conflict Theory ( Karl Marx)
• Religion reinforces and promotes social inequality and social conflict. It helps convince the poor to accept
their lot in life, and it leads to hostility and violence motivated by religious differences
• Symbolic interactionism (Max Weber)
It emphasizes that beliefs and practices are not sacred unless people regard them as such. Once they are regarded as
sacred, they take on special significance and give meaning to people’s lives
Animism
• One of the earliest forms of religious pattern
 • Refers to the belief in innumerable spiritual beings concerned with human affairs and capable of harming or
helping human interest.
• It is a belief that all objects have spirits
Monotheism
• Refers to the belief in the existence of one god, or I oneness of God.
Polytheism
• Is belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities
Institutionalized Religions
• Is formed by sect,, these are organized religion
• Is a social institution in which belief systems and rituals are systematically arranged and formally established
• It is characterized by an official doctrine, a hierarchical or bureaucratic leadership structure and a codification
of rules and practices
• Christianity – the most widespread world religion. It was derived from Judaism. It is based on the belief that
Jesus Christ is the son of God and the redeemer of mankind
• Islam – followers of Islam are called Muslims. Muslims believe that the true word of God was revealed to
the prohet Muhammad around 570 AD. God in Islam is the same god as the Christians and Judaic deity
• Judaism – is a monotheistic religion and predates Christianity, built in the belief that the Israelites are the
“chosen people” of God
• Hinduism – is the oldest major world religion, dominant in India. Hindus do not worhip a single person or
deity but rather guided by a set of ancient cultural beliefs. They believe in the principle of karma, which is
the wisdom or health of one’s eternal soul. Karma can be strengthen with good acts and harmed by abd acts.
Hindus believe that karme plays a role in reincarnation, a cycle of continuous rebirth through which, ideally,
the soul can achieve spiritual perfection. The state of person’s karma determ ines in what form he will be
reborn
• Buddhism – Buddhist, most of whom live in Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, and Burma, follow the teachings
of Siddharta Gautama, a spiritual teacher of the 6 th century BCE. It does not feature any single all-powerful
deity but teaches that by eschewing materialism, one can transcend the “illusion” of life and achieve
enlightenment.
HEALTH
“Bughat” (Ilonggo term)
• Is the term used to refer to the ailments a mother experiences after giving birth or after having suffered
abortions or miscarriage if she did not follow certain rituals after childbirth
Is a Filipino superstition that attributes an illness to the greetings of a stranger. It is believed that young children are
vulnerable to usog
Systems of Diagnosis, Prevention and Healing
• Traditional medicines
• Complementary / alternative medicines – they refer to a broad set of health care practices that are not part of
the country’s own tradition and are not integrated into the dominant health care system
• Herbal medicines
• It includes herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal products that contain as active
ingredients parts of plants, or other plant materials, or combinations of plant materials
Health as Human Rights:
• Universality. Everyone must have access to equal high-quality and comprehensive health care
• Equity. Resources and services must be distributed and accessed according to people’s needs. We get what
we need and give what we can
TERMS RELATED TO SOCIAL INEQUALITY
SOCIAL INEQUALITY- uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions or statuses
within a group or society. This occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, generally
through norms of allocation, that bring about specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.
ECONOMIC INEQUALITY- described on the basis of the unequal distribution of income or wealth, in
the most frequently studied type of social inequality.
 GENDER INEQUALITY- sex and gender based prejudice and discrimination or sexual division of labor.
The emphasis on gender inequality is born out of the deepening division in the roles assigned to men and women,
particularly in the economic, political and educational spheres.
RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY- is the consequence of hierarchical social distinctions between
racial and ethnic categories within a society and are often recognized based on characteristics such as skin color and
other physical characteristics or an individual’s place of origin or culture.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY TO THE PHILIPPINE SOCIETY
PREJUDICE is the negative attitude towards the members of a particular group.
STEREOTYPING refers to our propensity to picture all members of a particular category as having the
same qualities.
ETHNOCENTRISM is the belief that our own race or group is the best.
SCAPEGOATING is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not know how to solve. Racism
is the thinking that one’s own race is superior and has the right to control or direct others.
ETHNIC MINORITIES are people dwell in a society that does not share their cultural heritage. And
they are also the people whose cultural background differs from that of the dominant members of a society.
DISCRIMINATION is an act of depriving minorities of equal treatment and are kept in a lower status by
the dominant members of the society and the resistance of equality.
GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES IN ADDRESSING SOCIAL INEQUALITIES:
DISABILITY LAWS
The Autism Society of the Philippines works untiringly for the protection of the rights and the enhancement of the
benefits available to persons with autism and their families. The following are the laws and implementing
guidelines in effect in the Philippines, which champion the cause of person with autism, and other disabilities.
REPUBLIC ACTS
1. ANTI- BULLYING ACT
Republic Act Number 10627 dated 05, June 2013. Bullying shall refer to any severe or repeated use by one or more
students of a written, verbal or electronic expression, or a physical act or gesture, or any combination thereof,
directed at another student that has the effect of actually causing or replacing the later in reasonable fear of physical
or emotional harm or damage to his property ; creating a hostile environment at school for the other student
; infringing on the rights of other student at school; or materially and substantially disrupting the education
process or the orderly operation of a school.
2. EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYMENT
Republic Act No. 10524 dated 23, July 1012. At least one per cent (1%) of all positions in all government agencies,
offices or corporations shall be reserved for persons with disability: provided that, private corporations with more
than One Hundred (100) employees are encouraged to reserve at least one percent (1%) of all positions for persons
with disability.
3. ACCESSIBLE POLLING PLACES EXCLUSIVELY FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND
SENIOR CITIZENS-
Republic Act No. 10336. Dated 23 July 2012. The state shall ensure that persons with disabilities and senior
citizens are able to exercise their right political participation without discrimination or restrictions. Towards this
end, the state shall design systems and procedures that will enable persons with disabilities and senior citizens
to register and vote by them.
* COMELEC RESOLUTION NUMBER 9763 dated 30, August 2013. This contains the implementing rules
and regulations around RA 10336.
4. IMPLEMENTATIONS OF PROGRAMS AND SERVICES FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN
EVERY PROVINCE, CITY AND MUNICIPALITY
Republic Act Number 10070, dated 27 July 2009. PDAO shall be created in every province, city and
municipality. The local chief executive shall appoint a PWD affairs officer who shall manage and oversee
the operations of the office, pursuant to its mandate under this act.
MAGNA CARTA FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
Republic Act Number 7277, dated 24 March 1992. This law provides for the rehabilitation, self -development and self-
reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the mainstream of society and for other purposes.
*Department of Tourism Memorandum Circular No. 2011 -04, dated 11 February 2011. This clarifies condition
around twenty percent (20%) discounts entitlements to persons with disabilities.
* Department of Interior and Local Government Memorandum circular No. 2009 -29, dated 09 September 2009. This
clarifies the procedure on the issuance of IDs and booklets for PWDs.
* Joint Department of Trade and Industry and Department of Agriculture Administrative Order 02, dated 27 July
2009. This clarifies rules and regulations on the grant of special discounts to persons with disability on the purchase
of basic necessities and prime commodities.
II. NATIONAL PROCLAMATIONS
UN INTERNATIONAL DAY OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
Presidential proclamation No. 1157, dated 16 October 2006. The proclamation designated December 3 as the
International Day of persons with Disabilities in the Philippines, in keeping with United Nations declaration.
NATIONAL DISABILITY PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION WEEK
Presidential proclamation No. 361, dated August 2000. The proclamation ordered the assignment of the third
week of July as the National Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation Week, culminating on the birthdate of the
sublime paralytic, Apolinario Mabini on July 23.
NATIONAL AUTISM CONSCIOUSNESS WEEK
Presidential proclamation No. 711, dated January 1996. The proclamation ordered the assignment of the third
week of January as National Autism Consciousness Week, enjoining the Department of Health, Department of
Education Culture and Sports, the Department of social Welfare and Development, and the Department of
Interior and Local Government to serve as the national focal point for the commemoration of this event.
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON DISABILITY AFFAIRS
Presidential Decree No.1509, dated 11 June 1978. The national government recognizes responsibility to provide
the handicapped with the fullest measure of protection and assistance to help develop their abilities in all fields of
endeavour and to promote their integration into the mainstream of society, as well as its primary duty for the
prevention of physical and mental disabilities.
POVERTY AND INEQUALITY REDUCING PROGRAMS
1. 4PS CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER to reduce inequalities in opportunities in education and reduce
intergenerational poverty
2. COMMUNITY BASED MONITORING SYSTEM (CBMS) as a to reduce poverty and inequality at the
local level The Philippines’ Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
• To promote investment in human capital that ensures children belonging to poor households, aged 0 -18, grow
up healthy and stay in school
• Utilizes the conditional cash transfer scheme wherein beneficiaries receive cash grants based on their
compliance to their co-responsibilities
OTHER POLICIES
DEPED CHILD PROTECTION POLICY
dated 14 May 2012. The document outlines the Philippine Department of Education’s Policies and Guidelines
on protecting children in school from violence , exploitation, discrimination, bullying, neglect, abuse cruelty and
other conditions prejudicial to their development.
WAYS TO REDUCE GLOBAL INEQUALITIES
Extreme economic inequality is corrosive to our societies. It makes poverty reduction harder, hurts our
economies, and drives conflict and violence. Reversing this trend presents a significant challenge, but one
where we’ve seen some progress.
1. STOP ILLICIT OUTFLOWS
In developing countries, inadequate resourcing for health, education, sanitation, and investment in the poorest citizens
drives extreme inequality. One reason is tax avoidance and other illicit outflows of cash. According to Global
Financial Integrity, developing countries lost $6.6 trillion in illicit financial flows from 2003 through 2012, with
illicit outflows increasing at an average rate of 9.4 percent per year. That’s $6.6 trillion that could reduce
poverty and inequa lity through investments in human capital, infrastructure, and economic growth.
2. PROGRESSIVE INCOME TAX AND WEALTH TAX
Progressive taxation means higher tax rates for those with higher income or more wealth, so that those who earn or
have more are taxed at a higher rate. After falling for much of the 20th century, inequality is worsening in rich
countries today. The top one percent is not only capturing larger shares of national income, but tax rates on the highest
incomes have also dropped.
3. ENFORCE A LIVING WAGE
Governments should establish and enforce a national living wage, and corporations should also prioritize a livin g
wage for their workers and with the suppliers, buyers, and others with whom they do business. Low and
unliveable wages are a result of worker disempowerment and unequal societies. Governments and corporations
should be responsible for protecting the right to a living wage, corporations should commit to responsible
behaviour that respects the dignity of all workers.
4. WORKERS’ RIGHT TO ORGANIZE
Extreme inequality requires the disempowerment of workers. Therefore, the right of workers to organize and
bargain collectively for better pay and conditions is a global human rights priority. Despite Article 23 of the
Universal Declara tion of Human Rights which declares the right to organize as a fundamental human right,
still face intimidation, fear, and retribution for attempting to organize collectively. Where unions are strong, wages
are higher and inequality is lower.
What is the solution to at least minimize problems in the Philippines?
The best solution would be education. Much of the Filipinos who voted for the politicians in the Philippin e
government are uneducated, thus they make bad decisions when voting government officials. Since they are
uneducated they have menial jobs and no money so most of the time would accept electoral bribery. Being
poor they would usually turn to crime and drugs. Do you agree that the best solution for social inequality is
education? Why?

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• Patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly called social inequality. It reflects the innate
differences between individuals for example their varying abilities and efforts.
• Someone may be endowed with exceptional intelligence or talent or may have worked very hard to achieve
their wealth or status.
• Inequality is found in all societies irrespective of time and place. Human society is not homogeneous but
heterogeneous. Human beings are differentiated according to socially approved criteria.
The social differentiation on the basis of high and low is the historical heritage of all societies.
SOCIAL DESIRABLES
Any rational individual in a community will always aspire for things that bestow wealth, power, and prestige.
Unfortunately, realizing such aspirations is severely constrained by situations where one is born into (ascribed and
achieved traits).
Reasons why we desire for wealth, power, and prestige:
People who are born poor will have more difficulty than people who are born rich.
Women have more limitations than men.
People with different sexual orientations also face difficulty in many instances.
People who are born with disabilities are already physically encumbered compared to those born without disabilities.
People who are born in urban areas have an easier time compared to those born in rural areas.
AVAILABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY
Inequalities among people are anchored on the presence of social desirables, which are defined as resources
considered valuable by societies. These resources may be tangible or intangible.
However, what makes them different is how they see these resources in relation to their availability and how they
can be accessed by members of society.