Oil & Gas TECHNOLOGY

‫تكنولوجيا النفط و الغاز‬

Oil & Gas Industry (A)
Course Contents
Unit # 1 from slide 1 to 112
1 Introduction to oil & gas industry in Libyan.
2 Crude oil production.
3 Petroleum exploration methods, geology & geophysical study’s.
4 Minerals & rocks composition.
5 Introduction to crude oil, organic & inorganic theory, petroleum system, oil traps.
6 General chemical petroleum composition.
7 Basic reservoir rock and fluid properties.
8 Formation evaluation methods (mud log, coring, well logging, DST), functions and tools.
9 Overview of drilling operations.
10 Conventional rigs, components systems, operation, monitoring system.
11 Rig Basic drilling fluid components, physical properties.
12 Well control system definition, principle, kick and blowout.
Unit # 2 from slide 113 to 182
1 Casing pipes, types and application.
2 Well cementing, definition, objective and tools.
3 Non-Conventional Rigs, coiled tubing, wireline unit application, operations
4 Well completion, definition, objective & factors affecting.
5 Reservoir & wellbore connection, open hole, cased hole and liner completion.
6 Completion Geometry, single zone & tubing, multiple zone & tubing completion.
Course Contents
7- Tubing flow, casing flow (tubing less), casing & tubing flow.
8- Christmas tree, tubing hanger, production tubing &packer function and components.
9- Well perforation, main objective.
10- Well production operation, subsea production systems.
11- Natural reservoir energy, well flowing naturally, pressure losses in production flow naturally.
12- Basic types of lift system (SR-pump, ESP-pump, Gas lift) overview &objective.
13- Lift system surface & downhole equipment's.
14- Well production tests, definition & objective.
15- Measurement & control devices, objective, (pressure, rate, level & temperature).
Unit # 3 from slide 183 to 312
1- Formation fluids processing (crude oil ,natural gas, water) path & treatment.
2- The pipelines, definition, dimension.
3- The pumps, classification, uses, characteristics and pump arrangement (series & parallel).
4- The valves, usage, types, pipeline scraper, functions & types.
5- Oil & gas storage tanks, uses and accessories.
6- Oil & gas transportation system, types of petroleum and gas transportation.
7- Marine & land pollution.
8- Petrochemical, processing and refining petroleum.
9- Az Zawiya oil refinery , terminal and labrotary.
10- Well Servicing & Workover, definition & objective.
Course Contents

11- Preventive and corrective Maintenance.

12- Conventional workover program.
13- Well control in workover operations, well killing operations, definition.
14- Hydrostatic and pressure gradient, examples.
15- Types of well killing (killing by circulation & bull heading).
16- Well problem analysis & evaluation (casing leak, sand production, water conning).
17- Wellbore deposit and types.
18- Scale, emulsion and corrosion problems.
19- Well stimulation, definition & objective.
20- Matrix acidizing, objective, types of acids and additives.
21- Hydraulic fracturing, objective, types and fracturing fluid characteristics.
‫أنواع شركات النفط‬
Oil Company Types
Government Body ‫ ليبيا‬- ‫الدولة المالكة‬

National Oil Corporation

‫المشغل‬

‫المشغل‬
‫الخدمات‬
‫شركات الحفر المتعاقدة‬
‫كافة أنواع الشركات‬
‫الطاقم‬
Introduction to Oil & Gas
Industry in Libya
Where and How are oil and gas accumulations found?

Basin: a volume of sedimentary rocks capable of containing potential elements of a working

“hydrocarbon machine” source, reservoir, trap, seal and proper timing and migration.

Tripolitanian
Ghadamis Basin
Basin
Sirt
Basin

Muruzg
Basin
Al Kufra
Basin
 ‫ى‬
‫‪Oil Fields,‬‬ ‫الحقول االنفطية الصحراوية ف ليبيا ‪Libyan Onshore Oil Fields‬‬
‫العرب للنفط (الرسير – النافورة – الحمادة )‪.‬‬
‫ى‬ ‫رشكة الخليج‬ ‫▪‬
‫رشكة الواحة للنفط ( جالو – الظهرة – السماح ‪ -‬الفارغ)‪.‬‬
‫‪Refineries‬‬ ‫ى‬
‫تيبيست )‪.‬‬ ‫ى‬
‫الغاب –‬ ‫رشكة الهروج للعمليات النفطية ( آمال –‬
‫رشكة شت لتصنيع النفط والغاز ( زلطن – الراقوبة – االستقالل “ التحدى”)‪.‬‬
‫▪‬
‫▪‬
‫▪‬

‫‪and Ports‬‬ ‫رشكة أكاكوس للعمليات النفطية ( ر‬

‫الرسارة ) ‪.‬‬
‫رشكة الزويتينة للنفط ( ‪103‬أ ‪ ،‬زلة ‪ ،‬الصباح )‬
‫▪‬
‫▪‬
‫ى‬
‫‪in Libya‬‬ ‫الحقول النفطية البحرية ف ليبيا ‪Libyan Offshore oil Fields‬‬
‫حقل البورى النفىط‪.‬‬ ‫▪‬
‫صباته‬
‫منصة ى‬ ‫▪‬
‫حقل الجرف‬ ‫▪‬
‫ى‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ى‬
‫الموان والمصاف النفطية ف ليبيا‬
‫طبق)‪.‬‬
‫ميناء ومصفاة الحريقة ( ى‬ ‫▪‬
‫ميناء الزويتينة‪.‬‬ ‫▪‬
‫ميناء ومصفاة رأس األنوف‪.‬‬ ‫▪‬
‫ميناء ومصفاة الزاوية‪.‬‬ ‫▪‬
‫ميناء السدرة‪.‬‬ ‫▪‬
 Zueitena
Essider Terminal
Terminal

Raslanuf Hatiba
Refinery Amal Nafoora

Zelten

Ghani
Raguba

Zella
Sabah
‫‪The First Oil Well Drilled in Zelten Oil Field‬‬
‫‪C 1-6‬‬

‫ى‬
‫تم حفره ف ‪ 13‬يونيو سنة ‪1959‬م‪.‬‬
‫عمق الطبقة المنتجة ‪ 5500‬قدم‪.‬‬
‫القدرة األنتاجية ر‬
‫للبئ ‪ 17500‬برميل يوميا‪.‬‬
‫الكثافة القياسية للنفط المنتج ‪ 37‬درجة‪.‬‬
‫ى‬
‫سبتمئ سنة ‪1961‬م‪.‬‬
‫ر‬ ‫وضع عىل خط األنتاج ف شهر‬
‫كيف يتكون النفط ؟‬
‫كيف يتكون الغاز ؟‬
 General Chemical Petroleum Composition
What is Petroleum (Crude Oil)?
It is a complex mixture of naturally accruing hydrocarbons

ELEMENTS WEIGHT%
Petroleum consists of : Carbon 84 - 87
Hydrogen 11 - 14
Sulphur 0.06 – 2.0
Nitrogen 0.1 – 2.0
Oxygen 0.1 – 2.0
Oil: .
• Is lighter than water, so it tends to accumulate above the water layer.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is always associated with oil in a reservoir.
Given proper conditions of pressure and temperature, the
substance will stay in solution (dissolved) in the oil.
When the temperature and pressure are lowered, the gas comes
out of solution.
Free gas tends to accumulate near the top of the reservoir.

Oil
Water
Connate water: The water originally associated with the
organic material.
Bottom water: The water that occurs at the bottom of the Water
reservoir.
Edge water: The water that collects at the boundary of the
reservoir.
The water associated with petroleum reservoirs
almost always contains some salt. Thus, petroleum
is usually associated with salty
Reservoir Fluid APII Viscosity (cp) Colour

Black Oil 15 - 40 2 - 100 Dark often Black

Volatile Oil 45 - 55 0.25 - 3 Brown , Orange or Green Physical and

Chemical
Gas Condensate characteristics
˃ 50 0.25 Light Colored
of crude oil
Wet Gas ˃ 60 0.25 Light Colored
Dray Gas
Fuel Oil No liquid
----------------- 0.02 – 0.05 Light Colored
- --------------------- -------------------------------------
˃ 70
Introduction to crude oil

Organic theory
• The organic theory says that millions of years ago, the earth
was full of animals and plants that lived in marine (water)
environment before the dinosaurs.
• The continuous build-up of the organic materials formed by
heat and pressure to sedimentary rock and finally led to
the formation of crude oil.

Inorganic theory
The inorganic theory holds that hydrogen and carbon were
brought together under great pressure and temperature deep
in the earth, these materials were converted to oil and gas.
Minerals and Rocks Composition

Shale
‫أنواع الصخور‬

Sedimentary Rock
Sandstone
Toroweap Sandstone

Limestone

Granite
Minerals ‫المعادن‬

Gold
Quartz
(Au)
(SiO2)

Crystalline Granat
Conditions for a Petroleum accumulation

• Source Rock = An organic-rich sedimentary rock that can generate and release enough
hydrocarbons to form an accumulation of oil or gas .
• Reservoir Rock = Permeable and porous rock that yields hydrocarbons.
• Cap Rock = Impermeable rock such as Shale.

Why the Oil and Gas Migrate?

The oil and natural gas tend to migrate due to less density and by the pressure differential.

Generation Migration Accumulation

Source Rock Reservoir Rock
Required: Required: Required:
Adequate organic content, Adequate correct timing, suitable Adequate permeability &
temperature & time path way porosity and seal rock
Petroleum System

All the elements necessary for an accumulation of oil or gas.

PROCESSES
ELEMENTS Development Trap
Preservation
Source Rock GAS Accumulation
Reservoir Migration
Seal Expulsion
OIL
Trap Generation

Water
Crude Oil Production

Exploration
A series of surveys, using advanced methods such as seismic, reflective seismic, magnetic
and gravity to locates hydrocarbon on land or under the sea.
Preparing to Drilling
When seismic investigation has been completed, it is time to drill the well, normally
dedicated drilling rigs either on mobile onshore units or offshore floating rigs are used.

Formation Evaluation Tests

The evaluation process analyzes the well for producible hydrocarbons.
Then the decision is made to either produce hydrocarbons or plug the well.

Preparing to Completion
Well completion includes all the steps needed to prepare a newly drilled well for
production ( interface between the reservoir and surface production).
Crude Oil Production

Preparing to Production
To design the best production system in order to give best production rate at normal
condition by used low energy.
Oil & Gas Treatment
The oil should be processed as soon as possible after bringing them to the surface. oil
and gas then transported by pipe lines to treatment facilities (pumping station). such as oil
separators are used for the purpose.
Oil & Gas Storage & Transportation
The oil and gas storage in tanks then convert by pipe lines to refined products and
petrochemical every day.
Market
The crude oil and the produced petroleum products transported by using oil tankers
or sub-sea pipe lines to market.
 Drilling
Exploration

Completion Production
 Storage
Treatment

Refining Market
Seismic Method

• The most common of finding oil is the seismic

method.
• This is done by sending sound waves into the
earth or in the sea.
• The waves hit the different types of formation and
reflect to the surface.
• The reflections are recorded at the surface.
• They are used to draw a geological map.
• Geophysicists explore in this way until petroleum
reservoirs are found.
• A source of energy (dynamite, vibrator trucks,
air guns).
Structural Map
Geology Studies

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the

Seismic Survey
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon. The planet’s name has
nothing to do with the liquid metal, since it was
named after the Roman messenger god
Basic Reservoir Rock & Fluid Properties

What is a Reservoir ?
An oil/gas reservoir is a permeable rock formation that contains oil/gas.
There must be some kind of sealing mechanism (impermeable rock) to prevent the
oil from escaping.

Gas
Oil
Water
Porosity Permeability

Mineral Grain

Solution
Well site geologist
Pores (Mud logger)
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even
hotter than Mercury—and its atmosphere is
extremely poisonous. It’s the second-brightest
natural object in the night sky after the Moon

Water
Formation Evaluation Tests

.
Will This Well Produce Oil or Gas or Dry ?

▪ Mud Logging.
▪ Core Sample.
▪ Electrical Well Logging.
▪ Drill Stem Test (DST).
‫فوائد تدوير سائل الحفر (الطمى)‬
 Mud Logger Unit Well site geologist
(Mud logger)

Problem Solution
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even
larger than the Moon. The planet’s name has hotter than Mercury—and its atmosphere is
nothing to do with the liquid metal, since it was extremely poisonous. It’s the second-brightest
named after the Roman messenger god natural object in the night sky after the Moon
Electrical Well Logging

Logs are continuous recording of physical and chemical rock properties of the penetrated
(drilled) formation during the drilling of exploration , development wells.

Well
Logging
Truck
Well Logging Truck

T.N.Daw
 GRL Potassium
Why do we run logs ?

1) Formation lithology & correlations.

2) Formation rock type.
3) Formation porosity and fluid saturations.
4) Permeability estimations.
5) Depth and thickness of productive zones.
6) Borehole geometry , size.
7) Determine GOC & OWC.
8) Locate casing collar.
Drill Stem Test (DST)

▪ After a well has penetrated the reservoir, it is important to find out if it will
produce gas or oil or water and at what flow rate.
▪ DST run for different conditions of completion, such as open & cased hole.
▪ The measurement and analysis of (DST) pressure behavior affords the
engineer a practical and economical means for estimating important
formation parameters prior to well completion.

Applications :-
Exploratory or developmental wells where real-time subsurface data is
desired to determine whether the well is possible or not.
Why do we need DST ?
• To make sure that the penetrated formation in economically to be completed.
• Give us a good indication about the completion method we should use.
• To prove the presence of hydrocarbons.
• To determine type of reservoir fluid, initial pressure & temperature, formation permeability.
• Tell us whether we should use artificial lift system or not.
What can we get from the DST ?
• Drill stem test is a mainly pressure recordings and flow rate measuring.
By using these two elements we can calculate :
• The average effective permeability.
• The well bore damage.
• The pressure drop due to skin.
• Fluid sample for lab testing.
• Static and flowing bottom-hole pressures.
 Drill Pipe
Typical DST
Adapter Surface
Installation
Bar-drop Sub

Flow Tee
Swivel

Master Valve

Drill Pipe
Typical DST Drill Pipe

Down Hole
Installation Reverse Circulation Value
Sample Chamber

Pressure Recorder
Safety Joint
Hydraulic Jar
Packer

Perforated Joint
99
Pressure Recorder
Temperature Recorder
Open Hole Test Zone
Typical DST Pressure Chart Record

1. Tools RIH and Initial Hydrostatic Pressure.

2. Tools on Bottom, Set PKR and Safety Meting,….etc.
3. Open Test Valve.
4. Fluid Enter Drill Pipe (First Flow Period).
5. Closed Test Valve.
6. First Shut-in Build-up pressure.
7. Open Test Valve
8. Final Flow Period.
9. Closed Test Valve.
10. Final Shut-in Build-up pressure.
11. Released Hydrostatic Pressure, Un-set PKR & R/D surface Equipment.
12. POH Down Hole Equipment.
Overview of Drilling Operations

The proposal for drilling the well is prepared by the geologists and reservoir engineers in
the operating company and provides the information upon which the well will be
designed and the drilling program will be prepared.

The proposal contains the The drilling program is prepared by the

following information: Drilling Engineer and contains the following:
• Objective of the Well • Drilling Rig to be used for the well.
• Depth and Location of Target. • Hole Sizes, Casing Sizes and Depths.
• Geological Cross section. • Drilling Fluid Specification.
• Pore Pressure Profile Prediction. • Well Control Equipment and Procedures.
• Bits and Hydraulics Program.
 Mobile Offshore On-shore
Drill Ships Drilling Rig

Problem Solution
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even
larger than the Moon. The planet’s name has hotter than Mercury—and its atmosphere is
nothing to do with the liquid metal, since it was extremely poisonous. It’s the second-brightest
named after the Roman messenger god natural object in the night sky after the Moon
Conventional & Non-Conventional Rigs
In completion & workover operation generally involves killing the well, remove
the production tubing with associated down hole equipment, perforating
operations and cement squeeze,…….etc.
Then placed the well on production, usually required workover rig to do this jobs.

Type of Drilling & Workover Rigs

Conventional Rig Non-Conventional Rig

(Rotary or Top Drive)

On shore Off shore Wireline Coiled Snubbing

Rigs Rigs Unit Tubing Unit
 Crown Block

Monkey Board Mast

Fuel Tank Rotary Drilling

Traveling Block Rig (On-Shore)
Mud Pumps
Components
Generator

Rig Floor

Pipe Rack
Pipe Ramp
Shale Shakers Reserve Pit
Cat Walk
Choke Manifold
Comparing between Top drive and Rotary rig

Top Drive Rig Rotary Rig

• More quickly than rotation rig. • Lower maintenance cost.
• More safety than rotation rig. • less problem than Top drive rig.
• Doesn’t need a lot of workers . • Less equipment than Top drive rig.
• Back reaming with drill string.
 Flaring
System

Hoisting
Rig
Equipment
Drilling &
Production
Platform

Housing
Facilities Operation
Equipment
Rig Components and Operations

The Rigs Consist of Several Primary Component Groups Including:

• The Power Generator System ( Rig engines).

• The Rotary System.
• The Hoisting System.
• The Circulating System.
• The Well Control System (BOP).

Rig Operations:

There are Three main operations in Drilling & Workover Rig:

• The Rotating System.
• The Circulating System.
• The Hoisting System.
1. Power Generator System

The electrical power generators are driven by diesel powered internal

combustion engines (prime movers). Electricity is then supplied to electric
motors connected to the draw works , rotary table and mud pumps.

Electric
Generator
2. Rotating System

▪ The main part of the rotating system is a very powerful machine, this machine is
called the Rotary Table.
▪ The rotary system includes: power swivels , power tongs, kelly, rotary table , drill
pipe , drill collars and Bit.

Swivel Rotary Table Kelly Bushing

Drill Bits
Tooth
The bit is the tool suspended at the bottom of the drill string 3-Cone (buttons)
that actually cuts the well during drilling operations.

Body: The body is made of forged steel with own specification.

Cones: Milling the rocks of formation , made of with bearing
with axial shaft . Leg
Threads: When we want to do connection with the drill collar
with bit sub.
Nozzles: Used as channels for drilling fluid to curry the
cutting from bottom to surface.
3-Jet Nozzles Pin
connection
(Thread)
Drill Bits Classifications:
▪ All bits used to soft formations Small teeth
have long teeth in the cones.
Long teeth
▪ Teeth for medium formation
smaller than soft formation .

▪ Teeth for hard and very hard

formation are very small
Tungsten carbide ( balls).

Very Small
teeth

Diamond Bits
(very hard formation)
 3. Hosting System
Drilling Line
The hosting system consists of the derrick, travelling
Travelling
& crown block, drilling line and draw works.
Block

Travelling block is an arrangement of sheaves that

allows the travelling block assembly to move up and Hook
down within the rig tower.

The drilling line is a heavy duty wire rope made

out of strands of improved plow steel that
connects all components in the hoisting system.
 Pipe Ramp
(V-Door)

The ramp at the side of

the rig where pipe or
equipment is to be lifted
to the rig floor .

Cat Walk
Is used to bring in pipe and other
equipment onto the drill floor.
4. Circulating System
Mud pumps always have used reciprocating positive-displacement pistons.
Both two-cylinder (duplex) and three-cylinder (triplex) pumps are common.

Fluid circulation serves the following functions:-

Mud Pumps
• To prevent the bit from sticking.
• To help carry cutting or sand from the well to the
surface.
• To prevent formation fluids from entering the well.
• To clean the bottom of the well bore.
 Pressure Choke
Gauge Manifold
Planning of pipes, valves and
chokes which allows drilling or
Fixed choke workover fluids to be
circulated, adjust the flow rate
and regulate the pressure
before turned the well to
station or tank or flair pit.
Mixing
Hopper
Mixing Tank
A series of tanks which the
drilling and workover fluids is
cycled and mixed additives in
the pit, and the fluid is
stored there before being
pumped back into the well.
 Rotary Drilling
Draw Works Rig
Driller
Floor Man

Drill Pipe

Rotary Table Rotary Table

Mouse Hole
Rig Monitoring & Control System

The instrumentation system on modern drilling rigs is a

Key Part. It is made-up of:-

• Weight Indicator Gauge.

• Mud Pump Pressure.
• Rotary Torque Measurement.
• Pump Stroke Indicator.
• Tong Torque Indicator.
• Rate of Penetration Recorder.

Weight
Indicator
 (Wireline Unit)

Wireline Functions Staffing Box

• Running instruments to measurements and recordings bottom
hole (P , T ) surveys, by using mechanical (Amerada) or electrical
memory gauges.
• Running and pulling gas lift valves in gas lift wells. Lubricator
• Locate ( Tagged ) well depth and tubing end.
• Opening and closing sliding side-door (SSD) by using shifting tool.
• Checking and cleaning the flow path ( tubing) from scale, BOP
paraffin and sand accumulations.
• Taken bottom hole sampling from wellbore and fishing
the well tools.
• Installing tubing pack-off (plugged) or similar completion devices
( R & F nipples ).
Control Cabin

Wire-line
Drum
 Wireline Tools

Collar Stop Impression Block Wire-line Spear Pulling Tool

Weight Indicator Running Tool Wire-line Clamp

Coiled Tubing Unit

Goose Neck • Inject a killing fluid by

circulating (prior to
(Tubing Guide) workover operations, etc.).

Control Cabin • Clean out the tubing from

(operators station) (sand, salt, paraffin's,..etc.)
Injector Head CT-Reel
• Sand control by using
BOP chemical control.
Stripper
Rubber • Clean out the bottom of
the well from sand by
Power Skid circulating (sand fill).

• Drilling & Fishing

Operation.
Drilling & Completion Fluids

The Drilling fluids is one of the most important items directly affecting the
success of a drilling operation to perform any or all of the various
functions required in all operation.

Function of Drilling Fluids

Drilling Fluid
(Mud)
• Seal the permeable formations.
• Control Subsurface Pressures.
• Transport and remove drilled cuttings.
• Suspend cuttings and weight material.
• Clean, Cool, and Lubricate bit and drill string.
 Basic Drilling Fluid Components

Solids Liquids Chemical

Weight Material

Barite Calcium Carbonate Hematite

Reactive Solid

Clays Shale Additives

 Drilling Fluid Circulating System

Mud Pits Mud Surface Stand Mud

(Suction Tank) Pumps Connections Pipe House

Drill Drill Through

Swivel Kelly
Pipe Collars Bit Nozzles

In the Annulus Between Annulus Between

DC & Hole DP & Hole (Casing)

Mud Pits Then the cycle

(through the shale shakers) is repeated
 Desander
A centrifugal device for removing sand
Desilter
from drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of
the pumps. It may be operated a centrifugal device, similar to a
mechanically or by a fast -moving stream desander, used to remove very fine
of fluid inside a special cone-shaped particles, from drilling fluid to lower
vessel, in which case it is sometimes the amount of solids in the fluid.
called a hydro cyclone.

Hydro-cyclone
 Reserve Pit

Collects rock cuttings separated from the mud during drilling

operations or drain the completion & work-over fluids from the
well during start -up production operations.
 Drilling Fluid Properties
• Density. Graduated
• Rheological. Jug

March Funnel
• Filtration Control or Fluid Loss.
• Solids Content.
• Chemistry.
Monitoring and Testing Drilling Fluids Measuring
Jug
Graduated balance
Level glass arm Adjustable Screw

Mud Balance
Scale
Viscometer

Cup with a lid

 Scale in
perforation
and wellbore

Plugging
material and
fluid invasion
 Well Control

Well control is a process used to prevent oil and gas wells from
kick or blowout during drilling and workover operations

Well Control Principle

Maintain constant BHP above formation pressure
(overbalance of 100 to 300 psi) during all times
What is a kick?

It is an influx or formation gas or fluid that

causes the well to flow into wellbore due to
loss of primary control.

Causes Of Well Kicks

▪ Gas migration.
▪ Insufficient mud or workover fluid weight. Drill Bit
▪ Swabbing in a kick while tripping out.
▪ Low viscosity of drilling or workover fluid. Gas Gas
▪ Lost circulation.
What is a Blow Out

An uncontrolled (Kick) exit of the

formation gas or fluid at the surface booth
primary & secondary control are lost.

Gas Gas
 Blow-out

Spiral Drill Collars

Spiral Drill Collars

Blow-Out Preventer (BOP)
Hydrill
The BOP is used to shut in the well in emergencies.
Blind Ram
If formation pressure exceeds BHP for any reason (
gas bubble, swabbing on trip…..etc.).
Blowout preventer equipment (BOPs) must be used
to close the well and allow the crew to control a ”
Pipe Ram
kick” before it becomes a blowout.

BOP Control System:

1- Accumulators Unit (Koomy).
2- Charging Pump.
3- Choke Manifold.
4- Kill Line.
Accumulators Unit (Koomy)

Is a hydraulic pressure unit which keeps liquid under pressure in tanks that,
when activated close the BOP stack prevent, sealing off the wellbore.
The unit can be activated from a panel on the rig floor.