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ESS Paper 2

Uploaded by

Anika Hinkova
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views8 pages

ESS Paper 2

Uploaded by

Anika Hinkova
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

–2– M18/4/ENVSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Section A

Answer all questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.

1. Figure 1 shows the process of carbon capture and storage (CCS) that can be used to
manage climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is pumped into three different underground
locations, where it is stored.

Flow 1 pumps CO2 into an underground saline reservoir.


Flow 2 pumps CO2 into an oil reservoir; CO2 replaces oil; oil is produced.
Flow 3 pumps CO2 into a coal seam; CO2 replaces methane (CH4); methane is produced.

Figure 1: Carbon capture and storage flow chart

Power station/industrial facility

Flow 1
Flow 3
Flow 2
500 m
Key Oil CH4
Impermeable CO2
CO2 CO2
cap rock 1000 m
Coal seam

Oil reservoir 1500 m

Saline reservoir

[Source: Adapted from http://www.wri.org/resources/charts-graphs/carbon-capture-sequestration-flow-chart.


Licensed under CC BY 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/]

(a) Outline the evidence that CO2 acts as a greenhouse gas. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

24EP02
–3– M18/4/ENVSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(b) State a greenhouse gas other than CO2. [1]

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(c) Outline how the mitigation strategy shown in Figure 1 is different to an adaptation
strategy for managing climate change. [2]

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(d) Identify two mitigation strategies to manage climate change, other than carbon capture
and storage. [2]

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(e) Outline how Flows 1 and 2 shown in Figure 1 may contribute to the capture and
storage of atmospheric carbon. [2]

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Turn over
24EP03
–4– M18/4/ENVSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

2. Soil quality is important for global food production systems.

Figure 2(a): Soil texture triangle


100

90 10

80 20

70 30
Clay
60 40

Pe
y
cla

50 50

rce
Silty
nt

nt
rce

Sandy clay

silt
40 60
Pe

clay
Silty clay
Clay loam
30 loam 70
Sandy clay loam
20 80
Loam
10 Sandy loam Silt loam 90
Loamy Silt
Sand sand 100
10

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10
0

Percent sand
[Source: Courtesy of USDA]

(a) State the soil texture that has the following composition: 20 % clay; 55 % silt;
25 % sand. [1]

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(b) Describe how the addition of sand to a silty clay loam could alter its characteristics for
healthy plant growth. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

24EP04
–5– M18/4/ENVSO/S P2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 2 continued)

Figure 2(b): Horizons (layers) in a typical soil profile

Horizons
O (Organic)
A (Surface)

B (Subsoil)

C (Substratum)

R (Bedrock)

[Source: Image adapted from Wikipedia/Hridith Sudev Nambiar. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)]

(c) (i) Draw a flow diagram to show the flows of leaching and decomposition associated
with the mineral storage in the “A” horizon in Figure 2(b). [2]

(ii) Identify one other input to the mineral storage in the “A” horizon. [1]

..........................................................................
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(iii) Identify one other output from the mineral storage in the “A” horizon. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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24EP05
–6– M18/4/ENVSO/S P2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 2 continued)

(d) Outline why leaving arable farmland fallow (unused) between growing seasons could
lead to soil degradation. [2]

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3. Figure 3 represents a system of aquaculture with four groups of harvestable species.

Figure 3: Integrated aquaculture

Small particles of
suspended organic
matter taken up by
Fish mussels

Edible algae

Mussels
Current
Large particles of
excess food/fecal
matter consumed
by lobsters
Lobsters

[Source: Ocean Conservancy]

(a) Identify one producer in the system illustrated in Figure 3. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

24EP06
–7– M18/4/ENVSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 3 continued)

(b) Outline one reason why aquaculture production has increased globally. [1]

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(c) Describe two negative environmental impacts that may arise from integrated
aquaculture. [2]

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(d) Explain why this system may cause fewer environmental impacts than systems that
farm only fish. [4]

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24EP07
–8– M18/4/ENVSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Section B

Answer two questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.

4. (a) Outline how four different factors influence the resilience of an ecosystem. [4]

(b) Explain how a community of trees in a woodland may be considered a system. [7]

(c) Disturbance of the composition and processes of the atmospheric system through
human activity always disturbs the equilibria of marine systems.

Discuss the validity of this statement with reference to named examples. [9]

5. (a) Distinguish between the terms niche and habitat with reference to a named species. [4]

(b) Suggest the procedures needed to collect data for the construction of a pyramid of
numbers for the following food chain:

Plants Snails Birds [7]

(c) Quantitative models are frequently constructed to show the flow of energy and cycling
of matter in natural systems.

To what extent can these models be useful in assessing the sustainability of named
food production systems? [9]

6. (a) With reference to named examples, distinguish between a primary and secondary
pollutant. [4]

(b) Explain how organic waste may be an effective fertilizer in terrestrial systems but a
source of pollution in aquatic systems. [7]

(c) To what extent can different environmental value systems contribute to both causing
and resolving the problem of water scarcity? [9]

24EP08
–9– M18/4/ENVSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

7. (a) Outline four different ways in which the value of named resources have changed over
time. [4]

(b) The use of renewable resources is not always sustainable due to the activities involved
in their production.

Justify this statement for a named source of renewable energy. [7]

(c) Increasing concern for energy security is likely to lead to more sustainable energy
choices.

Discuss the validity of this statement, with reference to named countries. [9]

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24EP09

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