General Science For Competitive Govt. Exams Electric English App, Official Contact: 73474-16200 PHYSICS woRK Work is sald to be done, if force acting on a body Is able to actually move it through some distance in the direction of the force. Its SI unit is a joule. ENERGY + Energy Is a scalar quantity and its unit 's Joule. ‘+The sum of all kinds of energies In an isolated system remains constant at all times. This Is the law of conservation of energy. POWER Its unit is watt. + A. watt hour = 3600 Joule +L kilowatt hour = 3.6 x 10° joule + LHP = 746 watt GRAVITATION - og n ee force called force of gravitation. ‘+ The gravitational force of the earth Is called gravity. ‘+ The acceleration produced in a body due to force of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity (g) and its value Is 9.8 m/s ‘© Acceleration due to gravity is independent of shape, size and mass of the body. ‘+ Escape velocity Is the minimum velocity with, which an object Just crosses the Earth's gravitational field ‘and never returns. Escape velocity at the Earth's surface is 11.2 km/s. + Escape velocity at the Moon's surface Is 2.4 km/s. Due to low escape velocity there is no atmosphere on the moon, + Value of g decreases with height or depth from Earth surface. ‘+ gis maximum at poles. + gis minimum at equator. +g decreases due to rotation of Earth. © g decreases if angular speed of Earth increases and increases if angular speed of Earth decreases. + The acceleration due to gravity at the moon Is ene- sixth that of the Earth, So, the weight of a person on the surface of the moon will be 4/6 of his actual weight on the Earth: SATELLITE ‘+ Satellites are natural or artificial bodies revolving| ‘around a planet under its gravitational force of| attraction. ‘+ Moon is a natural satellite, while INSAT- artificial satelite of Earth ‘+ The period of revolution of satelite revolving near the| surface of earth is 1 hour 24 minutes (34 minutes). ‘+ Geo-stationary satellite revolves around the Earth at| 2 height 36000 km (approx). ‘+ Time period of rotation of geo-stationary satelite is 24 hours. ‘+ The Earth rotates on Its axis from West to East. This| rotation makes the Sun and the stars appear to be| moving across the sky from East to West. + A geosynchronous satellite is 2 satellite in 'synchronous orbit,Wwith an erbital period the same| ‘the Earth's rotation period. jecial case of geosyrichronous satellite is the| ry satellite, which has a geostationary| orbit - a cireular geosynchronous orbit directly above| the Earth's equator. ‘+ Geo-stationary satellite is used to telecast. TV| programmes from one part of the world to anther, in| Weather forecasting, in predictions of floods andl Groughts. ‘© Polar Satellite Revolves around the earth in polar orbit ‘at a height of 800km (app.) Time periods of these| satellites Is 84 min, ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS Cathode Rays Cathode rays, discovered by Sir Willlam Crooke| and Its properties are ‘+ travel in straight lines. + Produce fluorescence. ‘+ can penetrate through thin foils of metal and deflected by both electric and magnetic fields. + have velocity ranging 1/30th to 1/10th of the velocity of light Science for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200Positive or Canal Rays These rays were discovered by Goldstein. The positive ray consists of positively charged particles. These rays travel in straight line. ‘These rays are deflected by electric and magnetic fields. These rays can produce ionization in gases. X-Rays X-rays are electromagnetic waves with wavelength range 0.1 A-100 A. X-rays were discovered by Roentgen. X-rays travels in straight line, Long exposures of X ~ rays In injurious for human, body. X= rays shows photoelectric effect. Uses of X-Rays. In medical sciences X-rays are used in surgery for the detection of fracture, diseased organs, foreign matter like bullet, stones etc. They are used in treatment of cancer and in skin diseases. In Engineering, X-rays are used in detecting faults, cracks, flaws and gas pockets in the finished metal products and In heavy metal sheets. In Scientific Work, X-rays are used in studying crystal structure and complex molecules, In Custom Department X-rays are Used in ae department for detection of banned materials hidden. Radioactivity Radioactivity was discovered by Henry Becquerel, Madame Curie and Pierre Curle for which they jointly won Nobel Prize. Nuclear Fission ‘Atom Bomb is based on nuclear fission. U2" and Pu are used as fissionable material. Nuclear fission was first demonstrated by Halin and Fritz Strassmann, Nuclear Fusion When two or more light nuclei combined together to form a heavier nucleus Is called as nuclear fusion. For the nuclear fusion, a temperature of the order of 40° K Is required, Hydrogen Bomb was made by the American Scientist in 1952. This Is based on nuclear fusion. Itis 1000 times more powerful than atom bomb. Nuclear Reactor or Atomic Pile Nuclear reactor is an arrangement, in which controlled| nuclear fission reaction takes place, + First nuclear reactor was established in Chicago] University under the supervision of Prof Enrico| Fermi. + Heavy water, graphite and beryllium oxide are used to slow down the fast moving neutrons. They are| called moderate. Uses of Nuclear Reactor ()To produce electrical energy from the energy released during fission. )To produce different Isotopes, this can be used medical, physical and agriculture sclence. There are several components of nuclear reactor| which are as follows ‘© Fissionable Fuel U5 or U2? is used, «+ Moderator decreases the energy of neutrons, so that| they can be further used for fission reaction. ‘+ Heavy water and graphite are used as moderate. * Control Rod rods of cadmium or boron are used to| absorb the excess neutrons produced in fission of| Uranium nucleus, so that the chain reaction. NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION ‘+ First Law: Everybody maintains its intial state of rest on with uniformn/speedion a straight line unless| ‘extemal force acts on-It. Tels_also called Galileo's ‘or law of inertia. ) le While jumping from 2 slowly moving| train/bus one must run for short distance, in the| direction of motion. ‘+ Second Law: The form acting on an object is directiy| proportioned to the product of the mass of the object| and the acceleration produced on it. ‘+ Third Law: To every action, there is an equal and| opposite reaction. Bogles of the trains are provided with] buffers to avoid severe jerks during shunting of trains. Rocket_moves up due to reaction of downward] ejection of gas. ‘CIRCULAR MOTION ‘+ When an object moves along a circular path, ‘ts ‘motion is called circular motion. ‘© The external force required to act radially inward over| the circular motion of the body is called Centripetal| force. ‘© Centrifugal force is such 2 pseudo force that. Is| equal and opposite to Centripetal force. Cream separator, centrifugal dryer work on the| principle of centrifugal force. Science for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200FRICTION ‘© In the opposing force that Is set-up between the surfaces of contact, when one body slides or rolls or tends to do so on the surface of another body. ‘+ Due to friction, we are able to move on the surface of Earth, + While applying brakes in automobiles, it stops only due to friction Pascal's Law of Pressure + Hydraulic lift, hydraulic press and hydraulic brakes are based on the Pascal's law of pressure. Archimedes Principle ‘+ When a body Is immersed partly or wholly in a liquid, there is an apparent loss in the weight of the body, Which is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the body. + The weight of water displaced by an iron ball is less than its own weight. Whereas water displaced by the immersed portion of a ship is equal to its weight. So, small ball of iron ball sink in water, but large ship float. +A fat person will quickly leam the swimming as compared to a slim person because he will displace more water. So, it will be more balanced. ‘+ Hydrogen filled balloon float in air because hydrogen water. ‘WAVE ‘A wave Is a disturbance, which propagates energy from ‘one place to the other without the transportation of matter. Waves are broadly of two types: ‘+ Mechanical wave (longitudinal wave and transverse wave) ‘+ Electromagnetic wave ‘+ Following are the electromagnetic (Non-mechanical) waves- a, Gama rayas (Highest frequency) b. x-rays: c. UV rays 4. Visible radiation . Infra-red rays fF. short radio waves 4g. Long radio waves (Lowest frequency) All are in decreasing order of the frequency Following waves are not electromagnetic. 2, Cathode rays Is lighter than alr. A person can.lift more. rié canal rays alpha rays beta rays sound wave ultrasonic wave Longitudinal Waves ‘+ Inthis wave the particles of the medium vibrate in the irection of propagation of wave. ‘+ Waves on springs or sound waves in air are examples| of longitudinal waves. Transverse Waves ‘+ In this wave, the particles of the medium vibrate| perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave. ‘+ Waves on strings under tension, waves on the surface of water are the examples of transverse waves. Electromagnetic Waves ‘+The waves, which do not require medium for thelr] propagation l.e., which can propagate even through| ‘the vacuum are called electromagnetic waves. + Light radio waves, X-rays etc are the examples of| electromagnetic wave. These waves propagate with| the velocity of light in vacuum. ‘Sound Waves ‘Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves. Eased on| ‘sound waves are divided into As quency range 20 s having frequencies less than 20 H2| are called infrasonic + The sound waves having frequencies greater than 20000 He are called ultrasonic waves. + Ultrasonic waves are used for sending signals, measuring the depth of see, cleaning clothes and machinery parts, remaining lamp short from chimney of factories and in ultrasonography. ‘Speed of Sound ‘Speed of sound is maximum in solids minimum in ‘gases. ‘+ When sound goes from one medium to another| medium, its speed and wave length changes, but| frequency remain unchanged. The speed of sound| remains unchanged by the increase or decrease of| pressure. + The speed of sound increases with the increase of| temperature of the medium. ‘+The speed of sound is more in humid air than in dry| air because the density of humid air is less than the| density. Science for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200Echo: The repetition of sound due to reflection of sound waves Is called an echo. Intensity: It is defined as amount of energy passing normally per unit area held around that point per source unit time. Pitch: The sensation of a frequency is commonly referred to as the pitch of a sound. ‘Sonar: Tt stands for sound navigation and ranging. It is used to measure the depth of a sea, to locate the enemy submarines and shipwrecks. Doppler’s Effect If there is a relative motion between source of sound and ‘observer, the apparent frequency of sound heard by the ‘observer Is different from the actual frequency of sound ‘emitted by the source. 1 his phenomenon is called Doppler's Effect. LIGHT + ght is a form of energy, which Is propagated as electromagnetic wave. + Bis the radiation which make our eyes able to ‘see the object. Its speed is 3 x 108 m/s. It is the form of energy. It isa transverse wave. + Te takes 8 min 49s to reach on the earth from the sun and the light reflected from moon takes 4.288 to reach earth, + Primary Colours- Blue, Reg, Green + Secondary Colours- The coloured produced my mixing any twa primary colors + Complementary Colours- Any two colours added produce white light. * Blue colour of sky Is due to scattering of light. ‘+ The riliant red colour of rising and setting sun is due to scattering of ligt. Human Eye + Least distance of distinct vision is 25 em. * — Myopia or short sightedness- far objects cannot see dear ‘+ Hyperopia or hypermetropia or Long-sightecness- Near objects cannot see clear + Presbyopia- In elder person, Both far and near cannot See clear Reflection of Light ‘+ When a ray of light falls on a boundary separating two media comes back into the same media, then this, phenomenon is called reflection of light. Reflection from Plane Mirror ‘+ If an object moves towards a plane mirror with speed ¥, relative to the object the moves towards it with a speed 2v. ‘* To see his full Image in a plane mirror, a person| required a mirror of at least half of his height. Spherical Mirror Spherical mirrors are of two types 1. Concave mirror 2. Convex mirror ‘+ Image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual, erect and diminished. ‘+ Image formed by a concave mirror is generally real and inverted. Uses of Concave Mirror () Asa shaving mirror (ii) As a reflector for the head lights of a vehicle, search light (li) In ophthalmoscope to examine eye, ear, nose by doctors. (iv) In solar cookers. Uses of Convex Mirror () As a rear-view mirror in vehicle because it provides| ‘the maximum rear field of view and image formed is| always erect. (id) In sodium reflector lamp. Refraction of Light + The| bending of the ray of light passing from one ium to other medium is called refraction. When a| ray of light enters from one medium to other medium, its frequency and phase do not change, but| Wavelength and velocity change. Due to refraction form Earth's atmosphere, the stars appear to twinkle, critical Angle ‘+The angle of incidence in a denser medium for which] the angle of refraction in rarer medium becomes 90°,| Is called the critical angle. Total Internal Reflection ‘+ Sparkling of diamond, mirage and looming, shinning| of air bubble in water and optical Fiber are examples| of total intemal reflection. Power of a lens Power of a lens is its capacity to deviate a ray. It Is measured as the reciprocal of the focal length In meters, ‘+ SIUnit of Power is diopter. Science for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Charge Charge is the basic property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical and magnetic effects. Similar charges repel each other and ‘opposite charges attract each other. The SI unit of charge is coulomb. ‘Conductor: Conductors are those materials, which allow electricity to pass through them. Metals like silver, Iron, copper and earth acts like a conductor. Silver is the best conductor. Insulator: Insulators are those materials which do not allow electricity to flow through them. Metals like wood, Paper, mica, glass, ebonite are insulators. Electric Current ‘+ Its unit is Ampere. It isa scalar quantity. + An electric bulb makes a bang when it is broken because there is a vacuum inside the electric bulb, when the bulb Is broken air rushes at great speed from all sides to fill the vacuum. The rushing of air produces a nolse generally referred to as the bang. + Shunt is-a wire of very small resistance + AGalvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a shunt parallel to it ‘+ AGalvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a very high fesistance in its series. ‘+ The sodium and mercury street lamps light up du atomic emission, ‘+The purpose of choke coll in fluorescent Is to prodi high voltage to ionize the gas in the tube required for high current to flow through filament. Magnetism + Diamagnetic substance- when placed In magnetic field, acquire feeble magnetism opposite to the direction of the magnetic field. Examples- Gold, Diamond, Copper, Water, Mercury ete, + Paramagnetic substance- when placed in magnetic field, acquire feeble magnetism in the direction of the magnetic field Example- Al, Na, Mn etc. ‘+ Ferromagnetic substance-when placed In magnetic field, are strongly magnetized in the direction of the magnetic field Examples- Iron, Cobalt, Nickle + Curie temp- the Curie temperature (TC), or Curie point, is the temperature at which certain materials lose ‘their permanent magnetic properties, to be replaced by induced magnetism. ‘+ Isogonic lines are lines on the Earth's surface along| hich the declination has the same constant value, and lines along which the declination is zero are called agonic lines. ‘+ Isoclinic lines are Imaginary lines on the earth's| ‘surface connecting points where the earth's magnetic field has the same angle. ‘+The aclinic line is the magnetic equator, where the| magnetic field Is inclined neither north of south, so| It's a special case of an isoclinic line. + Isodynamiic line- A line on 2 map connacting points| of equal strength of the earth's magnetic field. ‘Surface Tension and capillary ‘+ Lubricating oll spread easily on all parts because of their low surface tension. + Dirt get removed when detergents are added while washing clothes because surface tension of water is reduced. ‘+The absorption of Ink by a blotting paper Is due to apliary action ‘+ The supply of water to the leaves at the top of even| a tall tree Is through capillary rise, it of heat alle .G.S- Calorie ) British Thermal Unit (8. Th. U) Absolute Zero Temp- minus 273 K (-273 K) dealone= 4.23 ‘The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree| Celsius. + Consider 1kg of water at 0 °C. When itis heated from 0.°C, it actually contracts rather than expanding, up| to 4'0C. The volume of water is minimum at 4 °c Beyond 4 °C, water starts expanding. This behaviour of water between 0 °C and 4 °Cs calied anomalous| expansion of water. + Newton's Law of Cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature of an object is proportional to the difference between its own| temperature and the ambient temperature (i.e. the temperature ofits surroundings). + Hoar Frosteis the reverse process of sublimation. MEASUREMENT UNITS + Angstrom : For measuring length of light waves © Barrel : For measuring liquids. One barrel is equal to| 31% gallons or 7,326.5 cubic inches + Cable: For measuring length of cables. It Is about| 183m. In length Science for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200+ Carat: Used for measuring precious stones. It is also 3 measure for the purity of gold alloy : + Fathom : It is used for measuring depth of water. + (One fathom is equal to 4 inches © light year ‘+ Knot: For measuring speed of ships + t= 1000 SOME CONVERSION FACTORS Angular Measure + ims = 3,26 ft/s = 2.24 mi/h Mass and Density © Tkm/h= 0.621 ml/h = 0.278 m/s + 1Kg= 1000 9 = 6.02u © 1Slug = 14.6 kg Force and Pressure + lus Les kg + 18 4.45 © ton = 2000 Ib Length and Volume ¢ 1 Pa=1N/=10dyne/= 1.45 Ib/ «Tm = 100 cm = 38.4 inch = 3.28 ft © Latm=1.01x 105 Pa= 147 Ib/=76 om - Hg © Lmile = 1.61 km 280 fe SOME IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS Accumulator: Electrical energy is stored Altimeter: Used in aircraft for measuring altitudes > Ammeter: Measuring the electrical current in amperes > Anemometer: Measuring the strength of winds » Audiometer: Measuring intensity of wind > Audiophone: It is used for improving imperfect sense of hearing. > Barometer: Meastiring) atmospheric pressure > Binocular: An optical instrument designed for f distant objects by both eyes simultaneously ‘Tomeasure heat radiation "or recording the heart movements, > Calorimeter: Measuring of quantities of heat > Chronometer: A clock that keeps very accurate time as the one that Is used to determine longitude at sea, > Colorimeter: An instrument for comparing intensities of colour. > Commutator: An instrument to change or remove the direction of an electric current, in dynamo used to convert alternating current into direct current. » Cyclotron: Studying the properties of atoms by smashing them. > Dynamo: A device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy > Dynamometer: An instrument for measuring the electrical power > Blectroscope: An instrument for detecting the presence of electric charge. > Endoscope: To examine internal parts of the body > Fathometer: Measure depth of the ocean > Galvanometer: For detecting and measuring electric current. >» Hygrometer: Measure level of humidity > Phonograph: For reproducing sound > Pyrometer: Measure very high temperature > Quartz Clock: A highly accurate clock used in astronomical observations and other precision work » Radar: Radio, angle, detection and range Is used to detect the direction and range of an approaching aeroplane by ‘means of radio micro waves > Radiometer: An instrument for measuring the emission of radiant energy Science for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-162001s. Hans. 2. lans. Radio Micrometer: An instrument for measuring heat radiations Rain Gauge: An instrument for measuring rainfall Reetifler: An instrument used for the conversion of AC into DC. Refractometer: An instrument used to measure the refractive Index of a substance Resistance Thermometer: Used for determining the electrical resistance of conductors Salinometer: A type of hydrometer used to determine the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their densities ‘Seismometer (Seismograph): An Apparatus for measuring and recording earthquake shock ‘Sextant: For guiding ships or surveying land. ‘Spectroscope: An instrument used for spectrum analysis ‘Speedometer: it registers the speed at which the vehicle is moving ‘Spherometer: For measuring curvature of surfaces ‘Sphygmomanometer: An instrument used to detect blood pressure in a human body. It is also called 8.P.Apparatus ‘Sphygmophone: Instrument with the help of which, 2 pulse beat makes a sound ‘Spring Balance: Useful for measuring weight ‘Stereoscope: It is used to view two dimensional pictures. ‘Stethoscope: An instrument which Is used by the doctors to hear and analyze heart and lung sounds. ‘Stroboscope: It is used to view rapidly moving objects. ‘Tachometer: An instrument used In measuring speeds of aero planes and motor boats, Teleprinter: This instrument receives and sends typed messages from one place to another. Telescope: It views distant objects in space. ‘Theodolite: It measures horizontal and vertical angles. Transistor: A small device which may be used to amplify currents and perform other functions usually performed by a thermionic valve Vernier: An adjustable scale for measuring small ‘sions of scale Viscometer: For measuring viscosity Voltmeter: To measure potential difference bet Udometer: Rain guage Some Previous Year Questions ST unit of luminous intensity is? ‘The kinetic energy of an object is the energy that It A, lumen B. lux possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the C. candela D. watt Work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass c from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this, energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless Its speed changes. 3. Fat can be separated from milk in a cream Luminous intensity is 2 measure of the Wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized separator because of ? model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI ‘A. cohesive force 8, gravitational force Unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd). C. centripetal force. centrifugal force If a bomb dropped from an airplane explodes ans, D in mid-air ? ‘The centrifugal separator was invented in 1897. By A. Its KE increases the turn of the century it had altered the dairy B. its total energy increases industry by making centralised dairy processing Its total energy decreases possible for the first time. Tt also allowed removal D. Its total momentum decreases fof cream and recovery of the skim milk in 3 fresh ‘a state. Science for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200Melting point of ice : A. Increases with increase of pressure B. decreases with increase of pressure . Is independent of pressure D. None of these B The melting point of ice at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close to 0 °C (32 °F, 273.15 K); this is also known as the ice point. Radioactivity was discovered by? A. 3.3, Thomson 8. W.Roentgen C. H.Becquerel D.M. Curie © ‘Antoine-Henri Becquerel is known for his discovery of radioactivity, for which he received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. Unstable atomic nuclel will spontaneously, decompose to form nuclei with 2 higher stability. ‘The decomposition process is called radioactivity. If the temperature inside a room is increased, the relative humidity will? A. increase B. decrease . remain unchanged D. none of these: . Cc ‘a al OO AL much different than the temperature outside. This, Is because of that important relationship between temperature and how much maximum moisture can be in the air. Ina transistor, the base is an insulator a conductor of low resistance a conductor of high resistance {an extrinsic semiconductor A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical ower. It Is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. Nights are cooler in the deserts than in the plains because . ‘A. Sand radiates heat more quickly than the earth B. The sky remains clear most of the time . Sand absorbs heat more quickly than the earth D. Of none of the above reasons Ans. Because desert alr contains less moisture and because cloud cover is less frequent in deserts, temperatures vary more widely between day and night in deserts than in other areas. Deserts may experience temperature variations of 30-40 degrees between day and night (vs 20-30 degrees in other areas), this means a nighttime low of 70- 80 degrees after 2 110-degree day When we hear a sound, we can Identity its ‘A. wave length of sound B. the overtones present in the sound . the intensity of sound D. the amplitude of sound B ‘An overtone is any frequency higher than the fundamental frequency of a sound. Using the model, of Fourier analysis, the fundamental and the overtones together are called partials. Harmonics, for more precisely, harmonic partials, are partials whose frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental. A boy is standing in front of a plane mirror at a distance of 3 m from it. What is the distance between the boy and his image? A3m 8.6m 4.5m D. None of these image formed by 2 plane mirror is always Beier land of the Same shape and size as. ‘the object Its reflecting. A virtual image Is a copy of an object formed at the location from which the light rays appear to come Energy is continuously generated in the sun due to : ‘A, Nuclear fusion 8, Nuclear fission €. Radioactivity D. Artificial radioactivity a Nuclear fusion is @ nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come very close and then collide at a very high speed and join to form a new type of atomic nucleus. During this process, matter is not conserved because some of the matter of the fusing nuclei is converted to photons. Hydrogen bomb is based upon the principle of A. Nuclear fission B. Nuclear fusion . Controller nuclear reaction D. None of these B Science for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-1620013, lans. na, lans. lans. 16. lans. a7. lans. The hydrogen bomb eventually relies upon atomic fusion (adding to the atomic nucleus) to release energy. Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclel come very close and then collide at a very high speed and join to form a new type of atomic nucleus. During this, process, matter is not conserved because some of the matter of the fusing nuclel Is converted to photons The south pole ofthe earth's magnet is near the geographical A, south 8. east C. mest D. north > The South Pole of the Earth's magnet is in the geographical North because it attracts the North Pole of the suspended magnet and vice versa. ‘Thus, there isa magnetic S-pole near the geographical North, and a magnetic N-pole near the geographical South Number of basic SI unit Is Ag 87 cs Ds 8 International System of Units (SI) is the modem, metric system of measurement and the dominant system of intemational commerce and trade, Tt hhas seven base units. The wire having a green plastic covering ic | A. Une wire 8. Neutral wire . Earth wire D. None of these c ‘The earth wire Is a crucial part of the home electrical system and is designed to protect against electric shock. The working principle of a Washing Machine is ss A, Centrifugation B. Dialysis C. Reverse osmosis D. Diffusion a Washing machine works on the principle of centrifugal force. ‘Sound and light waves both : A. have similar wavelength B. obey the laws of reflection . travel as longitudinal waves D. travel through vacuum B Science for Competi 2a. 22. Ans, The two laws of reflection of light are applicable to sound waves as well. The incident wave, the normal to the reflecting surface and the reflected wave at the point of incidence lie in the same plane. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, In an electric motor, the energy transformation is from . AA. electrical to chemical B. chemical to light CC. mechanical to electrical D. electrical to mechanical D [An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. ‘The reverse of this would be the conversion of mechanical energy Into electrical energy and is done by an electric generator. The focal length of a plane mirror is : A. Positive: B. Negative ©. Zero D. Infinity D A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat reflective surface. The focal length of 2 plane mirror is Infinity. Its optical power is zero. A dynamo converts 7 Mechanical into sdlind energy energy energy jone of th The dynamo, by attaching it In between the two tires, converts the mechanical energy (which of course, Is produced by paddling) into electrical energy, and by connecting the wires going out of ‘the dynamo to light, it glows without any flaw. Which of the following is used in oven? A. X-rays, B. UV-rays . Microwaves D. Radio waves c ‘An oven is a thermally Insulated chamber used for the heating, baking or drying of a substance and most commonly used for cooking. Decibel is the unit of : A. Speed of light B. Intensity of sound . Intensity of heat D. None of these B tive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200las, lans. laa, Hans. las, lans. las, lans. la. lans. Decibel (dB) unt s used for expressing the ratio 28, Radian per second is unit of . Between two amounts ef electneor accuse pve A Nomentum 3 Moment of ertia formeasuting the rive oudness of sound erie D. Angle Velocty The ozone layer in the atmosphere is at © ang, 5 height of about . The SI unit of angular velocity is radians per nak 3.50 km The st ¢. 100 km Rao en 29, Which law states, "The rate of loss of heat by 5 a_body is directly proportional to the Ozone s manly found in two regions ofthe Earth's diterctce in temperature between the body Stinosphere, Most onan (about S0%) resides ns ad the surroundings"? Inyer that begins between 10 to 17 kilmmeters A Doppler ser ttre te carve surface and extends upto about eS ES oaing piabiemaleiaatel C. Kirchhoff's Law ‘A camera uses a to form an Di stefan's Law image on a plece of film at the back. . ‘A. convex lens B. concave lens Ans. B ae Newton's Law of Cooing states that the rate of ging . change of the temperature of an object is a proportional to the difference between its own A camera cond of tres man parte, Seipeetite aps ane ernlone etter The body whichis ight tghtand contains all gg, rePersurandtne ambient fem . the rmeshanieal par ree a jepends upon one oe - «The film or a charged couple device in the case 8. Pitch ofa anal comers: .ampltude Newton is used to measure . D. Wavelength A. Speed 8B. Volume: a 7 . ness ithelhracaenelot a sound that is Coe - rime 2 psychological correlate of physical c hath (amplitude). ‘The newton (N) is the International System of 34, ST Unit of Time is f ht (Sih deve unit of force Te hatter ser zl 5. ueter ‘nate GUE Pucca ot te eee aN A Ses Meter dassical mechanics, specifically Newton's second + Kilogram » Angstrom: law of motion. Ans, A x- rey waves. ‘The SI unit of time is second, symbol is (s). ‘A Longtiaal N teermed 32. STunitfor the surface tensions C. Electromagnetic D. Elastic pakolny eakoiny © cN/m D. kg/m ans. € Xcrays ae 1 form co tenon ia meanunes trea par unt are radio waves. length. Its SI unit is newton per meter. The technique used by bats to find their way 35. player making a long jump Is an example of rt locate food le : A Sona A. Projectile motion 8. Retatory motion & Eehelocation . spinning metion c ping D. Horizontal motion ans. & Bats use echolocation to navigate and find food in the dark. To echolocate, bats send out sound waves from their mouth or nose. When the sound waves hit an object they produce echoes Science for Competi Projectile mation Is a form of motion in which an object or particle Is thrown near the earth's surface land it moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only, tive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200a, lans. ss, lans. 6, Hans. The angular velocity depends upon the rate of change of the . ‘A, angular Distance B. Angular acceleration . Angular Displacement D. torque © ‘The angular velocity Is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement and is a vector quantity which specifies the angular speed of an object and the axis about which the object is rotating, ‘A rocket works by expelling gases from one end at a very high velocity. The escaping gases have a very high speed and this with their mass translates toa very large momentum. Due to the principle of conservation f momentum the body of the rocket is pushed forward. If both the momentum of the gases as well as that of the rocket are added the sum Is 2ero, 37. Sound waves in air are A. transverse . electromagnetic Ans. B ‘Sound can propagate through compressible media such as alr, water and solids as longitudinal waves and also as a transverse wave in solids. 38, Who among the following is the scalar 8. longitudinal D. polarised quantity. : A. force ®. pressure . velocity D. acceleration Ans. B Pressure is a scalar quantity. It relates the vector surface element with the normal force acting on It. 39. Sound of frequency below 20 Hz is called ‘A. audio sounds B. Infrasonic D. Slipersonics ‘ultrasonic ai fe term “infrasonie” applied to sound refers to sound waves below the frequencies of audibie sound and nominally includes anything under 20, ke, CHEMISTRY Radio waves, _ microwaves, infra-red spectrum, ultraviolet rays, "X-rays and Gamma rays are classified as A, light waves| B. electromagnetic waves C. electric waves D. magnetic waves 8 Electromagnetic radiation is the radiant energy released by certain electromagnetic processes. Tt consists of electromagnetic waves which are synchronized escllations of electric and magnetic fields thet propagate at the speed of light through vacuum. A rocket works on the principle conservation of 3 A, mass 8. linear momentum C. eneray D. angular momentum 8 MATTER In general it exists in 3 states 1. (i). Solid (il) quia (ii) gas. Now-a-days there Is a discussion on two more states of matter l.e., Plasma (Jonised gases containing super energetic and super excited particles and Bose-Einstein condensates or BEC (2 gas at super low temperatures with extremely low density). Boiling Point ‘The temperature at which liquid converts in to vapours is called its bolling point, Science for Competi ‘© Bolling point of water Is 100°C. ‘© The bolling point Increases in the presence of impurities. That's why boiling point of sea water is more than the boiling point of pure water (as the former contains impurity). © Tt usually decreases at high altitudes, that's why at high altitudes, the bolling point of water Is less than 100°C and’ more time is required to cook a food. Melting Point © Teisa temperature at which a substance converts. from its solid state to liquid state. © Meling point of ice is O°¢; It decrease in the presence of impurity tive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200‘Atom, Molecule and Element ‘Atom Is the smallest particle of a matter that takes part in chemical reactions, but cannot exist In free state. Atom is made 43 of electrons, protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus (at the centre of atom) whereas electrons revolve around the nucleus. ‘Atoms combine to form molecules, the smallest part of matter which can exist in free state, Isotopes and Isobars Isotopes have the same number of protons (ie, atomic number), but different number of neutrons and mass number (atomic number + number of neutrons), eg, 1142,142. Isobars have the same mass number but different atomic number. Example: 1Ar40, 19k4#0 Dating Techniques Radiocarbon dating Is used) to determine ti age of carbon bearing materials like wood, animal fossils ete. Uranium dating Is used to determine the age of Earth, minerals and rocks. Battery Battery Is a device, used to convert chemical energy Into electiical energy 2nd Is of two types (i) Primary batteries (non-rechargeable) act as galvanic cel, e.g, dry cell, mercury cel etc. (ii) Secondary Batteries: (rechargeable) Act as galvanic as well as voltaic cell E.g., lead storage battery, nickel cadmium battery ete Corrosion ©The oxidative deterioration of a metal surface by the action of environment is called corrosion, an electrochemical process, © When iron exposed in to air, iron surface turns brown due to the formation of hydrated ferric oxide (Fe203.xH20) which is also called rust, © Silver - Surface turns black due to the formation of silver sulphide (Ag2S) Renewable Non-renewable Natural Resources Renewable resources are available in large excess, Le., never ends, e.g, alt, sunlight etc. Non-renewable resources are available _in limited quantity and end, if used excessively, after a limited period of time. eg., mineral, coal, roleum, naturallgad etc, Fuels ‘The substanée, which produce heat and light on ‘combustion are called fuels, A strong foul smelling substance, called ethy! ‘mercaptan Is added to LPG to detect Its leakage as LBG is an odourless gas. ‘Some important fuels and their compositions Fuel Composition ‘Carbon monoxide (co) + hydrogen(h2) ‘Carbon monoxide (CO) + Nitrogen (N2) ‘Sources By passing stream over red hot coke Water Gas Producer Gas By passing insufficient air over red hot coke Coal Gas Hydrogen + methane + Ethylene + Acetyene + CO +Nitrogen Methane(83%) + Ethane By fractional distillation Natural Gas From petroleum nce for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Butane (CHa) 95% From petroleum ‘Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Methane (CH4) 95% From petroleum Biogas or Gobar Gas_| Methane (CHa) + Carbon dioxide (C02) + Hydrogen (H2)+ Nitrogen (Na) From organic wastes Physical and Chemical Changes ‘© Physieal changes are the change, which only affect the physical properties like colour, hardness, density, melting point etc, of matter, but do not affect the composition and chemical properties of matter. ‘© A physical change is temporary, while a chemical change is permanent. ‘© Crystallisation, sublimation, ‘bolling, melting, vaporisation, cutting of trees, dissolving sugar or salt in water etc. are physical changes. ‘© Chemical changes affect the composition as well as chemical properties of matter and result in the formation of a new substance. ‘© Burning of fuel/Burfing of candle and papér, ‘ruits etc, are examples of chemical changes electrolysis of water, photo synthesis, ripening iC coal Coal Is obtained by carbonization of vegetable matter and Is available in different varieties: © Peat. 60% + Lignite or Brown Coal - 70% ¢ Bituminous - 60 to 80 % C * Anthracite Coal ~ 90% € * Fame Flame contains three parts 1 Innermost Part- which Is black due to the presence of unburned carbon particles- has lowest temperature. 2 Middle part - is yellow due to incomplete of fuel 3 Outermost part- which Is blue due to complete combustion of fuel is the hottest and used by goldsmith to heat the gold. Fire Extinguishers Water extinguishes fire because as it evaporates, the vapours surround the burning substance, cutting off the oxygen supply, thus inhibiting burning process. In case of electrical or oll (petrol) fires, water cannot be used as extinguisher. This Is because water Is a conductor of electricity and heavier than oll. Thus, ol floats over It and continues to burn. Carbon dioxide, which Is generated by the reaction of baking soda with acid, is used extinguish electrical of oil fires. Quality of petrol is measured In terms of octane number and that of diesel in terms of cetane number. ists of mixture of im chlorate at its fone end. The box side contains a mixture of powdered glass and phosphorus. Acids, Bases and Salts Acids ‘These are the substance, which have sour taste ‘and turn blue litmus red. ‘These are good conductor of electricity in ‘aqueous solution. Pickels are always kept in glass jar because acid present in them reacts with metal to produce hydrogen gas. Bases ‘These are the substances, which have bitter taste and turn red litmus, blue ‘They give different colours in acid and base solutions. nce for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200Salts ‘These are the product of neutralisation reaction between an acid and a base. DH Is the measure of acidity /basicity. INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Carbon Dioxide ‘© Its an acidic oxide of carbon and Is used by green plants for photosynthesis. Tt does not help in burning. Air and our breath contain carbon dioxide. Thus, when lime water is kept in air or we pass our breath into it, the lime water turns milky. Carbon Monoxide © It Is a neutral oxide of air and has more affinity ‘towards haemoglobin than oxygen (about 200 times more). That's why in the environment of carbon monoxide ~ which is a non- poisonous gas = people dle for the need of oxygen. It is dangerous to sleep in an unventilated room with fire burning inside because the fire produces carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases. Plaster of Paris © It Is chemically/éalciuim sulphate hemihydrate (caS04.1/2H29) and is! prepared by heating ‘gypsum - which is calcium. sulphate dehydrate (CaS04.2H20) at 373 K. (On Mixing with water, plaster of Paris further sets into a hard solid, called gypsum. Thus, itis used to plaster fractured bones, for making toys, materials for decoration and for making surfaces smooth. Portland Cement © Itis a complex mixture of silicates and aluminates of calcium with small amount of gypsum. Raw: materials used for the manufacture of Portland cement are limestone and clay. The composition of Portland cement is caldum oxide (50-60%), alumina (5-10%), and magnesium oxide (2-3%). Gypsum Is added to cement to decrease Its rate of setting. In cement, if line Is In excess, cement cracks during setting and if lime is less, cement is of weak strength. Mortar a mixture of sand, cement and water is Used for joining bricks and plastering walls. Conerete—a mixture of gravel, sand, cement and water Is used for flooring and making roads. Reinforced Concrete Cement (RCC)— which is concrete with steel bars and wires Is used for constructing roofs, bridges and pillars Glass—an amorphous solid or super- cooled liquid—contains maint silica (Si2). Different substances are added to obtain glass of, different colours ‘Colour ‘Substance Added Red Copper oxide (CuO) Green Bue Cobalt oxide Cad} Tron oxide (F=203) Chromium oxide (Cr203) Brawn Heavy water Heavy water is water that contains heavy hydrogen or deuterium. Deuterium differs from the hydrogen usually found in water, protium, in that each atom of deuterium contains @ proton and eutron. Heavy Water may be deuterium oxide, 0 oF It may be détitetium protium oxide, DHO. avy water occurs naturally, although 's much less common than regular water. ‘Approximately one water molecule per twenty million water molecules is heavy water. Hard Water ‘The water in which soluble bicarbonates oil calcium and magnesium are present, Is called temporary hard water and in which soluble sulphates and chlorides of magnesium and calcium are present Is called permanent hard water. ‘The temporary hardness of water Is removed by bolling or by adding calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2— the Clark's process The permanent hardness of water is removed by adding sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), or calgon (sodium hexametaphosphate, Naz[Naa(P03) Hardening of oil (Hydrogenation) ll, an unsaturated fat when heated with nickel catalyst and hydrogen gets converted into a solid mass, called ghee, a saturated fat. This process is, called hardening of oll and Is carried out through hydrogenation in the presence of nickel as a catalyst. nce for Competitive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200‘Some Important Ores of Metals Ores - Those minerals from which the metals are extracted commercially and economically and with minimum effort are called Ores of Metals. Name of Elements ores: ‘Chemical Formulae 7. Aluminum (A) (2) Bauxite AIZ032H20 (b) Corundum Al203 (c) Kryoltte NaaAlFe = iron (Fe) (a) Hematite Fez03 (b) Magnesite Fes04 (¢) tronPyrite Fes2 (4) Siderite Fecos 3. Copper (Gu) (2) Copper Pyrite cuFeS2 (b) Copper Glance cu2s (6) Malachite 2euco2Cu(oH)2 4. Zine (en) (a) Zine Biende zns (5) Calarine zncoa 5. Sodium (Na) (a) Rock Salt acl (b) Sodium Carbonate Nazcoa &. Potassium (RK) (a) Kamnalite KCgCIGHZO (6) Saitpetre oe KNo: Tin (Sn) (a) Tin Pyrites cuzFesnsa (b) Classiterite ‘soz 9. Silver (Ag) (a) Silver Glance ‘Ag2S 410. Gold (Au) (a) Calve rite ‘AuTer (b) Sybarite AgAuTe2 Hf, Mereury (Ha) (a) Cinnabar gS: (b) Calomet Hg2cle 12. Magnesium (a) Dolomite (Mg) (b) Kamalite 73. Calcium (Ca) Ta) Lime Stone Cacos (b) Dolomite Mgcoscacos 14. Phosphorous (P) | (a) Phosphorite Caa(POa)CaFez (b) Floreopetite 3Ca3(P04)CaFe2 Science for Competi English App || Contact- 73474-16200Some Previous Year Questions asked 1. The father of modern chemistry is ? A. Priestley B. Lavoisier C, Dalton D. Mendeleeft Ans: B Antoine Lavoisier was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in Popular literature as the “father of modern chemistry’, 2. Which one is not metal ? A. sulphar 8. sugar C. nitrogen D.all Ans: All A metal is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. 3. Which one is the pure element ? A. glass 8. cement C. sodium D. none of these Ans: ¢ A pure element is a chemical element consisting of only one stable isotope. 4, What is the elements |present in urea’? A.GHO CCNA Ans: D Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula CO(NH2)2. The molecule has functional ‘group. 5. Aradioactive substance emits ? A. alpha particle B. beta particle CC, gamma particle D. all of the three Ans: All of the three Radioactive substances are continually producing three kinds of dangerous radiation: alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays. These types of radiation are invisible to the naked eye, and 50 you won't see a green glow. 6. The fuel in atomic pile is? A. carbon 8. sodium C. petroleum D. uranium Ans: D In the pile, the neutron-producing uranium pellets: were separated from one another by graphite blocks. Some of the free neutrons produced by the natural decay of uranium would be absorbed by other uranium atoms, causing nuclear fission of those atoms and the release of additional free neutrons. Science for Competi BNO D.C0,NH 7. Which of the following is the lightest metal? Al Mercury 8. Silver Lithium D. Lead Ans: ¢ ‘The lightest or least dense metal that is a pure element Is lithium, which has a density of 0.534 g/cms. This makes lithium neariy half as dense as water, so if lithium was not so reactive, a chunk of the metal would float on water. 8. The element present in the largest amount in rocksand minerals is? A. carbon 8, silicon hydrogen D. aluminium Ans: B Silicon is the eighth most common element in the Universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature. Tt is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Over 90% of the Earth's crust Is composed of silicate minerals, making Silicon the second most abundant element In the Earth's crust after oxygen. 9. German silver Is an alloy of? ‘A. copper, nickel and silver B, silver, copper and aluminium Cooper andinickel fl) r, zinc and copper n silver is'@ copper alloy with nickel and often Zinc. The usual formulation is 60% copper, 20% nickel and 20% zin 10.The inert gas abundantly found in widely distributedis? Axe. B. kr ClHe D. ar Ans: D Argon (Ar) Is the most prevalent of the noble gases in Earth's crust with the element composing 0.00015% of this crust. 11. Vinegar is used as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods. What is the constituent of vinegar? A Butanoic acid CC Ethanole acid Ans: € When ethanol reacts with oxygen it forms a weak acid called ethanoic acid. In an open bottle of beer or wine, the reaction happens naturally In the presence of bacteria, and itis the ethanoic acid that can make beer or wine taste sour. Vinegar Is typically 4-18% acetic acid by mass. Vinegar Is used directly as a condiment, and In the pickling of vegetables and other foods 8, Methanole acid D. Hexanoic acid tive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-1620012, Which one of the following Is correct? Setting ofplaster of Paris is . ‘A. dehydration BB. oxidation with atmospheric oxygen C. hydration leading to another hydrate . combination with atmospheric carbon dioxide Ans: D ‘To make lime plaster, limestone (calclum carbonate) 's heated to produce quicklime (calcium oxide). Water Is then added to produce slaked lime, which is sold as ‘a wet putty. Additional water Is added to form a paste prior to use, The paste may be stored in airtight containers. When exposed to the atmosphere, the calcium hydroxide very slowly turns back into caicium Carbonate through reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide, causing the plaster to increase in strength 13, Which of the following is the best conductor ofelectricity? A. Ordinary water C. Boiled water Ans: B Sea water Is 2 "good" conductor. It has a resistance and resistance increases by distance, So if you dip a very high voltage electric wire In the ocean, the area around it (even 100 meters or more based on how high itis) gets electric. 14. Which one among the _following Substances evolved heat when dissolved in B. Sea water D. Distilled water Ans: Quicklime is 2 widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at room ‘temperature. When limestone is heated, at about 1000° C it undergoes thermal decomposition. It loses carbon dioxide and turns into quicklime (calcium oxide). 45. Which one among the following polymers is usedfor making bullet-proof material? A. Polyvinyl chloride B. Polystyrene C. Polyethylene D. Polyamide Ans: © A bullet-proof material is made of polyethylene. It is a higher grade of the plastic found in Tupperware. 46. Hydrogen was discovered by ? A. Cavendish B. Lavosier C. Rutherford D. Scheele Ans: A In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the {gas from a metal-acid reaction “flammable air’ 17. Carbon reacts with metal to form. A. Carbide Carbonate C. Hydroxide D. oxide Ans! A Science for Competi water? A. Glucose 8. Fructose C. Quick lime D.Salt peter Carbon reacts with reactive metals, such as tungsten, carbon forms either carbides to form alloys with high melting points. Ans: € ‘A metalloid is a chemical element with properties in between metals and nonmetals. Germanium (Ge) is 2 chemical element. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white rmetallold in the carbon group. 19. Which one of the following is used in the preparationof antiseptic solution? A, Potassium nitrate 8, Iodine C. Todine chloride . Potassium chloride Ans: B Antiseptics are chemical agents that slow or stop the growth of micro-organisms (germs) on external surfaces of the body and help prevent infections. 20. The name catalysis was given by . A Ratherford 8. landmulr €.Grahm, D. Berzelius Ans: B Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an. additional substance called a catalyst. With a catalyst, reactions occur faster and with less energy, Because catalysts afe not consumedy they are recycled, Often only tiny amounts are required. ) 24, Which of the following is not a natural polymer? aw 8. silk €.cotton D. Tefion ‘Ans: D Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. They are often water-based. Examples of naturally occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose, cotton and proteins. 22. Gamma rays are. A. High energy electrons 8. Low energy electrons C. High energy electromagnetic . High energy positron waves ans: C Gamma rays (y) refer to electromagnetic radiation of an extremely high frequency and therefore consist of high- energy photons, 23. The ultrapure metal is obtained by ? ‘A, Caleination '8, Sublimation zone refining D. None of these Ans: € ‘The principal stages in the production of ultrapure metals are the preparation of pure chemical compounds, the reduction of the compounds to the elementary state and further purification. Pure compounds are obtained by sorption, extraction, distillation, rectification, ion exchange, and recrystallization from aqueous solutions: tive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-1620024, The gas used In a refrigerator is ? ‘A. cooled down on flowing B. heated up on flowing cooled down when compressed D. cooled down when expanded Ans: D Common refrigerants used in various applications are ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and non-halogenated hydrocarbons such as propane. Compressing these {gasses into liquids they are made to give up their heat. 25. Which one of the following petroleum refineryproducts has the lowest boiling point? A. Kerosene 8, Gasoline C: Diesel D. Lubricating oil Ans: D Lubricating oil is the most commonly used lubricant because of its wide range of possible applications. The two basic categories of lube oll are mineral and synthetic, Mineral olls are refined from naturally occurring petroleum, or crude oll. Synthetic oils are ‘manufactured polyalphaolefins, which are hydrocarbon based polyglycols or ester alls, 26. Compound having tetrahedral structure is A. C24 8. C2H2 c.cH4 D. None of these Ans: © Methane Is 2 tetrahedral molecule owith four equivalent C-H bondsy Its électronle structure Is described by four bonding molecular orbitals resulting from the overiap of the Valence orbitals on € and H. 27. The constant temperature, the product of pressureand volume of a given amount of a gas Is constant . This is_. ‘A, Gay-Lussac law C. Boyle's law Ans: ¢ Boyle's law Is a gas law, stating that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship, When temperature Is held constant. If volume Increases, then pressure decreases and vice versa, when temperature is held constant. 28. Modern periodic law had been given by B. Charles's law D. Pressure law A. Moseley 8. Mendeleev C. Lother-Mayer D. Lavoisier Ans: A In 1913, H.6.3 Moseley in England proved that the more fundamental properties of an element are its atomic number. Therefore he suggested that the basis of classification of elements should be atomic umber. 29, In Nuclear reactors graphite is used as . A, Lubricant B. Fuel Ci Linear of the reactor. —_D. Modulator Ans: D Science for Competi Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation. These are generally graphite moderated and CO2 cooled. 30, An acid is a substance which_ ‘A. Donates @ proton B. Accepts an electron C. Give HY in water D. all Ans: D An acid Is a chemical substance whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red and the ability to react with bases and certain metals to form salts. 31. A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen iscalled . A. Producer gas C. Natural gas Ans: B Water gas Is a synthesis gas, containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It Is a useful product but requires careful handling due to its flammability and the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. The gas is made by passing steam over a red-hot carbon fuel such as coke. 32, The compound of a metal found in nature is: called. B. Water gas D. None ‘A. Mineral B. Ore Flux D.Siag Ans: A are an integral part of ouF planet and are found In almost. all rocks and ‘soils, Most metals form inds called minerals, which are naturally occurring, inorganic solids with regular chemical Compositions and crystal structures. 33, Freon is used as ‘A. Oxidant 8. Refrigerant . Catalyst D. Both A and B Ans: B Freon uses for a number of halocarbon products. They are stable, nonflammable, moderately toxic gases or liquids which have typically been used as refrigerants and as aerosol propellants. 34, Which gas Is used in filling electric bulbs . A. Neon 8. Argon C. Radon D. Krypton Ans: B Argon is used to fill incandescent light bulbs to Inhibit the evaporation of the tungsten filaments and Increase bulb life. 35. Lead pencil contains ‘A Lead nitrate . Lead peroxide Ans: B Most pencil cores are made of graphite mixed with a clay binder which leaves grey or black marks that can be easily erased. 8. Graphite D. Lead Sulphate tive Exams By Electric English App || Contact- 73474-16200