Adjectival & Adverbial Phrases

and
The Relative
unerlined Clauses
phrase tells which car was red.

This clause
tells which car
A relative clause begins with a was red.
relative pronoun and describes
or identifies a noun in the
sentence to give readers
important information about it.
The car that sped down the street
was red.

This phrase
tells which car
An adjectival phrase was red.
begins with a preposition,
acts as an adjective, and
answers the question
which one.
The car with the loud engine
is red.

An adverbial phrase begins

with a preposition, The red car sped
acts as an adverb,
and answers the question
down the street.
how, when, where, or why.

This phrase
tells where the red
car sped.

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 Adjectives
Adjectives describe nouns.
They answer what kind, how many, or which one.

alert, beautiful, broken, calm, delicate, empty, famous, green, hilarious,

What kind? important, kind, new, rapid, serious, smooth, tense, unusual, witty, young

all, countless, couple, dozen, eight, enough, few, four, half, hundreds, little,
How many? lots, many, much, numerous, one, several, single, some

Which one? first, last, that, these, this, those

I ate pickles.

I ate sour pickles. What kind?

I ate three pickles. How many?

I ate these pickles. Which ones?

Examples
What kind? What kind?

The furry cat sleeps on my soft blanket.

Which one? What

That bird talks!
kind?

How many? Many flowers grew in the large garden.

The first kids sat down.

Which ones?

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 Adverbs
Adverbs can describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
They answer how, when, where, or to what degree.

How bravely, carefully, deeply, warmly, openly, fast

When always, daily, today, often, now, then, nightly

Where behind, inside, somewhere, anywhere, here, out

To What Degree almost, very, fully, absolutely, hardly, quite

How? When?

Where? To what degree?

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 Antecedents
An antecedent is the noun replaced by a pronoun.

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns

I, you, he, she, it, we, they me, you, him, her it, us, them

Josiah is the antecedent of he.

Josiah ate the pie. He enjoyed it.

Pie is the antecedent of it.

The prefix ante means

before. The antecedent usually
comes before the pronoun it
represents.

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 Articles
An article is a word that signals a noun.
The articles are a, an, and the.

a / an the
A and an are used to refer to a noun The is used to refer to a
in general, not a specific noun. specific noun.

I want to read a book I want to read the book

after lunch. I just bought.

An octopus has eight legs. The octopus with seven legs

is injured.

A is used before a noun

that begins with a consonant sound.
An is used before a noun that begins
with a vowel sound.

a
an
the

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 Capitalization & Punctuation
Capital Letters Punctuation
❏ beginning of a sentence ❏ end sentences with
. for statements
❏ proper nouns ? for questions
! for emotion or excitement
❏ the pronoun I
❏ use commas to separate
clauses or words in a series

When you write sentences, remember SNEEQS!

S To start a sentence, use a capital letter.

N To name people, places, & things, use a capital letter.
E To end a sentence, use a period (usually).
E To show emotion or excitement, use an exclamation point.
Q To ask a question, use a question mark.
S To separate clauses or words in a series, use a comma.

bake
morrow is M aya’s birthday. Let’s
To
ill you he lp m e? We need milk,
a cake! W

sugar, and eggs.

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 Clauses and Sentences
A clause has a subject and a predicate. There are two
types of clauses: independent and dependent.

Independent clauses Dependent clauses cannot

can stand alone and are stand alone and begin with a
complete sentences. subordinating conjunction.

ice cream is delicious when it is hot outside

fruit is the best snack unless it is not ripe

A compound sentence is created when two independent clauses

are connected with a coordinating conjunction.

independent clause + comma + coordinating conjunction + independent clause

Ice cream is delicious, but fruit is the best snack.

Coordinating Conjuction Function

B but to show contrast

O or to present an alternative

Y yet to show contrast that logically follows an idea

F for to explain cause

A and to add one idea to another

N nor to present an additional negative idea

S so to indicate effect

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 Collective Nouns
A noun names a person, A collective noun names a
place, thing, or idea. group of people or things
that act together.

Even though a collective nouns refers to a group,

it is singular and takes a singular verb.

Examples of collective nouns:

choir, jury, board, committee, flock, crew, hive,
pod, crowd, herd

The choir is singing.

The board was made up of citizens.
A jury of 12 people decides the outcome of a trial.

“Hive” is a
collective noun
that refers to a
group of bees.

“Bees” is plural, but

we use the singular verb
The hive “is” after “hive,” not the
of bees is plural verb “are.”
busy.

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 Commas
Use a comma to show a pause in the sentence.

Comma following a
Commas in a series prepositional phrase

Place commas after words If a sentence begins with a

when there are three or more long prepositional phrase,
items listed in a series. a comma is helpful to the
reader.

Nico enjoys playing the piano, Tomorrow morning after our

violin, guitar, and cello. breakfast, we will go to the park.

I like baking cats

and dogs.

Without
commas you
might send the
wrong message!
I like baking, cats,
and dogs.

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 Commas
Use a comma to show a pause in the sentence.

Comma following a
Commas in a series prepositional phrase

Place commas after words If a sentence begins with a

when there are three or more long prepositional phrase,
items listed in a series. a comma is helpful to the
reader.

Nico enjoys playing the piano, Tomorrow morning after our

violin, guitar, and cello. breakfast, we will go to the park.

I like baking cats

and dogs.

Without
commas you
might send the
wrong message!
I like baking, cats,
and dogs.

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 Compound-Complex
Sentences
A compound-complex sentence combines two or more
independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

Both coordinating and subordinating conjunctions are used.

but, or, yet, for, and, nor, so after, although, as, as soon as, even if,
even though, if, where

Subordinating Coordinating
Conjunction Conjunction

After the play ended, the actor took a bow, and he left the stage.

Dependent Independent Independent

Clause Clause Clause

Even t
Compound-complex ho
tried t ugh the sur
o f
sentences have both
board, balance on er
s t
subordinating and coordinating her he he wobbled he
ar t sla ,
conjunctions. mmed and
her ch inside
est.

Look for those to figure

out if the clauses are
dependent
or independent.

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 Compound Predicate
A predicate tells what the subject does or is.
A compound predicate is two or more verbs joined by a
coordinating conjunction.

Watered
and weeded is
the compound
predicate.

The
Minh word and is
watered a coordinating
and weeded conjunction.
the
garden.

Coodinating Conjuctions
Pandas chomp and chew
B but bamboo shoots.

O or H Ella sang or hummed

while working.
Y yet

F for

A and H H Most compound predicates use

these coordinating conjunctions:
N nor H or, and, nor (with neither).

S so

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 Compound Subject
A compound subject is two or more subjects joined
by a coordinating conjunction.

Minh and Sam is the

compound subject.

The word and is a coordinating

conjunction.
Minh and
Sam
planted
beans.

Coodinating Conjuctions

B but
Lakes or ponds can freeze.
O or H Lee and Luke are talented.
Neither bats nor moles see well.
Y yet

F for

A and H
 ost compound subjects use
HM
nor
these coordinating conjunctions:
N H
or, and, nor (with neither).
S so

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 Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs connect ideas and provide
a smooth transition.

Conjunctive
Function Examples
Adverbs

therefore
shows cause or Malik did not study. Accordingly, he did
then
effect not pass the test.
accordingly

however
compares or instead Malik does not like studying; instead,
contrasts also he likes to ride his bike.
similarly

certainly
Of course, Malik would rather do
shows emphasis of course
anything than study, so he would ride his
or illustrates for example
bike, sleep, or climb trees.
for instance

before
Malik never used to study; now, he
shows time or now
knows it will help him be successful in
sequence next
the future.
in addition

Conjunctive adverbs
make my writing smoother
and my comprehension
better.

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 Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions combine words,
phrases, and sentences.

Coordinating Conjuction Function

B but to show contrast

O or to present an alternative

Y yet to show contrast that logically follows an idea

F for to explain cause

A and to add one idea to another

N nor to present an additional negative idea

S so to indicate effect

What is the
function
of conjunctions?

Harper
likes Conjunctions
running connect ideas within
and and across sentences!
biking!

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 Demonstrative Pronouns &
Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative
adjectives point out something.

A demonstrative pronoun A demonstrative adjective

replaces a noun. describes a noun and answers
which one?

Ice cream is delicious. I would like a bike.

That is delicious. I would like this bike.

The words this and these point

out people or things close by.

The words that and those point out

people or things farther away.

The word
demonstrative comes
from the Latin root for
demonstrate.
demonstrate
means
to point
out

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 Independent &
Dependent Clauses
A clause has a subject and a predicate. There are two
types of clauses: independent and dependent.

Independent clauses Dependent clauses cannot

can stand alone and are stand alone and begin with a
complete sentences. subordinating conjunction.

ice cream is delicious when it is hot outside

fruit is the best snack unless it is not ripe

A complex sentence is created when one independent clause is

connected to one dependent clause using a subordinating conjunction.
Ice cream is delicious when it is hot outside.

What do subordinating
Subordinating Conjunctions
conjunctions do?

rather than, whether to indicate a choice

although, even if, even though, if,

to indicate a condition
though, unless, while

where, wherever to indicate a location or place

as if, in order that, so, so that, that to explain a purpose or result

as, as much as, because, inasmuch

to explain a reason or cause
as, in order that, since, whereas

after, as, as soon as, before, once,

to indicate time
since, until, when, whenever, while

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 Nouns
A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Person Place
boy cabin
officer auditorium
senator airport

Thing Idea
cupcake widsom
sock equality
camel envy

H There can be more than one noun in a sentence. The subject noun tells
who or what the sentence is about and comes before the verb. The direct
object tells who or what and comes after the verb.

Sasha ate an apple.

Subject Noun Direct Object

Who or what is the Who or what comes
sentence about? after the verb?

Sasha is who the sentence is about, so Sasha is the

subject noun. Apple is the other noun and comes
after the verb. Apple is the direct object.

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 Verbals: Gerunds
Verbals are verbs that function as other parts of speech.
A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and
acts as a noun in a sentence.
verb + -ing

A gerund can perform one of four functions in a sentence.

It can be any of the following:

the subect Since Irina was young, hiking has been her most-loved activity.

a direct object Irina likes hiking more than any other activity.

a predicate nominative Irina’s hobby is hiking.

an object of a preposition Everyone knows that Irina is committed to hiking.

Verbals are verbs in a

sentence that act as nouns,
adjectives, or adverbs.

• participles
There are • gerunds
three kinds • infinitives
of verbals.

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 Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific
person, place, or thing.

everyone
someone I am taller than Franklin, Kobe, or Travis.
singular
anybody I am taller than everyone.
nobody

everything
something Amy eats any meat or vegetables on her pizza.
singular
anything Amy eats anything on her pizza.
nothing

singular each

plural many
few The election was only for two people.
both The election was only for a few.
all
none

What is a singular
indefinite pronoun that refers
to many people?

H An indefinite pronoun that ends

in -one, -body, and -thing is
everyone singular. Most other indefinite
pronouns are plural.

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 Verbals: Infinitives
Verbals are verbs that function as other parts of speech.
An infinitive is a verbal that takes the form to + verb and
acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence.
to + verb

An infinitive can perform one of three functions in a sentence.

It can be any of the following:

a noun An effective strategy when reading a difficult text is to question.

an adjective The care to own is one that never needs repairs.

an adverb They returned to the hotel to rest.

Verbals are verbs in a

sentence that act as nouns,
adjectives, or adverbs.

• participles
There are
• gerunds
three kinds
• infinitives
of verbals.

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 Interjections
Interjections show emotion or emphasis.
They usually stand alone and are followed by a comma
or ending punctuation.

excitement or amazement Wow! Hurray! Bravo! Cheers!

disgust or disdain Ew! Blech! Yuck! Ugh.

greeting or attention grabber Hey! Look! Shhh! Hello! Ahem.

pain or mistake Oops. Ouch! Whoops! Uh oh!

stalling or thinking Um. Er. Well. Huh. Hmm. Huh?

 Many interjections can convey sarcasm or verbal irony

in which there is a difference between what is said and what is meant.

With
interjections, I
can create mood and
develop voice in my
personal writing. I can
express my absolute
enthusiasm, boredom,
or disgust!

Ta-da! Everyone will know

exactly how I feel!

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 Interrogative Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun asks a question, starts
with wh-, and replaces a noun that is not yet known.

What do you want?

We can eat now or later. Which do you prefer?
Who is at the door?
For whom do you work?

h i c h, My shoes are here. Whose do you have?

h a t ,w ,
w h o m
w
who, ose
wh

Don't forget: Demonstrative

pronouns­—that, those, this,
and these—point out or
demonstrate something.

Interrogative
comes from the
Latin root for
interrogate:
to ask
questions.

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 Nouns & Verbs
Nouns name a person, place, Verbs show action or state
thing, or idea. of being in a sentence. Every
sentence must have a verb.
Person
Action Verbs
student
author The clock ticks.
actor
Spiders climb.
A tourist snorkeled.
Thing
An octopus floats.
cupcake
sock The hotel stands.
camel

Verbs of Being
Place
library The customer is unhappy.
Texas The hats were warm.
hospital
The father seemed excited.

A window looked cracked.

Idea
The baby feels light.
honesty
freedom
justice

I underline the
Eat!
nouns and circle
the verbs! Snake
s his
Rona s.
is fro
m Mia
mi.

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 Object Pronouns
A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence.
An object pronoun takes the place of a direct object.

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns

I, you, he, she, it, we, they me, you, him, her it, us, them

Josiah ate the pie. He enjoyed it.

Pie is the direct object.

It is an object pronoun.

The pronouns you

and it can be subject
pronouns or object
pronouns.

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 Paired Conjunctions
Paired conjunctions combine two words,
phrases, or sentences.
Paired Conjunction What do paired conjunctions do?

both ... and connect two related ideas

either ... or contrast two alternative ideas

neither ... nor connect two negative ideas

not only ... but also connect two related ideas

whether ... or connect two alternative ideas

Coordinating conjunctions combine words,

phrases, and sentences.

but or yet for and nor so

What is the function

of conjunctions?

Harper likes
Conjunctions
both running
connect ideas
and
within and across
biking! sentences!

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 Verbals: Participles
Verbals are verbs that function as other parts of speech.
A participle is a verbal that ends in -ed or -ing and acts
as part of the verb or as an adjective in a sentence.
verb + -ed or -ing

A participle can perform one of two functions in a sentence.

It can be either of the following:

The cat is yawning.

part of the verb
The cat was finished with its nap.

The yawning cat stretched on the window sill.

an adjective
The exhausted cat took a nap.

Verbals are verbs in a

sentence that act as nouns,
adjectives, or adverbs.

• participles
There are
• gerunds
three kinds
• infinitives
of verbals.

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 Verb Tenses: Perfect Tense
Verbs tenses tell when the action happens.
Perfect tense verbs show completed action and
include a form of have.

Past Present Future

The dog had rested. The dog has rested. The dog will have rested.

Tense How Is It Formed? Shows Action ... Sample Sentence

had + past tense that was completed before

Past Perfect She had picked apples.
form of verb something else happened

has/have + past completed at present time or

Present Perfect She has picked apples.
tense form of verb that continues at present

will have + past that will be completed at

Future Perfect She will have picked apples.
tense form of verb some point in the future

The perfect tense

gives us information
about when something
Past happens.
Present
Future Look for the forms of have
to find out!

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 Phrases & Clauses
Phrases are groups of A clause has a subject
words that cannot stand and a predicate. There
alone. A phrase is are two types of
missing a subject or a clauses: independent
predicate, or both. and dependent.

Examples of Phrases Independent clauses

above the clouds can stand alone.
the tall buildings
flew away

Dependent clauses cannot

stand alone and begin with a
subordinating conjunction.
Phrases in Sentences

The bird flew above the clouds.

The tall buildings looked stately.
Flowers bloom
and grow + when they have
proper sunlight.
The yellow balloon flew away.
independent dependent
clause clause

The falcon clutched the branch in its claws before it dropped.

independent clause phrase dependent clause

After the game ends, Dad will pick us up in the parking lot.
dependent clause independent clause phrase

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 Singular & Plural Nouns
A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Singular vs. Plural Nouns

car cars
lion lions
fox foxes

From one book to Singular means one.

many books! Plural means more than one.

★ To make nouns plural, add

-s to the end. For nouns that
end in s, x, z, ch, or sh, add
-es to the end.

When you write sentences, remember SNEEQS!

S To start a sentence, use a capital letter.

N To name people, places, & things, use a capital letter.
E To end a sentence, use a period (usually).
E To show emotion or excitement, use an exclamation point.
Q To ask a question, use a question mark.
S To separate clauses or words in a series, use a comma.

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 Possessive Nouns
A noun names a person, A noun can be
place, thing, or idea. singular or plural.

A possessive noun shows ownership.

Add an apostrophe and an -s.
If the noun ends in -s, just add an apostrophe.

The first sentence

is all about one dog
because there is an ‘s.
The dog owns a bone.

The dog’s But, this sentence is all

bone is slimy.
about more than one dog
The dogs’ because there is an ‘ after the s.
tails were The dogs own tails.
wagging.

Possessive
Noun How many owners are there?
Noun

singular dog dog’s There is one owner.

plural dogs dogs’ There is more than one owner.

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 Possessive Pronouns
A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence.
Subject Pronouns Possessive Pronouns
I, you, he, she, my, his, her, its, our, their, your
it, we, they (Absolute: mine, his, hers, ours, theirs, yours)

Eli borrowd Ava’s guitar.

He borrowed her guitar.

He borrowed hers.

Possessive pronouns act like adjectives Th

and answer the question whose. poss e
es
They show ownership. pron sive
her r oun
ep
Ava’ laced
s
show . Her
Ava o s that
wns
guita the
r.

The book Absolute

is mine. possessive pronouns
It's not stand alone. They don’t
yours. modify a noun.

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 Predicate Adjectives
Adjectives describe nouns. beautiful, fluffy, countless,
They answer what kind, how many, several, first, confused
or which one.

Predicate adjectives are found in The elephants are enormous.

the predicate of a sentence. My dad seems ready.
They follow state of being verbs The chimp looks confused.
(is, was) or linking verbs (looks, seems). Is Elsa excited?

Action Verbs State of Being Verbs Linking Verbs

sleeps, walks, thinks, am, is, are, was, has, seems, appears,
swims, glows, covers being, were, have feels, tastes, proves,
turns, smells

subject + linking verb + adjective

The coffee appears hot.

complete predicate

The adjective that comes after the verb is hot.

It describes the subject.
Appears hot links back to the subject.

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 Predicate
A predicate tells what the subject does or is.

one word that tells flew

Simple Predicate what the subject washed
does or is shined

the verb and all the

flies across the sky
words after it that
Complete Predicate washing cars
tell what the subject
shined over the lake
does or is

The one
word that tells
what this sentence
is about is moon.
So, moon is the
subject!

Shined is the one word that

tells what the subject does
or is. So, shined is the simple
predicate!
The moon
shined over
the lake.
Shined over the lake is the
verb and all the words after the verb.
So, those words are the complete
predicate!

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 Predicate Nominatives
Predicate nominatives are nouns found in the
predicate of a sentence. They follow state of being
verbs (is, was)and rename the subject.

That player is the captain.

The barking animal is a guard dog.
Our principal is a great leader.

State of Being Verbs

am, is, are, was, has, being, were, have

subject + being verb + predicate nominative

Vivian is a police officer.

predicate

Vivian is The noun that comes after the verb of

renamed being is officer.
“officer.” Officer renames the subject.

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 Prepositions
Prepositions show relationships.

about, above, after, along, behind, beside,

Common between, from, off, out, since, through, to-
prepositions ward, under, until

Prepositional phrases answer where or when.

Where examples off the coast, behind the door, under the sea

When examples after lunch, since yesterday

The dog ran over the fence.

Who? What Where or when?

action?

The word ”over“ is a

preposition. “Over the
fence” is a prepositional
phrase.

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 Verb Tenses: Progressive Tense
Verbs tenses tell when the action happens.
Progressive tense verbs show repeated or continuous action
and include a form of to be and a verb ending in -ing.

Past Present Future

The dog was resting. The dog is resting. The dog will be resting.

Tense How Is It Formed? Sample Sentence

Past was/were + verb

She was picking apples.
Progressive ending in -ing

Present am/is/are + verb

She is picking apples.
Progressive ending in -ing

Future will be + verb

She will be picking apples.
Progressive ending in -ing

The progressive
tense gives us information
about when something happens
Look for the forms of to be to
find out!
Past
Present
Future

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 Proper Nouns
A noun names a person, A noun can be
place, thing, or idea. common or proper.

The names of specific people, places,

and things are called proper nouns.
Proper nouns always take a capital letter.

Person → Specific Person

student → Takesha
author → John Greene

Place → Specific Place

ocean → Arctic Ocean
building → Big Ben

Thing → Specific Thing

month → August
car → Ford Mustang

Always use a
capital letter for the
names of specific
people, places, and
things.
Lexia

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 Reflexive Pronouns
A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence.
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the sentence subject.
Reflexive pronouns can be singular or plural.

singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself

plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

The boy made the lemonade himself.

Himself refers back to the sentence subject: the boy.

I is the subject of
the sentence.
Myself refers back
to I.

I can
see
myself.

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 Plural Nouns
A noun names a person, place, thing or idea.
Irregular Plural Nouns:
Regular Plural Nouns:
does not add -s or -es or
add -s or -es
it changes its spelling

car cars foot feet

fox foxes wolf wolves

What are some other

irregular plural nouns?

mouse / mice
foot / feet
My tooth / teeth
foots leaf / leaves
feet are
tired. woman / woman
child / children

When you write sentences, remember SNEEQS!

S To start a sentence, use a capital letter.

N To name people, places, & things, use a capital letter.
E To end a sentence, use a period (usually).
E To show emotion or excitement, use an exclamation point.
Q To ask a question, use a question mark.
S To separate clauses or words in a series, use a comma.

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 Relative Clauses
Relativeclauses
Relative clauses start
start with
with a relative
a relative pronoun
pronoun and refer
and refer to the
to thenoun
noun before
before it. it.
TheyThey
addadd meaning
meaning to sentence.
to the the sentence.

that which who whom whose

vities?
Which people have fewer ca
who br ush their teet h have fewer cavities.
People
ep?
Which book would I like to ke
ep the book that I borrow ed last week?
Could I ke

Which camera is broken?

mera, which belongs to Amira, is broken.
The ca

A relative clause
describes or identifies a
noun in the sentence to
give readers important
information about it.

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 Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun connects a clause or phrase
to a noun or pronoun.

that which who whom whose

A singer is someone A singer is someone

making music. who makes music.

Types of Pronouns Examples

Subject Pronouns
I want a salad.
I, you, he, she, it we, they

Object Pronouns
Give the keys to him.
me, you, him, her, it, us, them

Relative Pronouns A camera is something that

that, which, who, whom, whose takes pictures.

Relative pronouns are

different from other pronouns in
that they do not replace a noun
but instead describe a noun.

She is
the cat
that
ran
away.

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 Restrictive Clauses
Restrictive
Restrictiveclauses
clausesstart
start with
with a relative
relativepronoun
pronounand
andare
are
needed
neededfor
formeaning
meaning in in the
thesentence.
sentence.
Nonrestrictiveclauses
Nonrestrictive clausescontain
contain commas
commas and
andare
arenot
notneeded.
needed.

that which who whom whose

Restric tive Clauses:

s wh o prac tic e regu larly perform better.
Musician
bel Prize was Marie
The scientist who won the No
Curie.

Nonrestric tive Clauses:

mera, which be lo ng s to Am ira, is broken.
The ca
week, is my best friend.
Rachel, whom you met last

Restrictive clauses
have information that tell
you specifically which one.
Nonrestrictive clauses are not
absolutely necessary and are
set off with commas.

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 Run-on Sentences
A run-on sentence has two or more independent clauses
that do not have appropriate punctuation or a conjunction
to join them together.
Run-on Sentence Revise with Punctuation Revise with a Comma
Examples (.;:) + Conjunction

The birds perched by The birds perched by the The birds perched by
the window they sang window. They sang a melody. the window, and they
a melody. or sang a melody.
The birds perched by the
window; they sang a melody.

Nurses are rated to Nurses are rated to be the most Nurses are rated to
be the mosted trusted trusted professionals. They are be the most trusted
professionals they are vastly underpaid. professionals, yet they
vastly underpaid. or are vastly underpaid.
Nurses are rated to be the most
trusted professionals; they are
vastly underpaid.

You don’t Coodinating Conjuctions

need a comma
with a subordinating B but
conjunction like because
when it’s in the middle O or
of a sentence!
Y yet

F for

A and

N nor

S so

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 Simple, Compound, and
Complex Sentences
A simple sentence has one subject and one predicate.
Complete
Subject Predicate

Fruit is a healthy snack.

A compound sentence has two independent clauses

connected by a coordinating conjunction.
Independent Coordinating Independent
Clause Conjunction Clause

Fruit is a healthy snack, so I eat mangos every day.

A complex sentence has an independent clause and at

least one dependent clause. A subordinating conjunction
usually joins the clauses.
Conjunction Dependent Independent
Clause Clause

When I am hungry, I choose fruit as a healthy snack.

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 Simple Sentences
subject predicate
Simple
tells who or what the
sentence is about
+ tells what the
subject does or is
= Sentence

Happy dogs swim in the pond.

Simple Simple Complete Complete

Subject Predicate Subject Predicate

more than
one word one word

dogs swim happy swim in

dogs the pond

When you write sentences, remember SNEEQS!

S To start a sentence, use a capital letter.

N To name people, places, & things, use a capital letter.
E To end a sentence, use a period (usually).
E To show emotion or excitement, use an exclamation point.
Q To ask a question, use a question mark.
S To separate clauses or words in a series, use a comma.

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 Subject
The subject tells who or what the sentence is about.

bats
one word that tells who or what
Simple Subject girl
the sentence is about
lake

nocturnal bats
all the words that tell who
Complete Subject a young girl
or what the sentence is about
a beautiful lake

The one word that tells

what this sentence is
about is lake. So, lake is the
simple subject!

All the words that tell who

or what this sentence is about
are a beautiful lake.
So, those words are the
complete subject! A beautiful
lake
glittered.

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 Subject Pronouns
A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence.
A subject pronoun takes the place of the subject noun
(who or what the sentence is about).

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns

I, you, he, she, it, we, they me, you, him, her it, us, them

Josiah is the subject.

He is a subject pronoun.

Josiah ate the pie. He enjoyed it.

The pronouns you

and it can be subject
pronouns or object
pronouns.

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 Subject–Verb Agreement
In a sentence, the subject and verb must agree,
or match, in number.
A singular subject A plural subject
takes a singular verb. takes a plural verb.

Subject Verb Example

(subjects underlined; verbs circled)

The pilot checks the controls.

He loves to eat bananas.
Singular subject Singular
Her dog barks at the wind.

The flight attendants are in the cabin.

We enjoy swimming in the lake.
Plural subject Plural
Scholars meet at the conference.

”He” is a singular
subject and ”love” is a
plural verb. They don’t
match.

He love Using the singular form of

to sing. the verb makes the sentence
correct.
He loves
to sing.

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 Subordinating
Conjunctions
Conjunctions join ideas within and across sentences
(-junc is Latin for join).
but shows contrast
Coordinating or presents an alternative
conjunctions yet shows contrast that logically follows an idea
combine words, for explains cause
phrases, and and adds one idea to another
sentences. nor presents an additional negative idea
so indicates effect

both … and — connect two related ideas

either … or — contrast two alternative ideas Paired conjunctions
neither … nor — connect two negative ideas combine two words,
not only … but also — connect two related ideas phrases, or sentences.
whether … or — connect two alternative ideas

Subordinating conjunctions join two clauses.

rather than, whether to indicate a choice Under which condition?

although, even if,

even though, if,
to indicate a condition Under which condition?
in spite of, provided that,
though, unless, while

where, wherever to indicate a location or place Where?

as if, in order that, so,

to explain a purpose or result Why?
so that, that

as, as much as, because,

inasmuch as, in order that, to explain a reason or cause Why?
since, whereas

after, as, as soon as, before,

once, since, until, when, to indicate time When?
whenever, while

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 Colons
A colon has several functions: to list items, to emphasize or
introduce an idea, or to connect two complete sentences.

Most plants need two things to survive: sunlight and water.

Tomorrow is the best day of the year: my birthday!

Pollution is not someone else’s problem: we are all responsible.

When you write sentences, remember SNEEQS!

S To start a sentence, use a capital letter.

N To name people, places, & things, use a capital letter.
E To end a sentence, use a period (usually).
E To show emotion or excitement, use an exclamation point.
Q To ask a question, use a question mark.
S To separate clauses or words in a series, use a comma.

aya’s birthday.
Tommorrow is M e?
! Will you help m
Let’s bake a cake en
gar, and eggs. Th
We need milk, su
pendence Mall to
we can go to Inde rd.
present and a ca
buy two items: a

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 Verb Tenses
Verbs tenses tell when the action happens.

Tense How is it formed? Shows Action... Sample Sentence

That currently or
Simple Present Usually add -s or -es She picks apples.
regularly happens

That has not

Simple Future Includes will She will pick apples.
happened yet

That already has

Simple Past Usually ends in -ed She picked apples.
happened

Past Present Future

The dog rested. The dog rests. The dog will rest.

Do you see what

the dog did, does,
and will do?

Past
Present
Future

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 Verbs
Verbs show action or state of being in a sentence.
Every sentence must have a verb.

Action Verbs Verbs of Being

The clock ticks. The father seemed excited.

Spiders climb. A window looked cracked.

A tourist snorkeled. The hats were cozy.

An octopus floats. A customer is unhappy.

The hotel stands. The baby feels light.

When you write sentences, remember your SNEEQS!

S To start a sentence, use a capital letter.

N To name people, places, & things, use a capital letter.
E To end a sentence, use a period (usually).
E To show emotion or excitement, use an exclamation point.
Q To ask a question, use a question mark.
S To separate clauses or words in a series, use a comma.

The verbs seem, look, appear, and feel are also called linking verbs.

0 © 2022 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company.