UNIT — I: ELECTROSTATICS CHAPTER-1 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS ‘Electric Field and Dipole : Topic-1 conceptaCawerad « flere charge « lectrostatic charg, « Properies of electri charge,| Coulomb's lau + Purple of superpestion, © rae fd ines, lect EJ Revision Notes Properties of Electric Charge Addition of charges © Ika system contains 1 point changes 44s dy then the total charge of the system is FGA GGT mot Me Conservation of charges © The sum of positive and negative charges present in an isolated system, always remains constant. © Charge can neither be created nor destroyed but only exists in positive-negative pairs. Quantization of charges > Blectric charge is always quantized = Net charge qu of an object having N, electrons, N, protons and N, neutrons is fing = ~eN, + eN, + 00 i, NJ = + ne, where n is an integer Coulomb's Law © The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges 4, and q, separated by a distance r is directly proportional to product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to square of the distance between, charges, written as: 14 1142 | where, F Ie r= Distance between charges qi 2 K = Constant whose value depends on medium where charges are kept When the charges are kept in vacuum, then 1 Ia liel r= lallnl Force of attraction/repulsion between charges q; and 4 lagnitudes of charges = Permittivity of vacuum or free space = 8.854 x 10° Fim 1 latin mF = is the permittivity of that medium. If kis the relative permittivity or dielectric constant of that medium, then € = key 1 \a ligt Then P= gp eTDU 202221 case Revision notes Chapterwise & Topicwite, PHYSICS, Class-Xt i = The vector form of Coulomb force 1 ine? Principle of Superposition © The force on any charge due to other charges at rest is the vector sum of all the forces on that charge due to the other charges, taken one at a time. © The individual forces are unaffected due to presence of other charges. > Force exerted by qyon =F © Force exerted by gu0n p= Fa © Net force exerted on qs is vector sum of Fs and Fry Electric field © The space around a charge up to which its electric force can be experienced is called electric field. E © Ifa test charge qy is placed ata point where electric field is F;, then force on the test charge is = The electric field strength due to a point source charge ‘gat distance is given by: =A 1g; te?Electric field lines > Electric field lines are imaginary lines that originates from the positive charge and terminates at negative charge. © The electric field lines never intersect each other. © Strength of electric field is encoded in density of field lines. Electric Dipole © The system formed by two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance is called an electric dipole. 7@ O-4 a © ‘The force on a dipole in a uniform electric field is zero in both stable as well as unstable equilibrium, © ‘The potential energy ofa dipole in an tniform electric field is minimum fora stable equilibrium and maximum for an unstable equilibrium, Torque on a dipole > Ina dipole, when the net force on dipole duc to electric field is zero and center of mass of dipole remains fixe, the forces on charged ends produce net torque about its center of mass. 1 Fasin 0 = gE dsin 0 = pEsin 0 ia pE 0° or 360", dipole exists in stable equilibrium state. + 10 = 180°, dipole exists in an unstable equilibrium state. © Inthe uniform electric field, the dipole experiences a torque and a rotary motion. The net force on dipole is zero, © In the non-uniform electric field, dipole experiences a torque, net force rotary and translatory motion. Electric Dipole Moment © Dipole momentiisa vector quantity. © p = 4x20 where q,-9, are separated by distance 2a Electric field due to a dipole © Atpoint P at distance r from the centre of the dipole for r>>a, total field is pee ‘Sreor 12 = P ita << “Gey a sen)DU «os s21 case Revision notes Chapterwise & Topicwite, PHYSICS, Class-Xt i © Atpoint P on the equatorial plane due to a dipole ata large distance, Leos Gauss’‘s Theorem and its Applications Concepts Covered + Ziectric fi : Topic-2 ‘ # Cont e distribu Electric Flux © Electric flux is proportional to algebraic number of electric field lines passing through the surface, outgoing lines with positive sign, incoming lines with negative sign. & © Due to arbitrary arrangement of electric field lines, electric flux can be quantified as 6 = EAcos 8 = Innon-uniform electric field, the flux is @:=JEdA Gauss' theorem © The net outward normal electric flux through any closed surface of any shape is equal to ep times of net charge enclosed by the surface. © The electric field fux ata points on Gaussian surfaces § = Eda = © If there is a positive flux, net positive charge is enclosed. © If there is a negative flux, net negative charge is enclosed. © If there is zero flux, no net charge is enclosed. = The expression for electri field due to a point charge on Gaussian surface is > Inan insulating sheet, the charge remains in the sheet, so electri field, E Electric field due to uniformly charged shell: ‘Ata point outside the shell: E = Q/4ner* (isthe distance of the point from the centre ofthe shell) Ata point inside the shell: E= 0 ‘Ata point on the surface ofthe shell: (Ris the radius ofthe sphere) Electric field due to a uniformly charged infinitely long straight wire: = 2/4neyr (0. linear charge density, R = distance of the point from the wire) Ofna R?i Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-Xt1 im Key Formulae Coulomb's force: F=—1_ D2 , Grey where all alphabets have their usual meanings. Electric field due to point charge: =H = mt Electric field due to a dipole at a point on the dipole axis: ‘Torque on an electric dipole placed in an electric field, « = pF sin® Electric fax through an area A:@ = EA = EAcos 9 lect hax through a Gaussian surface: = §EaS Gauss's Law: = Electric Field due to an infinite line of charge: where, E = electric field [N/C], 2.= charge per unit length [C/m] «6 = permittivity of free space = 8.85 x 10" [CN mr = distance (m), k = 9 x 10° NC 1 TE Elec ield due toa ring ata distance xis: = =1—_® * ines (FA) 14 When, x>>>1 B=: Whenx<< Electric potential difference: Amount of work done in moving a unit charge from one point to anotherin an electric field. Electric potential difference Work APE _W. Charge Charge 9 Between two points Aand B, Way = ~VapX q where, Vag = Vp Vai potential difference between A and B. = Inan electric field, the work done by electric field to move a test charge q by a distance dlis dW. aw =9Edl AV =ViuElectric potential due to point charge © The electric potential by point charge q, at a distance r from the charge is 1 “ey? Ve where, is absolute electrical permittivity of free space. © Electric potential isa scalar quanti © Dimension of Electric potential is [M12TA7). Dipole and system of charges Electric dipole consists of two equal but opposite electric charges which are separated by a certain distance. The net potential due to a dipole at any point on its equatorial line is always Zero, So, work done in moving a charge oh an equatorial line is zero. © Electric potential due to dipole at a point at distance r and making an angle 0 with the dipole moment p is, 1 poosd 1 Bigg ee i ee © Potential ata point due to system of charges is the sum of potentials due to individual charges, © Ina system of charges gy, dy du ty having positive VECO M2, Hyon fy relative to point f the point P due to total charge configuration is algebraic sum of potentials due to individual charges. potential at Key Words Electric potential: The amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a reference point to a specific point against an electric el. Dipole: A pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetized poles separated by a certain distance. Equipotential surfaces > Equipotential surface is a surface in space on whieh all points have same potential. It requires no work to move the charge on such surface. © Electric field is always perpendicular to the equipotential surface. © Spacing among equipotential surfaces allows to locate regions of strong and weak electric field, © Equipotential surfaces never intersect each other. If they intersect then the intersecting point of two equipotential surfaces results in two values of electric potential at that point, which is impossible. © Potential energy of a system of two charges, u=L_ ak ey tn 4 4b + Potential energy ofa system of three charges, uel. {st ts) re Jig a ts %Oswaal CASE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-Xt1 + Potential energy due to single charge in an external field Potential energy of a charge g ata distance rin an external field, w= qvr) Here, V(7) is the external potential at a distance «Potential energy due to two charges in an external field, Ue gv navy ce aft x \ ne ‘+ Potential energy of a dipole in an external field: placed in an external field (). When a dipole of charge 4, = +4 and q, = ~q having separation UG) = ~pEcos @ Here, p = 2ag and O is the angle between electric field and dipole. Key Formulae Electric Potential, v=, measured in volt; 1 volt = 1 Joule / coulomb, cic ptent dee orwlage (aver Walla + Hlect otetl due to a point charge gata distance away: V=-_Lf ier © Finding V from F: Vj~V, a9 neon > Potential energy of two point charges in presence of external electric field: iV(%) +V(ra)* © Maximum charge on a capacitor: Q-=ve Electrical energy stored in a capacitor: [Joules ()] -vw wv @ Use 2 2 2c © Surface charge density or Charge per unit area: [C/m?] o-4 A + Capacitors in series 1iaya + Capacitors in parallel: > For capacitors connected in series, the charge Q is equal for each capacitor as well as for the total equivalent and ! the sum of potential differences across the capacitors is «qual to the emf ofthe charging battery. For capacitors connected in parallel, charges on different capacitors are diferent and potential drop across each capacitor isOswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapierwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Chssx 9 (UI Mnemonics Concept: Characteristics of equipotential surface Mnemonics: Exclusive peace and No war; Noble India is super power. Interpretations: Exclusive peace: ectrie field is perpendicular to the surface No war: No Work is done on moving a charge on the surface Noble India: Never Intersects, Super Pows same potential everywhere on the surface Capacitance : Concepts Covered Conductors and insulators, fre charges and bound charges inside | a conductor. Dielectrics, electric polarization, capacitor and capacitance, combination of capacitors, Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, energy stored in capacitor. EJ Revision Notes Conductors and insulators © Conductors: Materials through which charge can move freely. Examples: Metals, semi-metals as carbon, graphite, antimony and arsenic. © Insulators: Materials in which the electrical current does nat flow easily. Examples: Plastics and glass. Dielectrics: = Materials in which induced dipole moment is linearly proportional to the applied electric field, © Electrical displacement or electrical flux density, D = gE. where, ¢,= Electrical relative permittivity, ¢) = Electrical permittivity of free space and E is electric field. © Indielectric, polarisation and production of induced charge takes place when dielectricis kept in an external electric field. Electric polarization \ Electric polarisation P's the dference between lei fs D ded) nd F (impose) in lec de to twat ecg ten as 72S © Interm of electric susceptibility = In MKS: P= eLE, ‘The dielectric constant x = 1 + %, and is always greater than 1 as Xe > 0 ce Key Word Electric polarisation: It isthe separation of centre of positive charges and the centre of negative charges in a material. The separation can be caused by a sufficiently high electric field Capacitor & capacitance: © Acapacitor isa device which is used to store charge. = Amount of charge ‘Q’ stored by the capacitor depends on voltage applied and size of capacitor. = Capacitor consists of two similar conducting plates placed in front of each other where one plate is connected to positive terminal while other plate is connected to negative terminal of battery. © Electric charge stored between plates of capacitor is directly proportional to potential difference between its plates =v where, C= Capacitance of capacitor, V = potential difference between the plates © Slunit of capacitance is Farad (F) 1c " 12-9510" stat Faras rd tat FaradBI 100 cswsai case Revision notes Chapterwise & Topicwite, PHYSICS, Class-Xt i © Units smaller than Farad PREFIX MULTIPLIER | 10 (millionth) Luk = 10°F nn |10° (thousand-millionth) [1 nF = 10-°F p [10° (qillion-millionth) 1 pF = 10? F Capacitors in series a Charge on each capacitor is same, == n= = Sum of potential differences across the capacitors is equal to V; the em of the charging battery, ie, Vs Vas V5+ +y, 9 = VC = ViGa = Vas i ie, ve € © Potential difference across largest capacitance is minimum, © The equivalent capacitance is ess than the smallest capacitance in combination. Capacitors in parallel IG, Charges on different capacitors are different. Amt at += VCy > Potential drop across each capacitor i same, Vee he be = Ga G Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates © Parallel plate capacitor is a capacitor with two identical plane parallel plates separated by a small distance where space between them is filled by dielectric medium. © Capacitance of parallel-plate capacitor with area A separated by a distance dis A Cae= Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor depends on plate area A, distance d between the plates, medium between the plates (x) and not on charge on the plates or potential difference between the plates. © If number of dielectric slabs of same area as the plates of the capacitor and thicknesses f), ty f5mu and dielectric constant k, Kz, X3.... inserted between the plates, then the capacitance of the capacitor is given by Where, d= ty + t+ f+ © If'slab of conductor of thickness tis introduced between the plates, then eA. (© ¥ = © fora conductor) © When the medium between the plates consists of dielectric slabs of same thickness but areas Ay, Ay, Ajex and dielectric constants X, Ky, Kyu then Falk Ay + KA + Kids ~~) a © When space between the plates is partly filled with dielectric of thickness tand dielectric constant x, then capacitance: c When there is no medium between the plates, then. Energy stored in capacitor: Key Formulae > cc oem v=, menendin wl Joule/ coulomb + Blectre potential diference or woltage” (AV) =V)-1 =U. , a4 14 = Electric potential due to point charge q ata distance r away: V=—2 Finding Vrom E:V,-V, = -[ Et © Potential energy of two point charges in absence of external electric field: U © Potential energy of two point charges in presence of external electric field: 1V(%1)+42V(t2)+ Tor Q & , measured in Farad; 1 F = 1 coulomb/volt v © Capacitance, C + tate pte capactr C= 4 + Otindal apacion = 2004 gs where, L = length, b= radius of the outer conductor, a = radius of the inner conductor.