Life Science

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content

Nonfiction Compare and • Labels Classifying Plants

Contrast • Captions and Animals
• Charts
• Glossary

Scott Foresman Science 4.1

ISBN 0-328-13859-2

ì<(sk$m)=bdifjd< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U by Camille La Vouché

Vocabulary What did you learn?
cell
Classifying Plants
1. What parts does a plant cell have that an animal cell
chloroplast and Animals
does not have?

cytoplasm 2. What are six kingdoms used for classification?

by Camille La Vouché
genus 3. How does an animal get its scientific name?

invertebrates 4. Animals have adaptations

to help them survive in their environment. Describe on
nucleus
your own paper adaptations that some animals have to
species protect themselves from predators. Use examples from
the book to support your answer.
vertebrates
5. Compare and Contrast How are vascular and
Illustration: 5 Robert Ulrich
Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for nonvascular plants the same? How are they different?
photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its
attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott
Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom
(B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd)
Opener: ©Zig Leszczynski/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; Title Page: ©John Conrad/Corbis; 4 (CL)
©Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited, (BL) ©SIU/Visuals Unlimited, (BR) ©Alfred Pasieka/Photo
Researchers, Inc.; 6 (CR) ©Stephen Dalton/NHPA Limited, (BR) Getty Images; 7 (TL) ©T. Beveridge/
Visuals Unlimited, (TC) ©L. Stannard/Photo Researchers, Inc., (TR) ©Eric Grave/Phototake, (BL) Getty
Images, (BC) ©Craig Tuttle/Corbis, (BR) ©Ken Cole/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 8 (CL) Getty Images,
(BL) ©Kevin Schafer/Corbis; 9 (TL) Getty Images, (TL) ©Ken Cole/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (TC)
©John Conrad/Corbis, (TR, TC, B) ©DK Images, (TC) ©Ray Richardson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes,
(TL) ©Kevin Schafer/Corbis; 10 (L) Sue Atkinson/©DK Images, (BL) ©John Durham/Photo Researchers,
Inc.; 11 (TL) Karl Shone/©DK Images, (BL) ©DK Images, (CL) Lee W. Wilcox; 12 (CR) Getty Images, (BR)
©DK Images; 13 ©Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; 14 (CL) Getty Images, (CL) ©Jane Burton/DK Images, (CL,
BL) ©DK Images, (BL) ©Ray Richardson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 15 (CL, BR) ©DK Images; 16 (CL,
BC) ©DK Images, (TR) ©Jim Tuten/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 17 (T, BL) ©DK Images; 18 (CL) ©DK
Images, (BL) ©Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc., (BC) Jerry Young/©DK Images, (BR)
©F. J. Jackson/Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd., (CR) Dave King/©DK Images; 19 (CL, BR, BL) ©Dwight
R. Kuhn, (CR) ©Chase Swift/Corbis; 20 ©DK Images; 21 (CL) ©Ray Richardson/Animals Animals/
Earth Scenes, (BR) ©DK Images; 22 (BR) ©Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis, (TR) ©Ray Richardson/Animals
Animals/Earth Scenes; 23 ©Anup Shah/Nature Picture Library.

ISBN: 0-328-13859-2

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is
protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior
to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any
form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For
information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman,
1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
What are the building blocks
of life? Cell membrane

What Cells Are

A cell is the smallest unit of a living thing. A cell can carry
out life functions. All living things are made of cells. Some Cytoplasm
are made of one cell. Plants and animals have many
cells. Cells are the building blocks of life.
Cells have jobs. Cells can help a living thing use
energy, grow, and reproduce. Some cells keep a
living thing healthy. Cells can develop only from
other cells.
You can use microscopes to see cells. A Nucleus
microscope makes objects look bigger than
The size and shape of a cell are
they are. Scientists look at cells through a related to the cell’s job.
microscope. Then they learn many things
about cells.

The Parts of a Cell

Animals such as eagles and elephants do not look alike.
They are made of cells. These cells have parts that are alike.
Each part of a cell has a job.
Plant cells and animal cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm,
and a cell membrane. The nucleus tells the cell what to do.
A microscope helps Cytoplasm is a gel-like material. It has what the cell needs
scientists see the to do its job. The cell membrane is the border of the cell. It
details of a cell. separates the cell from what is outside of it.

2 3
Cells Working Together Plant cells have parts that animal cells do not have. Plant
cells have chloroplasts. A chloroplast traps energy from the
Cells are organized into groups. Different groups of cells do
Sun. This energy helps the plant make its own food.
different jobs.
Each plant cell has a cell wall. The cell wall is a layer outside
Cells that do the same job form tissues. A group of tissues
the cell membrane. It supports the plant cell. It also protects the
that work together forms an organ. The heart is an organ.
plant cell.
Organs that work together to do a job are called organ systems.
The heart is one part of an organ system.
An organism is a complete living thing. It is the highest level
of cell organization.
A Plant Cell
Cell wall
Nucleus

A group of one kind of cell is a tissue.

Each kind of tissue does a certain job.

A group of tissues
that work together is
an organ. The heart
is one organ in an
animal.

Cytoplasm
Many organs work together Cell membrane
in an organ system. The heart, Chloroplast
blood, and blood vessels are
some parts of one system.

4 5
 Kingdoms of Living Things
How are living things
grouped?
Classification Systems
Scientists sort living things into groups. Organisms in the
same group have things in common. Ancient Bacteria True Bacteria Protists
Ancient bacteria True bacteria have Most protists have
Kingdoms are made of one one cell. They have one cell. They have
cell. They have no no separate nucleus. a nucleus and other
A kingdom is the largest
separate nucleus. They live in water or cell parts. Some get
classification group. Many They live in water or on land. Some get food. Others make
scientists classify organisms into on land. They make food. Others make their own. Algae
six kingdoms. their own food. their own food. and paramecia are
protists.
Answer these questions to see
if a dandelion and a mushroom
are in the same kingdom. How
many cells does the organism
Dandelions
have? Where does it live? How
does it get food?
They both have more than one
cell. They both live on land and
grow in soil. A dandelion makes
its own food. A mushroom takes Fungi Plants Animals
Fungi have many Plants have many Animals have many
in food from other things.
cells. Each cell has cells. Each cell has cells. The cells make
Dandelions and mushrooms a nucleus and other a nucleus and other up tissues, organs,
are alike in some ways. But they do parts. Fungi absorb parts. The cells form and organ systems.
not get their food in the same way. food from other living tissues and organs. Animals live in water
They are not in the same kingdom. or nonliving things. Plants live on land or on land. They
They live on land. or in water. They eat plants and other
Mushrooms are fungi. use sunlight to make animals.
Mushrooms
food. Dandelions are
plants.

6 7
Getting More Specific The Animal Kingdom
Kingdoms are made up of smaller groups. Each group is then Kingdom
divided into smaller and smaller groups. Scientists use features
of an organism to put it into groups.
Genus and species are the two smallest groups. They make
Division
up an organism’s scientific name. A genus is a group of closely
related plants or animals. A species is a group of similar
organisms that can mate and produce offspring. The species
Class
name usually comes from a feature, such as the color of the
organism or where it lives.

Members of the Cat Family Order

Most scientific names are Latin words. An animal’s scientific

name is the same all over the world. The house cat and the
black-footed cat are both in the Felis genus. But they are Family
different species. The house cat’s species is domesticus, or “of the
house.” The black-footed cat’s species is nigripes, or “black feet.”

Genus

The scientific name of

this house cat is Felis Species
domesticus.

The scientific name of

this black-footed cat is
Felis nigripes.

8 9
 More Down-to-Earth Plants
How are plants Plants that do not have tubelike structures

classified? are nonvascular plants. They cannot grow

very tall. They do not have real roots, stems,
or leaves. Water and nutrients move from
How Plants Transport Water
one cell to the next cell.
And Nutrients
Bamboo is very tall. How do the
cells at the top of this tall plant get
water and nutrients from the soil? The
plant has tubelike structures. The tubes Mosses
bring water and nutrients to every part Mosses are the largest group of
of the plant. Plants that have these nonvascular plants. They make
tubes are called vascular plants. Grass, their own food. Some can live in
dandelions, and trees are vascular low temperatures.
plants.
Vascular tissue also supports the
plant’s stems and leaves. The plant is
able to grow larger.
Hornworts
Hornworts do not have true
stems or leaves. They tend to live
in warm places.

Tubelike structures

Liverworts
Liverworts grow on moist rocks or
soil by streams. Some have a spicy
The tissues of this bamboo smell. Some look like flat leaves.
slice can only be seen with Some have the shape of a liver.
a microscope.
10 11
How Plants Make New Plants Spores
Scientists also classify plants by how they reproduce, or make Ferns and mosses are plants that do not make seeds. They
new plants. Some plants reproduce using seeds. Other plants make tiny cells. The tiny cells become new plants. These cells
reproduce using spores. are called spores. A spore might become a new plant if it falls
into a shady, moist place. It will get nutrients there.
Spore cases look like brown dots or streaks under a fern’s
leaves. The spore cases hold hundreds of spores.

Flowers and Seeds

Many plants with flowers or cones
make seeds. A seed has a young plant
and food inside of it. Most seeds come
from flowering plants. Seeds can have
different shapes and sizes. A cactus,
a fruit tree, and a poppy are
flowering plants.

The pod of a soybean holds

two or three seeds or beans.

Cones and Seeds

Conifers are plants that make seeds
without flowers. Conifers can grow cones.
Some cones make pollen. Some cones make
seeds. Evergreen plants are conifers. They
do not lose their leaves, or needles, during
the year.

A pine cone holds the seeds

and pollen of a conifer.
The spots on this fern leaf
are groups of spore cases.

12 13
 Reptiles
How are animals classified? Reptiles are one group of vertebrates. They live in water and
on land. Alligators, crocodiles, snakes, lizards, and turtles are
Animals with Backbones
reptiles. Reptiles have lungs for breathing. Their dry skin has
The animal kingdom is made up of two groups. Animals that
scales or plates all over.
have backbones are in one group. They are called vertebrates.
Alligators and crocodiles look alike. But they are different.
There are five kinds of vertebrates.
The long teeth in an alligator’s bottom jaw cannot be seen
when its mouth is shut. A crocodile’s teeth can be seen when its
mouth is shut.

Vertebrates
Fish Fish usually have scales. They live only in
water. Fish get oxygen mostly with gills.
Fish are cold-blooded. Most lay eggs.

Amphibians Amphibians are covered with skin. They can live on The python has a very
land and in the water. To breathe, they use lungs long backbone.
or gills or both. They are cold-blooded. Amphibians
hatch from eggs.

Reptiles Reptiles have scales. Most reptiles live on land.

Some can live in water. They use lungs to breathe.
Reptiles are cold-blooded. They usually lay eggs.

Birds Birds have feathers. They usually live on land.

Many birds spend much time in water. Birds use
lungs to breathe. They are warm-blooded. All birds
lay eggs.

Mammals Mammals have hair or fur. Most live on land.

A few live in water. They breathe with lungs.
Mammals are warm-blooded; they make their own
heat. Most mammals have live births.

14 15
Life Cycle of a Reptile
The Burmese python is a long, thick snake. It can be
six meters (about twenty feet) long. It is not poisonous. It uses
heat sensors on its upper lip to find food. It has a strong sense
of smell. A python squeezes its prey and swallows it whole. The
Burmese python can swallow animals whose bodies are larger
than its own head.

A female python can lay

as many as 100 eggs.

The python grows and

reproduces. It can live
as long as 25 years.

The mother
python wraps
herself around
her eggs to keep
them warm.
The young python Soon the mother leaves,
hatches in about six and the young python
to eight weeks. must care for itself.

16 17
Invertebrates Mollusks
Animals with no backbones are called invertebrates. A snail is a mollusk. It has a muscular structure called
Jellyfish, worms, spiders, snails, and clams are invertebrates. a foot. The foot oozes a slimy liquid. This helps the snail
They have soft bodies. move. Some mollusks, such as oysters, do not move far. Some
are good swimmers.
Arthropods and More The largest invertebrate is the giant squid. It can be
Arthropods are animals with jointed legs. They are the 15 meters, or 50 feet, long.
largest group of invertebrates. Their legs and bodies are in
sections. Insects, spiders, and crabs are arthropods. They The Life Cycle of the Brown Snail
have a hard, lightweight outer skin called an exoskeleton. Mother snails dig nests to lay eggs. They can lay 85 eggs in
a nest. The eggs hatch in two to four weeks. A newly-hatched
Spiders snail has to get its own food. First, it will eat its own eggshell.
Spiders are arthropods. They have eight legs. They have two It will then eat other eggs. Snails live for about ten years.
main body parts. They can spin silk. Most spiders use this silk to
make webs. Webs trap their prey.

Invertebrates

Crab 1. The brown garden snail 2. The eggs hatch in two to

Earthworm lays its eggs. four weeks.

Tapeworm
Sponge

Scientists have identified

more than one million
Clam 3. Newly hatched snails must 4. Adult snails reproduce and
species of invertebrates.
find food to grow. the life cycle begins again.
18 19
 Adaptations that Protect Animals
How do animals adapt? An animal’s color can help it blend into its surroundings.
This helps it hide from predators. A bright color can mean an
How Animals Get What They Need
animal is poisonous. Some animals have quills or hard shells
Young animals inherit traits, or physical features, from their
for protection.
parents. A physical feature or behavior that helps an animal
survive and reproduce is an adaptation. All animals need food, Blending In
water, oxygen, and shelter. Animals that adapt well have a
Colors, shapes, and patterns can hide an animal. The rock
better chance to survive and reproduce.
ptarmigan has dark feathers in the summer. In the winter it has
white feathers. It blends with the snow.
Birds’ Adaptations
Birds have feathers to
help them fly. The shape
of birds’ beaks helps
them get food. Ducks
have webbed feet to
help them swim.

Other Adaptations
Rock ptarmigan in winter Rock ptarmigan in summer
Polar bears have thick coats
of fur to keep them warm. They
have sharp teeth and claws to Protected by Poison
catch and hold food.
Some frogs and toads use poison for protection.
The poison-dart frog’s bright colors tell predators
that it is dangerous. It can produce enough poison
to kill a human!

Escaping Predators
Animals move in many ways to protect themselves. Birds’
wings help them fly away from predators. Fish have fins that
help them swim away. Some animals can run for a long time.

20 21
Animal Instincts How Animals Learn
Instincts are behaviors that animals inherit from parents. Some behavior must be learned. Young animals learn
Instincts help animals meet their needs. Ducklings have by watching their parents or other adults.
the instinct to follow their mother. This is how they get food
and protection. Parents Teach Offspring
Canada geese
migrating Young animals can learn to hunt by watching their parents.
Migration A young lion practices pouncing on prey by pouncing on its
Food can be hard to find in mother’s tail.
places where the winter is cold.
Migration is traveling to find food Offspring Teach Parents
or a place to reproduce. Some adult animals learn from their young. A young
Migration can be difficult. Some amphibians monkey taught adult monkeys how to wash sand off their food.
may have to cross busy roads when they migrate.
Some animals must travel long distances to escape Learned and Inherited
the cold winter. Some behaviors are inherited and learned. The white-crowned
sparrow is born knowing how to sing. But it must learn the
Hibernation and Inactivity song its species sings.
Some animals become inactive during very cold weather.
This inactivity is called hibernation. It is an instinct. Some
hibernating animals save energy by moving very little.
Others do not move at all.

Bear
hibernating

22 23
Glossary
Vocabulary What did you learn?
cell
cell the smallest unit of a living thing that can 1. What parts does a plant cell have that an animal cell
carry out all life functions does not have?
chloroplast
chloroplast the part of a plant cell that traps energy from
cytoplasm 2. What are six kingdoms used for classification?
the Sun

genus
cytoplasm the gel-like substance in a cell that has what 3. How does an animal get its scientific name?
the cell needs to do its job
invertebrates 4. Animals have adaptations
genus a group of closely related living things
to help them survive in their environment. Describe on
nucleus
invertebrates animals without backbones your own paper adaptations that some animals have to
species
nucleus the control center of a cell protect themselves from predators. Use examples from
the book to support your answer.
vertebrates
species a group of similar organisms that can mate
and produce offspring 5. Compare and Contrast How are vascular and
Illustration: 5 Robert Ulrich
vertebrates
Photographs: Every effort has animals
been made with
to securebackbones
permission and provide appropriate credit for nonvascular plants the same? How are they different?
photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its
attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott
Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom
(B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd)
Opener: ©Zig Leszczynski/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; Title Page: ©John Conrad/Corbis; 4 (CL)
©Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited, (BL) ©SIU/Visuals Unlimited, (BR) ©Alfred Pasieka/Photo
Researchers, Inc.; 6 (CR) ©Stephen Dalton/NHPA Limited, (BR) Getty Images; 7 (TL) ©T. Beveridge/
Visuals Unlimited, (TC) ©L. Stannard/Photo Researchers, Inc., (TR) ©Eric Grave/Phototake, (BL) Getty
Images, (BC) ©Craig Tuttle/Corbis, (BR) ©Ken Cole/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 8 (CL) Getty Images,
(BL) ©Kevin Schafer/Corbis; 9 (TL) Getty Images, (TL) ©Ken Cole/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (TC)
©John Conrad/Corbis, (TR, TC, B) ©DK Images, (TC) ©Ray Richardson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes,
(TL) ©Kevin Schafer/Corbis; 10 (L) Sue Atkinson/©DK Images, (BL) ©John Durham/Photo Researchers,
Inc.; 11 (TL) Karl Shone/©DK Images, (BL) ©DK Images, (CL) Lee W. Wilcox; 12 (CR) Getty Images, (BR)
©DK Images; 13 ©Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; 14 (CL) Getty Images, (CL) ©Jane Burton/DK Images, (CL,
BL) ©DK Images, (BL) ©Ray Richardson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 15 (CL, BR) ©DK Images; 16 (CL,
BC) ©DK Images, (TR) ©Jim Tuten/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 17 (T, BL) ©DK Images; 18 (CL) ©DK
Images, (BL) ©Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc., (BC) Jerry Young/©DK Images, (BR)
©F. J. Jackson/Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd., (CR) Dave King/©DK Images; 19 (CL, BR, BL) ©Dwight
R. Kuhn, (CR) ©Chase Swift/Corbis; 20 ©DK Images; 21 (CL) ©Ray Richardson/Animals Animals/
Earth Scenes, (BR) ©DK Images; 22 (BR) ©Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis, (TR) ©Ray Richardson/Animals
Animals/Earth Scenes; 23 ©Anup Shah/Nature Picture Library.

ISBN: 0-328-13859-2

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is
protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior
to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any
form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For
information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman,
1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
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