ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PAD FOUNDATIONS

A. FOUNDATION BEARING CAPACITY AND STABILITY ANALYSIS

1. FOUNDATION DATA
Foundation Length, Lx = 1.00 m
Foundation Width, Ly = 1.00 m
Area of Foundation, A = Lx * Ly = 1.00 m2

foundation thickness, hc = 1.60 m

Foundation depth, Df = 1.80 m
The height of the soil above the foundation plate, hsoil = 0.20 m
Specific gravity of concrete, gconc = 23.50 kN/m3

Specific gravity of soil, gsoil = 18.00 kN/m3

Allowable bearing capacity, qallow = 857.00 kN/m2

Colomn Lenght, Lx1 = 0.50 m

Colom Width, Ly1 = 0.50 m
Position coordinates of the x direction column, x1 = 0.500 m
Position coordinates of the y direction column, y1 = 0.500 m
2. FOUNDATION LOADING (SERVICE LOAD)
Weight of the foundation plate, Fswt = h * gconc = 37.60 kN/m2

Weight of the soil above the foundation plate, Fsoil = hsoil * gsoil = 3.60 kN/m2

Axial load of the upper structure (service load), Fdz1 = -20.25 kN (input from SAP2000)
Moment in the x direction (service load), Mdx1 = 0.00 kNm (input from SAP2000)
Moment in the x direction (service load), Mdy1 = 0.00 kNm (input from SAP2000)

3. PEMBEBANAN TOTAL PONDASI (BEBAN SERVICE)

Total axial load of the foundation (service load), Fdz = A * (Fswt + Fsoil) + Fdz1 = 20.96 kN
Total momen load of the foundation X direction (service load),
Mdx = A * (Fswt + Fsoil) * Lx / 2 + (Fdz1 * x1+Mdx1) = 10.48 kNm
Total momen load of the foundation Y direction (service load),
Mdy = A * (Fswt + Fsoil) * Ly / 2 + (Fdz1 * y1+Mdy1) = 10.48 kNm

4. UPLIFT CONTROL / LIFTING FORCE

Uplift control, Fdz = 20.96 kN
(The foundation does not experience tensile)

5. ROLLING STABILITY CONTROL DUE TO MOMENT IN THE X DIRECTION

Moment in the x direction causing rolling, Mxs = Mdx1 = 0.00 kNm
Moment of rollover resistance in x direction
Mrsx = -1 * (A * (Fswt + Fsoil) * Lx / 2)) + (Fdz1 * (x1 - Lx)) = -10.48 kNm
Safety factor, SF = Mrsx/Mdx2 = 10477.50
Rolling stability control due to moment in the x direction = SF >1…(OK)
6. CONTROL OF ROLLING STABILITY DUE TO MOMENT IN THE Y DIRECTION
Moment in the y direction causing rolling, Mys = Mdy2 = 0.00 kNm
Moment of rollover resistance in y direction
Mrsy = -1 * (A * (Fswt + Fsoil) * Ly / 2)) + (Fdz1 * (y1 - Ly)) = -10.48 kNm
Safety factor, SF = Mrsy/Mdy2 = 10477.50
Control of rolling stability due to moment in the y direction = SF >1…(OK)

7. ECCENTRICITY OF FOUNDATION BASE REACTION DUE TO SERVICE LOAD

Eccentricity of foundation base reaction in the x direction, edx = Mdx / Fdz - Lx / 2 = 0.048 mm 0.000 m
Eccentricity of foundation base reaction in the y direction, edy = Mdy / Fdz - Ly / 2 = 0.048 mm 0.000 m

8. SOIL STRESS AT THE BASE OF THE FOUNDATION PLATE DUE TO SERVICE LOAD

q1 = Fdz * (1 - 6 * edx / Lx - 6 * edy / Ly) / (Lx * Ly) = 20.943 kN/m2

q2 = Fdz * (1 - 6 * edx / Lx + 6 * edy / Ly) / (Lx * Ly) = 20.955 kN/m2

q3 = Fdz * (1 + 6 * edx / Lx - 6 * edy / Ly) / (Lx * Ly) = 20.955 kN/m2

q4 = Fdz * (1 + 6 * edx / Lx + 6 * edy / Ly) / (Lx * Ly) = 20.967 kN/m2

Minimum and maximum soil stress at the base of the foundation plate due to service load
qmin = min(q1,q2,q3,q4) = 20.943 kN/m2
qmax = max(q1,q2,q3,q4) = 20.967 kN/m2

9. ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY

qallow = 857.000 kN/m2

qmax = 20.967 kN/m2

Control of allowable bearing capacity = qmax < qallow…(OK)
B. DESAIN PENULANGAN PONDASI

1. FOUNDATION MATERIAL
Concreate quality , f’c = 28 MPa
reinforcement quality , fy = 420 MPa
Clear cover, Cnom = 50 mm
Column Position, as = (dalam = 40, tepi = 30, sudut = 20) = 40

2. FOUNDATION LOADING (ULTIMATE LOAD)

Weight of foundation plate, Fuswt = h * gconc * 1.4 = 52.64 kN/m2

The weight of the soil on the foundation plate, Fusoil = hsoil * gsoil * 1.4 = 5.04 kN/m2

axial load (ultimate load), Fudz1 = -20.25 kN (input from SAP2000)

Moment x direction (ultimate load), Mudx1 = 39.88 kNm (input from SAP2000)
Moment y direction(ultimate load), Mudy1 = 39.88 kNm (input from SAP2000)

3. TOTAL FOUNDATION LOAD (ULTIMATE LOAD)

structure axial load (ultimate load)
Fuz = A * (Fuswt + Fusoil) + Fudz1 = 37.435 kN
Moment total x direction (ultimate), Mux
Mux = A * (Fuswt + Fusoil) * Lx / 2 + (Fudz1 * x1+Mudx1) = 58.598 kNm
Moment total y direction (ultimate), Muy
Muy = A * (Fuswt + Fusoil) * Ly / 2 + (Fudz1 * y1+Mudy1) = 58.598 kNm

4. ECCENTRICITY OF THE BASIC REACTION OF THE FOUNDATION DUE TO THE ULTIMATE LOAD
Eccentricity of basic reaction of x-direction foundation, eux = Mux / Fuz - Lx / 2 = 1065.313 mm 1.065 m
Eccentricity of basic reaction of y-direction foundation, euy = Muy / Fuz - Ly / 2 = 1065.313 mm 1.065 m

5. GROUND STRESS AT THE BASE OF THE FOUNDATION PLATE DUE TO ULTIMATE LOAD
q1 = Fuz * (1 - 6 * eux / Lx - 6 * euy / Ly) / (Lx * Ly) = -441.125 kN/m2

q2 = Fuz * (1 - 6 * eux / Lx + 6 * euy / Ly) / (Lx * Ly) = 37.435 kN/m2

q3 = Fuz * (1 + 6 * eux / Lx - 6 * euy / Ly) / (Lx * Ly) = 37.435 kN/m2

q4 = Fuz * (1 + 6 * eux / Lx + 6 * euy / Ly) / (Lx * Ly) = 515.995 kN/m2

Minimum and maximum ground stresses at the base of the foundation plate due to ultimate loads
qmin = min(q1,q2,q3,q4) = -441.125 kN/m2
qmax = max(q1,q2,q3,q4) = 515.995 kN/m2
6. 1-WAY SLIDE CONTROL, X DIRECTION

Diameter of planned reinforcement D 13 mm

Effective plate height,, dv = h - cnom - Øtulangan bawah - Øtulangan atas / 2 = 1531 mm
Critical distance of area to the outer side of the foot plate, ax = Lx - x1 - (Lx1/ 2) - dv = -1280.50 mm
Soil stress at the critical shear plane in the y direction, qx
qx = qmin + (Lx - ax) / Lx * (qmax - qmin) = 1741.59 kN/m2

ultimate shear load, Vu.x = [ qx + ( qmax - qx ) / 2 - (Fuswt + Fusoil) ] * ax * Ly = -1371.56 kN

Shear reduction factor, ɸv = 0.75

nominal shear capacity, Vn = 0.17 * l * √(f'c * 1 MPa) * Ly * dv = 1376.8 kN

Design shear capacity, ɸVn = fv * Vn = 1032.6 kN
Shear strength control 1 direction, direction y = ФVn > Vux…(OK)
6. 1-WAY SLIDE CONTROL, Y DIRECTION

Diameter of planned reinforcement D 13 mm

Effective plate height, dv = h - cnom - Øtulangan bawah / 2 = 1544 mm
Critical distance of area to the outer side of the foot plate, ax = Ly - y1 - (Ly1/ 2) - dv = -1294 mm
Soil stress at the critical shear plane in the y direction, qy
qy = qmin + (Ly - ay) / Ly * (qmax - qmin) = = 1754.03 kN/m2

ultimate shear load, Vu.y = [ qy + ( qmax - qy ) / 2 - (Fuswt + Fusoil) ] * ay * Lx = -1393.53 kN

Shear reduction factor, ɸv = 0.75

nominal shear capacity , Vn = 0.17 * l * √(f'c * 1 MPa) * Lx * dv = 1388.5 kN

Design shear capacity, ɸVn = fv * Vn = 1041.35 kN
Shear strength control 1 direction, direction y = ФVn > Vuy…(OK)
8. CONTROL SHEAR 2 DIRECTIONS, X and Y DIRECTIONS
Diameter of planned reinforcement D 13 mm
Effective height of the plate, dv2 = h - cnom - Øtulangan bawah = 1537 mm
width of shear area in the x direction, lxp = dv2 / 2 x 2 + Lx1 = 2037 mm
Length of shear area in the y direction, lyp = (y1 - Ly1/2 + dv2/2) - (y1 - Ly1/2 - dv2/2) = 2037 mm
Keliling bidang geser, bo = 2 * lyp + 2 * lxp = 8148 mm
Area of the shear area, Ap = lxp * lyp = 4149369 mm²
Additional load area, Asur = Ap - Lx1 * Ly1 = 3899369 mm²
Soil stress occurring at the center of the shear area :
qup = ( qmin + qmax ) / 2 = 37.435 kN/m2

Ultimate Shear load :

Fup = Fudz1 + Ap * Fuswt + Asur * Fusoil - qup * Ap = 62.499 kN
Ultimate shear stress due to vertical load :
vug = max(Fup / (bo * dv2),0 N/mm2) = 0.0050 N/mm2

4.99
Column geometry factor, β = Ly1 / Lx1 = 1.00
Column location factor, as = 40.00
Persamaan kuat geser beton :
vcpa = 0.17 * (1 + 2 / β) * l * √(f'c * 1 MPa) = 2.699 N/mm2

vcpb = 0.083 * (as * dv2 / bo + 2) * l * √(f'c * 1 MPa) = 4.192 N/mm2

vcpc = 0.33 * l * √(f'c * 1 MPa) = 1.746 N/mm2

the smallest value is taken, vcp = min(vcpa,vcpb,vcpc) = 1.746 N/mm2

Shear reduction factor, ɸv = 0.75

Nominal shear stress capacity, vn = vcp = 1.746 N/mm2

Nominal shear design capacity, ɸvn = fv * vn * Ap = 5434.208 kN
Control of shear strength in 2 directions = Фvn > Vug…(OK)
9. DESAIN PENULANGAN LENTUR ARAH X
The distance from the edge of the column to the outer side of the foot plate, ax = Lx - x1=- (Lx1 /0.25
2) m
Soil pressure at the edge of the column,
qx = qmin + (Lx - ax) / Lx * (qmax - qmin) = 276.72 kN/m2

Momen yang terjadi pada plat fondasi akibat tegangan tanah,

Mux = 1/2 * ax2 * [ qx + 2/3 * ( qmax - qx ) - (Fuswt + Fusoil) ] * Ly = 11.83 kNm
Effective height of the plate, d = h - cnom - Øtulangan bawah / 2 = 1530.5 mm
Flexural strength reduction factor, Ф = 0.9
Rn = Mux / f * Ly * d2 = 0.0056
Rasio tulangan perlu, r = 0.85 * fc’ / fy * [ 1 - √ {1 – 2 * Rn / ( 0.85 * fc’ ) } ] = = 0.0000
As perlu, r * Ly * d = 20 mm²
As min, 0.0018 * Ly * hc = 2880 mm²
Area of reinforcement used, As.tul. = max(As perlu,Asmin) = 2880 mm²
Reinforcement used = 5 D 13 mm
Installed area of reinforcement, Asx = 664 mm²
Reinforcement area check = Asx < As.tul…(NG)
Planned reinforcement spacing in the y direction,Sx = 200 mm
Maximum reinforcement spacing, smax = min(2 * h, 457 mm) = 457 mm
Reinforcement spacing check = Sx < Smax…(OK)
Tinggi efektif blok kompressi, a = Asx * fy / (0.85 * f'c * Ly) = 11.71 mm
Concrete stress distribution shape factor, β1 = 0.85
Moment capacity nominal, Mn = Asx * fy * (d - a / 2) = 424.976 kNm
Moment capacity design, ФMn = Ф * Mn = 382.478 kNm
Bending moment capacity check in the y direction = ФMn > Mux…(OK)
10. FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT DESIGN IN THE Y DIRECTION
The distance from the edge of the column to the outer side of the foot plate, ay = Ly - y1=- ( Ly1 0.25
/2) m
Soil pressure at the edge of the column,
qy = qmin + (Ly - ay) / Ly * (qmax - qmin) = 276.72 kN/m2

Momen yang terjadi pada plat fondasi akibat tegangan tanah,

Muy = 1/2 * ay2 * [ qy + 2/3 * ( qmax - qy ) - (Fuswt + Fusoil) ] * Lx = 11.83 kNm
Effective height of the plate, d = h - cnom - Øtulangan bawah / 2 = 1543.5 mm
Flexural strength reduction factor, Ф = 0.9
Rn = Muy / f * Lx * d2 = 0.0055
Rasio tulangan perlu, r = 0.85 * fc’ / fy * [ 1 - √ {1 – 2 * Rn / ( 0.85 * fc’ ) } ] = = 0.0000
As perlu, r * Lx * d = 20 mm²
As min, 0.0018 * Lx * hc = 2880 mm²
Area of reinforcement used, As.tul. = max(As perlu,Asmin) = 2880 mm²
Reinforcement used = 5 D 13 mm
Installed area of reinforcement, Asy = 664 mm2
Reinforcement area check = Asy < As.tul…(NG)
Planned reinforcement spacing in the y direction,Sy = 200 mm
Maximum reinforcement spacing, smax = min(2 * h, 457 mm) = 457 mm
Reinforcement spacing check = Sy < Smax…(OK)
Tinggi efektif blok kompressi, a = Asy * fy / (0.85 * f'c * Lx) = 11.71 mm
Concrete stress distribution shape factor, β1 = 0.85
Moment capacity nominal, Mn = Asy * fy * (d - a / 2) = 428.600 kNm
Moment capacity design, ФMn = Ф * Mn = 385.740 kNm
Bending moment capacity check in the y direction = ФMn > Muy…(OK)
11. SHRINKAGE REINFORCEMENT
Minimum shrinkage reinforcement ratio, rsmin = 0.0014
shrinkage reinforcement area x direction, Asx = rsmin* d * Lx = 2142.7 mm2

shrinkage reinforcement area x direction, Asy = rsmin* d * Ly = 2160.9 mm2

Diameter of the reinforcement used, D = 13 mm

Distance of shrinkage reinforcement in the x direction, Sx = p / 4 * ز * Ly / Asx = 62 mm
Maximum distance of shrinkage reinforcement in the x direction, Sx,max = 300 mm
Distance of shrinkage reinforcement in the x direction used, Sx = 62 mm
Distance of shrinkage reinforcement in the y direction, Sy = p / 4 * ز * Lx / Asy = 61 mm
Maximum distance of shrinkage reinforcement in the y direction, Sx,max = 300 mm
Distance of shrinkage reinforcement in the y direction used, Sy = 61 mm
Shrinkage reinforcement used in the x direction, =D 13 - -40 mm
Shrinkage reinforcement used in the y direction, =D 13 - -40 mm

12. CONCLUSION

SHRINKAGE D 13 - -40 mm
REINFORCEMENT X
SHRINKAGE D 13 - -40 mm
REINFORCEMENT Y

FLEXURAL D 13 - 200 mm
REINFORCEMENT X
FLEXURAL D 13 - 200 mm
REINFORCEMENT Y