CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
Energy of Photon
hc
E = h =
Momentum of photon: -
h
P =
Number of Photons: - We known energy transmitted in a radiation per sec is given by
(P) = [No. Of photons emitted per sec] [Energy of each photon]
P
P = NE N=
E
Question:- Calculate the energy associated with the photon of light of = 500nm
.
hc 6.63 10 ( 3 10 )
−34 8
Solution:- E = h = = −9
= 3.97 10−19 J
500 10
hc 1242evnm
Short cut way: - E = = = 2.484ev
500nm
hc 1242evnm
Or E = = = 2.484ev 1ev = 1.6 10 −19 J
500nm
Question:-
Monochromatic light of frequency 6 1014 Hz is produced by Laser. The power
emitted is 2 10 −3 W .
(a) What is the energy of each photon?
(b) How many photons parsec in the average are emitted by the source?
Solution:-
(i) E = h = 6.63 10 −34 ( 6 1014 ) = 3.98 10 −19 J
2 10−3
(ii) N = = = 5 1015
E 3.98 10−19
Electron Emission:-
(a) Thermionic emission (ii) Photo ionic emission
(c) Field emission (d) Secondary emission
Work Function: -
Question: - Define work function of a metal. Define its unit. On what factor does
it depend?
Work function depend upon (i) property of material (ii) Nature of surface (iii) Nature of
impurity.
Practical unit of work function → ev
QUESTION-The work functions of two metals A and B are 1 ev and 4 ev
respectively. Which of these two would be suitable for use in a photocell where
visible light is used?
Solution:- Since work function of metal A is less than the energy of the photon of visible light
therefore metal A would be suitable in the given photocell.
Laws of Photoelectric emission: -
(i) For a given photo sensitive material and frequency (above 0 ).
Photo current Intensity
(ii) For a given photo sensitive material and for a given frequency
Intensity Saturation current
But independent of stopping potential
(iii) For a given photosensitive material, there exist a certain minimum frequency (called
threshold frequency) below which no emission of photo electron is possible.
(iv) The photo electric emission is an instantaneous process (i.e it takes 10 -9sec or less)
Einstein’s Photo electric equations: -
Energy of incident photon = maximum K.E of photo electron + Work function
1 2
i.e. h = 0 + mVmax .................................. (1)
2
i.e. At = 0
(KE)max = 0
Thus, from equation (1) h0 = 0 + 0
0 = h0
1 2
Substituting for 0 in equation (1) we have h = h0 + mVmax
2
1 2
h ( − 0 ) = mVmax ................................. (2)
2
Equation (1) and (2) are called Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
QUESTION -Define the terms (i) 'cut-off voltage' and (ii) 'threshold frequency' in relation
to the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
Solution. (i) Cut-off voltage or stopping potential. The minimum negative potential given
to the anode of a photocell for which the photoelectric current becomes zero is called cut-off
voltage or stopping potential.
(ii) Threshold frequency. The minimum value of the frequency of incident radiation below
which the photoelectric emission stops is called threshold frequency.
QUESTION Using Einstein's photoelectric equation show how the cut-off voltage and
threshold frequency for a given photosensitive material can be determined with the help of
a suitable plot/graph.
SOLUTION
According to Einstein's photoelectric equation
Kmax = hv – W0
Kmax = eV0
∴ eV0 = hv - W0
ℎ 𝑊0
or V0 = ( 𝑒 ) 𝑣 − ……………..(1)
𝑒
Comparing with y = mx - c
So the graph of V0 versus v is a straight line
ℎ
Slope = ( 𝑒 )
Planks constant=e(slope of the graph)
𝑊
Negative y-intercept = 𝑒0
Wave nature of matter: -
If a body of mass m, moving with speed V (may be charged or uncharged) its momentum is
given by P = mV
h h h 1.227
= = = = nm
mv 2mEK 2meV V
NCERT; Ex = 11.4:-
What is the de-Broglie wave length associated with (a) an electron moving with a speed of
5.4 106 m/ s . (b) A ball of mass 150 g moving with speed of 30 m/s?
Solution:-
For electron mass (m) = 9.11 10−31 kg
Speed (v) = 5.4 106 m/ s
Its momentum P = mv
= 9.11 10−31 5.4 106 = 4.92 10−24 kgm / s
h 6.63 10−34
de-Broglie wave length = = = 0.135nm
p 4.92 10−24
(b) For ball mass (m) = 0.15 kg
Speed (v) = 30 m/s
Its momentum = 0.15 30 = 4.5kgm / s
h 6.63 10−34
de-Broglie wave length ' = = = 1.47 10−34 m
p 4.5
NCERT. Example – 11.5:-
An electron, an -particle and a proton. Which of these particles have shortest
de-Broglie wave length?
h
Solution: - =
2mE
1
When E is same
m
We know that m mp me
Thus p e
Thus, the -particle has shortest wave length.
QUESTION-What is the de-Broglie’s wave length associated with an electron,
accelerated through a p.d of 100 volt?
h 1.227
Solution: - = = nm
p V
1.227
= nm = 0.123nm
100
Which is order of X-ray wave length of electromagnetic spectrum.
