Given Data:

1. Column Size: 600 mm × 300 mm

2. Factored Axial Load: Pu ​ = 2500 kN
2
3. Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil: SBC = 200 kN/m
4. Concrete Grade: M 25 (fck ​ = 25 MPa)
5. Steel Grade: F e415 (fy ​ = 415 MPa)
6. Checks: One-way shear and two-way shear

Step 1: Determine the Area of Footing

The area of footing is calculated based on the factored load and the safe bearing capacity of soil:

Factored Load (P)

Afooting =
Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC)
​ ​

Substitute values:

2500
Afooting = = 12.5 m2
200
​ ​

Step 2: Dimensions of Footing

Assume a rectangular footing with length L and width B (consider column size aspect ratio). For simplicity:
Let L = 2B (Length twice the width).

The area is:

L × B = 12.5 m2

Substitute L = 2B :

2B × B = 12.5

2B = 12.5 ⟹ B 2 = 6.25
2

B= 6.25 = 2.5 m,
​ L = 2B = 5 m
Thus, the footing dimensions are:
Length = 5 m, Width = 2.5 m.

Step 3: Thickness of Footing

The thickness of footing is governed by shear (one-way and two-way) and bending moment. To begin, assume an approximate thickness of 500 mm (to check for adequacy).

Step 4: Check for Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)

Punching shear acts around the perimeter of the column. The critical section is taken at d/2 distance from the face of the column.
Column Size: 600 mm × 300 mm
Assume effective depth d = 500 − 50 = 450 mm (considering cover of 50 mm).

Critical Perimeter:

up = 2 [(0.6 + d/1000) + (0.3 + d/1000)]

​

Substitute d = 450 mm:

up = 2 [(0.6 + 0.45) + (0.3 + 0.45)] = 2 [1.05 + 0.75] = 3.6 m

​

Punching Shear Stress:

Pu
τv =
​

up × d
​ ​

Substitute values:

2500 × 1000 2500000 2

τv = = = 1543.2 kN/m
3.6 × 450 1620
​ ​ ​

Permissible Shear Stress:

For M 25 concrete:

τc = 0.25
​ fck = 0.25 25 = 1.25 MPa
​ ​ ​

Since τv = 1.54 MPa > τc = 1.25 MPa, punching shear is unsafe.

​ ​

Increase thickness or provide shear reinforcement.

Step 5: Check for One-Way Shear

One-way shear acts along the shorter direction of the footing.

Shear Force:

Vu = Load up to critical section

​

Critical section distance is d from the column face.

Distance = 0.3 + 0.45 = 0.75 m
Width of footing = B = 2.5 m

Load up to the critical section:

Pu 2500 2
qu = = = 200 kN/m
​

L×B 5 × 2.5
​ ​ ​

Shear Force:

Vu = qu × (L/2 − d) × B
​ ​

Substitute values and compare with permissible values.

Step 6: Reinforcement for Bending Moment

The bending moment at the column face is calculated as:

qu × L × B
Mu =
​

8
​ ​

Reinforcement is provided using Limit State Method based on flexural stress.

Final Design Adjustments:

1. Increase footing thickness to satisfy punching shear.
2. Provide appropriate main and distribution reinforcement.
3. Verify all shear and bending moment checks.