ROLLING ELEMENT

BEARING
Antifriction Bearing

Is a precision item and can not be “Designed” but only “Selected” out of available ones!

TIMKEN, SKF

ABMA (American Bearing

Manufacturers Association)

AFBMA (Anti-friction Bearing

Manufacturers Association) M S Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Unlike coefficient of sliding friction, the coefficient of rolling friction varies
with conditions and has a dimension as unit of length.

The rolling resistance can be expressed as

Fr = c W (1)
where
Fr = rolling friction (N)
c = rolling resistance coefficient - dimensionless (coefficient of rolling friction -
CRF)
W = m g = normal force or weight of body (N)
m = mass of body (kg)
g = accelaration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)

The rolling resistance can alternatively be expressed as

Fr = cl W / r (2)
where
cl = rolling resistance coefficient with dimension length (coefficient of rolling
friction) (mm)
r = radius of wheel (mm)
 Size?
Working

Advantage?

Although the starting friction is about twice the

running friction, but still it is negligible in
comparison with the starting friction of a journal
bearing
Rolling elements

Single use item

Ball Bearing Nomenclature:
How the balls go inside the races?

Conrad type

Filling Notch type

Balls / Rollers as rolling element

One piece cage

retainer
Nylon Ball Bearing

Nylon sleeve, nylon washer

Different types of ball bearings:
Different types of roller bearings

a) Straight roller
b) Tapered roller, thrust
c) Spherical roller, thrust
d) Needle
e) Tapered roller (both radial and thrust)
f) Steep-angle tapered roller
Bearing life
• Virtually infinite!
• If maintained in condition of clean and properly lubricated,
is mounted and sealed against the entrance of dust and dirt
and is operated at reasonable temperatures, then metal
fatigue will be the only cause of failure.
• For example Timken company takes the failure criterion as
a wear area of 6.45 mm2.
• Wear debris, vibration etc. may be other criteria.
• Bearing life of an individual bearing is defined as the total
number of revolutions (or hours at a constant speed) of
bearing operation until the failure criterion is developed.
Rating life
•The rating life is used by AFBMA (Anti-friction Bearing
Manufacturers Association)

• “the rating life of a group of nominally identical ball or

roller bearings is defined as the number of revolutions (or
hours at a constant speed) that 90% of the group of bearings
will achieve or exceed before the failure criterion develops.”
• Rating life for different manufacturers:

SKF : 106 revolutions

Timken : 90(10)6 revolutions
Bearing load (F) - Life (L) trade-off at
constant (rated, 90%) reliability (R):
Using a regression equation of the form

Experimentally
obtained data
plotted, for 90%
reliability

Rating Life

Fig: Typical bearing load-life log-log curve.

Bearing load (F) - Life (L) trade-off at
constant (rated, 90%) reliability (R):
2
Desired Load=FD
1
1 1 Rating Load=C10
F1 L1 a  F2 L2 a

Desired Rating
Life=LD Life=L10
Associating the load F1 with C10, the catalogue rating that you need to look at, and
the life measure in revolutions L1 with the L10, which is the manufacturer specific
quantity, FD and LD refer to the design quantities for the bearing to be selected, we
can write,
C10 L10   FD LD 
1/ a 1/ a

Here If we want to specify in the life hours, then we can write, rpm (nR & nD) values:
C10  R n R 60   FD  D n D 60 
1/ a 1/ a
Bearing load (F) - Life (L) trade-off at
constant (rated, 90%) reliability (R):

C10  R n R 60   FD  D n D 60 
1/ a 1/ a

Catalog rating, kN Desired speed in RPM

Rating life in hours Desired life in hours

Rating speed in RPM Desired load, kN

Solving for C10 gives

1/ a 1/ a
  D n D 60    D n D 60 
Catalogue load rating, C10  FD    FD  
 LR n R 60   rating life 
Effect of load application factor
The Desired load (FD) is not steady then Load application factor
(A.F) is used

Table 11–5
Problem:
Select a ball bearing for a motorcycle for a life of
5000 hours to work at a speed of 1800 RPM
under a radial load of 3000 N.
Solution:
Assumed reliability is 90%

 5000 1800 60 

1/ a
 LD nD 60 
1/ 3

C10  FD    3000   24429 .76 N  24.43 kN

 
6
 LR nR 60  10

From the table 11-2 (next slide), for the above load
rating, the nearest deep groove ball bearing is 35 mm
bore, 72 mm OD, 17 mm width, 1 mm fillet radius, 41
mm shaft diameter and 65 mm housing shoulder
diameter (it has C10 of 25.5 kN).
Dimensions and Basic Load Ratings for
Cylindrical Roller Bearings

Table 11–3
The coding method for standard bearings:
As per ABMA, the bearings are identified by a two-digit number
called the dimension-series code.
The first number is from the width series, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6.
The second number is from the diameter series (outside), 8, 9, 0, 1, 2,
3, & 4.
Shoulder dimensions:
What ds and dH in the catalogues
mean…

The housing and shaft shoulder diameters

listed in the tables should be used whenever
possible to secure adequate support for the
bearing and to resist the maximum thrust
loads
Reliability goal of the mechanical system

• The combined reliability goal is normally specified, say, Rt.

• Then each of the two bearings, if both of them are same type, must
possess a reliability of:
Rt  RA  RB
If RA  RB  R,  Rt  R  R  R 2
or R  Rt
e.g., Rt  0.90,
R  0.90  0.948
Thus, R  Rt

When dissimilar bearings are to be chosen at the two ends, the more
critical of the two will be designed for Rt. RB=Rt/RA=Rt/Rt=1. Thus
automatically the second bearing will have 100% reliability.
Bearing load (F) - Life (L) - reliability (R)
three-way relationship
(What to do, if more than 90% reliability is desired?):
Using the Weibull distribution, along any
constant load line (horizontal line in the
graph):

x  x0 b
R  exp[( ) ]
  x0
R=reliability
x=life measure dimensionless variate, L/L10
x0=guaranteed, or minimum value of the variate
=characteristic parameter corresponding to the 63.2121 percentile value of the
variate; b= shape parameter that controls the skewness
Accounting for thrust force:
Purpose is to find the equivalent radial load Fe, that
would do the same damage as that done by the
existing radial and thrust loads together. V is the
rotation factor. V=1 for inner ring rotation, V=1.2
for outer ring rotation.

Fe
1 when a
VFr
Fe F
 X Y a when a
VFr VFr
e
Generalizing for both zones,

Fe  X iVFr  Yi Fa
Fe may separately be multiplied by ‘service factor’ if load is not steady
For horizontal line zone, i=1 and for inclined line zone, i=2.

Table 11-1 gives the values of Xi and Yi.

 Table 11–1
Equivalent Radial Load Factors for Ball Bearings
Variable loading:
Three types of variable loading are possible:
1) Piecewise constant loading in a cycle pattern
2) Continuously variable loading in a repeatable cyclic pattern
3) Random variation

a
F L= Constant = K
F may be already be an equivalent
steady radial load for radial-thrust load
combination
If load level of F1 is selected and run to failure
criteria, the area under the F1- L1 trace is
numerically equal to K
Piece-wise continuous cycle:

The damage done by loads Fe1,

Fe2, and Fe3 is
D = Fae1 l1 + Fae2 l2 + Fae3 l3
The equivalent steady load Feq
when run for l1 + l2 + l3 revolutions The loads Fei are equivalent
steady radial loads for
does the same damage D. combined radial–thrust
Thus loads.

D = Faeq (l1 + l2 + l3)

Equating above equations and solving for Feq

 Piece-wise continuous cycle:

F l F l  f l
a a a
Feq  [ 1 1
] 2 2 3 3 1/ a
 [ fi Fi ] a 1/ a

l1  l2  l3

Feq [
 nt F i i
a
ei 1/ a
]
li can be expressed as ni ti , where ni is the
rotational speed at load Fei and ti is the
nt i i
duration of that speed,

Feq  { fi [( AF )i Fei ] } a 1/ a

where fi is the fraction of revolution run up under load Fei .

Lubrication & Journal
Bearing
Hydro-static / Hydro-dynamic

Objective of lubrication is to
reduce friction, wear and
heating.
Nylon Bearing
Nylon Bearing
Classification by types of lubrication

1. Hydrostatic
2. Hydrodynamic
3. Elasto-hydrodynamic
4. Boundary
Hydrostatic
5. Solid film

•Self lubricated bearing,

•Solid lubricant
Graphite and Molybdenum disulphide
Plummer block
Bearing Liner

•Compressive strength Babbitt

• Conformability
• Embeddability
Dynamic equilibrium
Bearing Failures Misalignment
Overload
Lubrication failure
Wrong clearance
High temperature
Tight fits,
Improper preloading

Scoring

Spalling
Film–pressure distribution notation

W = bearing load (N)

N = speed (rps)
h0 = minimum film-thickness (mm)
e = eccentricity (mm)
P = film pressure (MPa)
Pmax= max fill pressure (MPa)
Φ= position of the minimum film thickness
θpo = terminating position of the lubricant film
θpmax = the position of maximum film pressure.

Fig. 12.15
Viscosity & Lubrication
Comparison of the viscosities of various fluids.
Sommerfeld number, or Bearing characteristic number

The Sommerfeld Number (dimensionless) is

typically defined by the following equation.

S - is the Sommerfeld Number

r - is the shaft radius
c - is the radial clearance
Μ - is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant
N - is the speed of the rotating shaft in rev/s
P - is the load per unit of projected bearing area
The Sommerfeld number is very important in lubrication
analysis because it contains all the variables normally
specified by the designer
 Hydrodynamic
PETROFF’S Law / Equation
It provides a quick and simple means of obtaining reasonable estimates of coefficients
of friction of lightly loaded bearings
PETROFF’S EQUATION:
Saybolt universal viscosimeter of ASTM
Stable Lubrication

Region to the right of line AB defines stable lubrication because

variations are self-correcting.
Region to the left of line AB represents unstable lubrication.
 Point C represents what is probably the beginning of metal-to-metal
contact as μN/P becomes smaller.
N 6
Design Constraint:  1 . 7  10
P
Design Considerations

• Values either given or are under the control of the designer are
1. The viscosity μ
2. The load per unit of projected bearing area, P
3. The speed N
4. The bearing dimensions: radius, clearance & length
• The dependent variables (designer cannot control these except
indirectly by changing one or more of the above group) are
1. The coefficient of friction f
2. The temperature rise T
3. The volume flow rate of oil Q
4. The minimum film thickness h0
Viscosity Charts: II

viscosity used in the

analysis must
correspond to Tav.

Fig. 12.13
The remaining charts from Raimondi and
Boyd relate several variables to the
Somerfield number. These variables are
–Minimum film thickness
–Coefficient of friction
–Lubricant flow
–Film pressure
Chart for minimum film-thickness variable and eccentricity ratio.
Fig. 12.16
Chart for the position of the minimum film thickness

Fig. 12.17
Chart for coefficient-of-friction variable;

Fig. 12.18
Chart for flow variable

Fig. 12.19
Chart for determining the ratio of side flow to total flow.
Fig. 12.20
Chart for determining the maximum film pressure.
Fig. 12.21
Chart for the terminating position of the lubricant
film and the position of maximum film pressure.
Fig. 12.22
Problem:
A full journal bearing has a journal diameter of 40 mm, with a
unilateral tolerance of −0.025 mm. The bushing bore has a
diameter of 40.08 mm and a unilateral tolerance of 0.075 mm.
The bearing is 40 mm long. The journal load is 2.2 kN and it runs
at a speed of 1800 rev/min. Using an average viscosity of 25
mPa.s, find the minimum film thickness, eccentricity, position of
minimum film thickness, coefficient of friction, the torque to
overcome the friction, the power loss to friction, total volumetric
flow rate of lubricant, side flow rate of lubricant, the maximum
film pressure, and the location of maximum and terminating
pressures, for the minimum clearance assembly.
The rotating solid shaft shown in Figure, is simply supported by two full journal
bearings at points B and C and is driven by a gear (not shown) which meshes with the
spur gear at D. The spur gear at D has a 120-mm pitch diameter and a pressure angle
of 25°. The shaft transmits a steady torque of 500 N-m at 600 rpm. The shaft is made
of steel with endurance strength (Se) of 200 MPa and tensile strength (Sut) of 540
MPa. If shaft is of uniform cross section, find the minimum allowable standard
diameter of the shaft based on DE-Goodman fatigue-failure theory with factor of
safety 2. It is decided to use a full journal bearing of length 50 mm at C. The shaft
journal has a unilateral tolerance of −0.012 mm. The diameter of the bushing bore is
0.02 mm more than that of the shaft diameter and has a unilateral tolerance of +0.012
mm. For the minimum clearance assembly, find the minimum oil-film thickness, the
power loss, and the lubricant side flow if the average operating temperature is 500C
assuming SAE 20 lubricating oil is used.
Lubricant Temperature Rise

self-contained bearings or pillow-block or pedestal

Lubricant Temperature Rise

Equating and rearranging above two equations gives

For common petroleum lubricants ρ = 862 kg/m3,

Cp = 1.758 kJ/(kg · 0C), and J = 995x106 m · N/J;
Lubricant Temperature Rise
Using the sump as a control region, write an enthalpy
balance. Using T1 as the datum temperature gives

The thermal energy loss at steady state is equal to the rate of

work done by the journal on the film
i.e Hloss = W˙ = 2πT N/J .
The torque T = f Wr ,
the load in terms of pressure is W = 2Prl ,
and multiplying numerator and denominator by the ‘c’ gives
Temperature Rise Dimensionless Variable

Fig. 12.24
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

• Bearings in which the warm lubricant stays within

the bearing housing are called self-contained
bearings or pillow-block or pedestal bearings.
• In these bearings, the lubricant sump is within the
bearing housing and the lubricant is cooled within
the housing.
• For these bearings , dissipating heat from the
bearing housing to the surroundings at the same
rate that enthalpy is being generated within the
fluid film.
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings
The heat given up by the bearing housing
H loss  hCR A (Tb  T )
Hloss = heat dissipated, J/s or W
hCR = combined overall coefficient of radiation and convection heat transfer, W/(m2 0C)
A = surface area of bearing housing, m2
Tb = surface temperature of the housing, 0C
T∞ = ambient temperature, 0C
Some representative values of hCR are

 11 . 4 W /( m 2 0 C ) for still air


h CR  15 . 3 W /( m 2 0 C ) for shaft-stirred air
 33 . 5 W /( m 2 0 C )
 for air moving at 25.4 m/s
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

Tf − Tb = α(Tb − T∞)
where Tf is the average film temperature and α is a constant
depending on the lubrication scheme and the bearing housing
geometry
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

Solving the preceding equation for Tb and substituting in

the heat loss rate gives the following equation in proper
variables

hCR A
H loss  (T f  T )
1
T f   T
Tb 
1
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

From Petroff’s equation

4 r lN
2 3
Torque , T 
c
4 2 r 3l N 248  N 2 lr 3
So , H gen  ( 2N ) 
c c
N lr 2 3
H loss  H gen  T f  T  248 (1   )
hCR Ac
Interpolation

With l/d ratio falling in between the marked values, it is

possible to use an equation to determine at the intermediate
value of l/d:
PROBLEM:
A full journal bearing has a journal with a diameter
of 30 mm and a unilateral tolerance of -0.035 mm.
The busing bore length is 50 mm and a diameter
of 30.05 has a unilateral tolerance of +0.05. The
bearing load is 2.75 kN and the journal rotates at
1120 rpm. Analyze the minimum clearance
assembly and find the minimum film thickness,
the coefficient of friction, and the total oil flow if
the average viscosity is 60 mPa-s.
PROBLEM (12.11):
• A full journal bearing has a shaft diameter of 80.00
mm with a unilateral tolerance of −0.01 mm. The
l/d ratio is unity. The bushing has a bore diameter
of 80.08 mm with a unilateral tolerance of 0.03
mm. The SAE 30 oil supply is in an axial-groove
sump with a steady-state temperature of 60◦C. The
radial load is 3000 N. Estimate the average film
temperature, the minimum film thickness, the heat
loss rate, and the lubricant side-flow rate for the
minimum clearance assembly, if the journal speed
is 8 rev/s.
PROBLEM (12.11):
• A full journal bearing has a shaft diameter of 80.00
mm with a unilateral tolerance of −0.01 mm. The l/d
ratio is unity. The bushing has a bore diameter of
80.08 mm with a unilateral tolerance of 0.03 mm.
The SAE 30 oil supply is in an axial-groove sump
with a steady-state temperature of 60◦C. The radial
load is 3000 N. The rise in film temperature is 100C
and estimate the minimum film thickness, the heat
loss rate, and the lubricant side-flow rate for the
minimum clearance assembly, if the journal speed is
8 rev/s.