Showing Output To User
The print function is used to display or print output as follows
print
(
"Content that you wanna print on screen"
)
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e can display the content present in object using prit function as follows:-
w
var1 =
"Shruti"
print
(
"
Hi my name is: " ,var1)
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Taking Input From the User
The input function is used to take input as string or character from the user as follows:
var1 =
input (
"Enter your name: "
)
print
(
"My name is: "
, var1)
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o take input in form of other datatypes we need to typecaste them as follows:-
T
To take input as an integer:-
var1=
int
(
input
(
"
enter the integer value" ))
print
(var1)
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o take input as an float:-
T
var1=
float
(
input
(
"
enter the float value"
))
print
(var1)
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range Function
r ange function returns a sequence of numbers, eg, numbers starting from 0 to n-1 for
range(0, n)
range
(int_start_value,int_stop_value,int_step_value)
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ere the start value and step value are by default 1 if not mentioned by the programmer.
H
but int_stop_value is the compulsory parameter in range function
example-
Display all even numbers between 1 to 100
for
iinrange (
0
,
1
01,
2
)
:
print
(i)
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Comments
omments are used to make the code more understandable for programmers, and they
C
are not executed by compiler or interpreter.
Single line comment
# This is a single line comment
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Multi-line comment
''This is a
'
multi-line
comment'''
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Escape Sequence
n escape sequence is a sequence of characters; it doesn't represent itself (but is
A
translated into another character) when used inside string literal or character. Some of the
escape sequence characters are as follows:
Newline
Newline Character
print
(
"\n"
)
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Backslash
It adds a backslash
print
(
"\\"
)
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Single Quote
It adds a single quotation mark
print
(
"\'"
)
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Tab
It gives a tab space
print
(
"\t"
)
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Backspace
It adds a backspace
print
(
"\b"
)
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Octal value
It represents the value of an octal number
print
(
"\ooo"
)
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Hex value
It represents the value of a hex number
print
(
"\xhh"
)
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Carriage Return
arriage return or \r will just work as you have shifted your cursor to the beginning of the
C
string or line.
pint(
"\r"
)
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Strings
ython string is a sequence of characters, and each character can be individually
P
accessed using its index.
String
ou can create Strings by enclosing text in both forms of quotes - single quotes or double
Y
quotes.
variable_name =
"String Data"
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xample
e
str
=
"
Shruti"
print
(
"string is "
,
s
tr
)
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Indexing
he position of every character placed in the string starts from 0th position ans step by
T
step it ends at length-1 position
Slicing
licing refers to obtaining a sub-string from the given string. The following code will
S
include index 1, 2, 3, and 4 for the variable named var_name
Slicing of the string can be obtained by the following syntax-
string_var[int_start_value:int_stop_value:int_step_value]
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var_name[
1
:
5
]
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ere start and step value are considered 0 and 1 respectively if not mentioned by the
h
programmmer
isalnum() method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are alphanumeric, else False
string_variable.isalnum()
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isalpha() method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are alphabets
string_variable.isalpha()
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isdecimal() method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are decimals
string_variable.isdecimal()
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isdigit() method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are digits
string_variable.isdigit()
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islower() method
Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case
string_variable.islower()
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isspace() method
Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces
string_variable.isspace()
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isupper() method
Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case
string_variable.isupper()
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lower() method
Converts a string into lower case equivalent
string_variable.lower()
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upper() method
Converts a string into upper case equivalent
string_variable.upper()
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strip() method
It removes leading and trailing spaces in the string
string_variable.strip()
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List
List in Python represents a list of comma-separated values of any data type between
A
square brackets.
var_name = [element1, element2, ...]
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These elements can be of different datatypes
Indexing
he position of every elements placed in the string starts from 0th position ans step by
T
step it ends at length-1 position
List is ordered,indexed,mutable and most flexible and dynamic collection of elements in
python.
Empty List
This method allows you to create an empty list
my_list = []
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index method
Returns the index of the first element with the specified value
list
.index(element)
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append method
Adds an element at the end of the list
list
.append(element)
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extend method
Add the elements of a given list (or any iterable) to the end of the current list
list
.extend(iterable)
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insert method
Adds an element at the specified position
list
.insert(position, element)
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pop method
Removes the element at the specified position and returns it
list
.pop(position)
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remove method
The remove() method removes the first occurrence of a given item from the list
list
.remove(element)
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clear method
Removes all the elements from the list
list
.clear()
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count method
Returns the number of elements with the specified value
list
.count(value)
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reverse method
Reverses the order of the list
list
.reverse()
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sort method
Sorts the list
list
.sort(reverse=
True
|
False
)
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Tuples
Tuples are represented as comma-separated values of any data type within parentheses.
Tuple Creation
variable_name = (element1, element2, ...)
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These elements can be of different datatypes
Indexing
he position of every elements placed in the string starts from 0th position ans step by
T
step it ends at length-1 position
Tuples are ordered,indexing,immutable and most secured collection of elements
Lets talk about some of the tuple methods:
count method
It returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple
tuple
.count(value)
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index method
It searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position.
tuple
.index(value)
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Sets
set is a collection of multiple values which is both unordered and unindexed. It is written
A
in curly brackets.
Set Creation: Way 1
var_name = {element1, element2, ...}
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Set Creation: Way 2
var_name =
set
([element1, element2, ...])
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et is unordered,immutable,non-indexed type of collection.Duplicate elements are not
S
allowed in sets.
Set Methods
Lets talk about some of the methods of sets:
add() method
Adds an element to a set
set
.add(element)
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clear() method
Remove all elements from a set
set
.clear()
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discard() method
Removes the specified item from the set
set
.discard(value)
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intersection() method
Returns intersection of two or more sets
set
.intersection(set1, set2 ... etc)
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issubset() method
Checks if a set is a subset of another set
set
.issubset(
set
)
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pop() method
Removes an element from the set
set
.pop()
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remove() method
Removes the specified element from the set
set
.remove(item)
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union() method
Returns the union of two or more sets
set
.union(set1, set2...)
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Dictionaries
he dictionary is an unordered set of comma-separated key:value pairs, within {}, with the
T
requirement that within a dictionary, no two keys can be the same.
Dictionary
<dictionary-name> = {<key>: value, <key>: value ...}
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ictionary is ordered and mutable collection of elements.Dictionary allows duplicate
D
values but not duplicate keys.
Empty Dictionary
By putting two curly braces, you can create a blank dictionary
mydict={}
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Adding Element to a dictionary
By this method, one can add new elements to the dictionary
<dictionary>[<key>] = <value>
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Updating Element in a dictionary
If a specified key already exists, then its value will get updated
<dictionary>[<key>] = <value>
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Deleting an element from a dictionary
del keyword is used to delete a specified key:value pair from the dictionary as follows:
del
<dictionary>[<key>]
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Dictionary Functions & Methods
Below are some of the methods of dictionaries
len() method
It returns the length of the dictionary, i.e., the count of elements (key: value pairs) in the
dictionary
len
(dictionary)
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clear() method
Removes all the elements from the dictionary
dictionary.clear()
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get() method
Returns the value of the specified key
dictionary.get(keyname)
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items() method
Returns a list containing a tuple for each key-value pair
dictionary.items()
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keys() method
Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys
dictionary.keys()
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values() method
Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary
dictionary.values()
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update() method
Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs
dictionary.update(iterable)
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Indentation
In Python, indentation means the code is written with some spaces or tabs into many
different blocks of code to indent it so that the interpreter can easily execute the Python
code.
Indentation is applied on conditional statements and loop control statements. Indent
specifies the block of code that is to be executed depending on the conditions.
Conditional Statements
he if, elif and else statements are the conditional statements in Python, and these
T
implement selection constructs (decision constructs).
if Statement
if
(conditional expression):
statements
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if-else Statement
if
(conditional expression):
statements
else
:
statements
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if-elif Statement
if
(conditional expression):
statements
elif
(conditional expression):
statements
else
:
statements
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Nested if-else Statement
if
(conditional expression):
if
(conditional expression):
statements
else
:
statements
else
:
statements
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xample-
e
a=
15
b=
20
c=
12
if
(a>b
anda>c):
print
(a,
"is greatest"
)
elif
(b>c
and
b>a):
print
(b,
" is greatest"
)
else
:
print
(c,
"is greatest"
)
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Loops in Python
loop or iteration statement repeatedly executes a statement, known as the loop body,
A
until the controlling expression is false (0).
For Loop
he for loop of Python is designed to process the items of any sequence, such as a list or
T
a string, one by one.
for
<variable> in<sequence>:
statements_to_repeat
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example-
for
i
inrange
(
1
,
1
01
,
1
)
:
print
(i)
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While Loop
while loop is a conditional loop that will repeat the instructions within itself as long as a
A
conditional remains true.
while
<logical-expression>:
loop-body
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example-
=
i 1
while
(i<=
100
):
print
(i)
i=i+
1
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Break Statement
he break statement enables a program to skip over a part of the code. A break statement
T
terminates the very loop it lies within.
for
<var> in<sequence>:
statement1
if
<condition>:
break
statement2
statement_after_loop
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example-
for
i
inrange
(
1
,
1
01
,
1
)
:
print
(i ,end=
" "
)
if
(i==
50
):
break
else
:
print
(
"
Mississippi"
)
print
(
"
Thank you")
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Continue Statement
he continue statement skips the rest of the loop statements and causes the next iteration
T
to occur.
for
<var> in<sequence>:
statement1
if
<condition> :
continue
statement2
statement3
statement4
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example-
for
i
in[
2
,
3
,
4
,
6
,
8
,
0
]
:
if
(i%2
!=
0
)
:
continue
print
(i)
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Functions
function is a block of code that performs a specific task. You can pass parameters into a
A
function. It helps us to make our code more organized and manageable.
Function Definition
def
my_function
():
#statements
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def keyword is used before defining the function.
Function Call
my_function()
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henever we need that block of code in our program simply call that function name
W
whenever neeeded. If parameters are passed during defing the function we have to pass
the parameters while calling that function
example-
def
add
():
#function defination
a=
10
b=
20
print
(a+b)
add()
#function call
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Return statement in Python function
The function return statement return the specified value or data item to the caller.
return
[value/expression]
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Arguments in python function
rguments are the values passed inside the parenthesis of the function while defining as
A
well as while calling.
def
my_function (arg1,arg2,arg3....argn):
#statements
my_function(arg1,arg2,arg3....argn)
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xample-
e
def
add
(a,b):
return
a+b
x=add(
7
,
8
)
print
(x)
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File Handling
ile handling refers to reading or writing data from files. Python provides some functions
F
that allow us to manipulate data in the files.
open() function
var_name =
open
(
"file name"
,
" mode"
)
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modes-
.
1 r - to read the content from file
2. w - to write the content into file
3. a - to append the existing content into file
4. r+: To read and write data into the file. The previous data in the file will be
overridden.
5. w+: To write and read data. It will override existing data.
. a+: To append and read data from the file. It won’t override existing data.
6
close() function
var_name.close()
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read () function
The read functions contains different methods, read(),readline() and readlines()
read()
#return one big string
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It returns a list of lines
readlines()
#returns a list
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It returns one line at a time
readline
#returns one line at a time
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write function
This function writes a sequence of strings to the file.
write()
#Used to write a fixed sequence of characters
to a file
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It is used to write a list of strings
writelines()
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Exception Handling
n exception is an unusual condition that results in an interruption in the flow of a
A
program.
try and except
basic try-catch block in python. When the try block throws an error, the control goes to
A
the except block.
try
:
[Statement body block]
raise
Exception()
except
Exceptionname:
[Error processing block]
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else
he else block is executed if the try block have not raise any exception and code had
T
been running successfully
try
:
#statements
except
:
#statements
else
:
#statements
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finally
inally block will be executed even if try block of code has been running successsfully or
F
except block of code is been executed. finally block of code will be executed compulsory
Object Oriented Programming (OOPS)
It is a programming approach that primarily focuses on using objects and classes. The
objects can be any real-world entities.
class
The syntax for writing a class in python
class
class_name :
pass
#statements
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Creating an object
Instantiating an object can be done as follows:
<
o
bject
-name> = <
class
-name>(<arguments>)
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self parameter
he self parameter is the first parameter of any function present in the class. It can be of
T
different name but this parameter is must while defining any function into class as it is
used to access other data members of the class
class with a constructor
onstructor is the special function of the class which is used to initialize the objects. The
C
syntax for writing a class with the constructor in python
class
CodeWithHarry :
Default constructor
#
def
__init__
(self):
self.name =
"CodeWithHarry"
A method for printing data members
#
def
print_me
(self):
print
(self.name)
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Inheritance in python
y using inheritance, we can create a class which uses all the properties and behavior of
B
another class. The new class is known as a derived class or child class, and the one
whose properties are acquired is known as a base class or parent class.
It provides the re-usability of the code.
class
Base_class :
pass
class
derived_class (Base_class):
pass
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Types of inheritance-
● ingle inheritance
S
● Multiple inheritance
● Multilevel inheritance
● Hierarchical inheritance
filter function
he filter function allows you to process an iterable and extract those items that satisfy a
T
given condition
filter
(function, iterable)
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issubclass function
Used to find whether a class is a subclass of a given class or not as follows
issubclass
(obj, classinfo)
# returns true if obj is
a subclass
of classinfo
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Iterators and Generators
ere are some of the advanced topics of the Python programming language like iterators
H
and generators
Iterator
Used to create an iterator over an iterable
ter_list =
i iter ([
'Harry'
,
'Aakash' ,
'Rohan'
])
print
(
n
ext (iter_list))
print
(
n
ext (iter_list))
print
(
next
(iter_list))
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Generator
Used to generate values on the fly
A simple generator function
#
def
my_gen ():
n =
1
print
(
'
This is printed first' )
# Generator function contains yield statements
ield
y n
n +=
1
print
(
'
This is printed second'
)
yield
n
n +=
1
print
(
'
This is printed at last'
)
yield
n
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Decorators
ecorators are used to modifying the behavior of a function or a class. They are usually
D
called before the definition of a function you want to decorate.
property Decorator (getter)
property
@
def
name
(self):
return
self.__name
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setter Decorator
It is used to set the property 'name'
@name.setter
def
name(self, value):
self.__name=value
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deleter Decorator
It is used to delete the property 'name'
@name.deleter
#property-name.deleter decorator
def
name(self, value):
print
(
'
Deleting..' )
del
self.__name
