30 wy klechestatie potantial- 9) Ye ete work done fn mowing a unt. perilve charge (7 Infinity to a given fovrk im tre dledlud fala Cat camstant spead Ht is a salen gua he unit 4g dete potential 1 vote(v) = 1 joule coulome”’ velt.(V) we! = 1 Nm" Tha ehthrostote Peete at « fad te ee 1 de 4 werk is done in mening a. charge of 1 coulomb from infinity to that paint mm te elactué pralal Hlestue at a point mm the cleetue fold Consider the electic fale due to a point source son placed at point 0. dv te Fe as sat a teat’ Kaige Go be Placed af the paint Pata dist w 7 from the source 4) : the eectrostate fore Actweon the bvo chases i given by Pe ® 446 _ het the hast charge be movael a small distance ob Work done im megan the tut henge by a small dlistamer dr & pe 4, _ dw. F way = —Folx (megature sign sncdicalas + Ade ide Anak work ds done ag 1 € fewa FD AW = ~ 8441 dr. ~@ > : SY fost charge te omeved from iimpinaty toa point at a distance x from te sourea charge, work dona is given by ye = J- 9 de Deeterns Re ¢We ne fay . “ef + -4| this ia the alectrostatie enngy stored tn he arystioe 8 cherges. 2 is the work done rn 4 Yvan Je from rnfineiy ee te we Elodtue potential te wok dre, es te nage electme Poeotial Ve ys ie Vz ky 2 % Nork done tn ng a eange. fom one petit by andlhor fm a given electue uid is the —petential dlifforenea betwen , tno pect Work dene %. mou Wang Go. fron a point A ak a. distance 7 from soune charge tq, to pont +B at a distorce % “from ae Fe wW 2 ky “Eh Th +4, _ —% oe ‘o- Ave * Fiesta eee oe a e a a, = . : eel Pefinkal olibJaronce Vv, -V. Note - Work done Mees met depend on the path golliwad It only depends on ta and pociils. Potential differance is also mneasusedl Im voll Foy a. megane aowree charge, potential at a pocnt willbe ve - Ky + (ate: | ei Equipetential sufheas- \ ding sunfact,, whith tas dt some alechoatité poterlia) at ovey point is walled on oquibelential asusfacaBar setae ieee x Q nth the oh ab carte. = Bien (i) €guipetentiod fae os ¢ vw man” : ull de Lisess fines a poe er fiotel direction * —ly, ey A ys [a> N\eGifotantiod curfass Properties Jf oguipelential susfo.ces- a; * _Ne_work is dara "fn moving a tat charge ever on aguifstiniial auisfas a eS 4M - Va) = 0. : as werk dona is yaro,the eleelue old is at right angles to the wipetential suMfare, - 3. No te i ates cam mnteracet’ cash siher. Sf tay.do 30. thine wily he tre valuce of cledue potential ot that pent , which mot possible . : 4 Bquipolential susaces are clo tegen whee the ofeetion patel is sPromaer and farther apart ,,nhee the pud w neaker. Gonperstank point to remember - » tha elecue piold at a point tn space tells us what force alist ches 1 Moule) fool if it were placed Phere; the potintiad tells pew mush Merk meads to be done to bing it tere from far anny. * Potential rreraases as wemove again: te frelel and cleanses if ne omove the pile. ¥ Hectic frold decreases as the Prema square o the distimee(t) as we omeve away | te source, while polinlias decreases mow slowly, only as the mveme & the inte (5 a % For aw postive corre the potirical ig fariline overywhor ond a megatand sours, t 4 cnogotine wrbene ere Aign Rrdiieles that work done by “ta clesbue pe | Mel] ancl posite tlm tinclizattes shot work cme is by the~ Be 33 \S) Potential ot a point due to ‘an alectnic dipate - ne a dipole consisting Jy charges et ape 4 a distamen ra, kee P be at a distance 7 from rom the midpoit 0 of the dipele ket Apr, BPz%s ; LBB =8- Pelarias at P cua fo Petanlial a dus to charge aq akin yw. Net -petiniial ot P VEMtV = “Ks - ve KY _ ky ks a wy From pause, 1) 2 APE CPs oPtoC= 740Cos8 Aloo 5. = BP pd = OP-OD= Gos8 on ye Kofi ot 7-Ales0 Tralee (oc 200 2aCes8) x2 Grd ay arcot 8 _ nop zsaeet ate acet] awe artes 8 =: Vie Kb Gnd * “pcos Buk = qe ophatet® Fie Gacet8) emt on tha qatal line, tase dh ss For 620 7 CosB=1 SE wees, 7 @ cnnecn : fee pat om te aquatomal kine = a Cs :0 g £ v=o] thus net foténtial at eint on the agualewel Lim is 3eK0 .+ Polentials along te anual Line Gri aquatenal Line tom be dlatumtned — as gollons: @ Potential at a point _on the nial Ling of amy alecthie “cipote comstdlar a dipole comiuting § warges -gand 1q separated by a distane 10. lat Psa a poet ak a cListenes + trom the caste of the dipole, along the auc) line rene 193 __ Pe k$—_— 7» Petanlel at P dus to -9 Ye KY PO Gra) Pettnlel at P ou to eharg + y= fl cs; Not potentual ay Yi Va ThY 4 KY 2 Gf Lo FOL Oe Fe Ea = ky [ manrea] = Kqx 20 wer | “Gad But yxre =p “Ve ab TY water Yes ) Ya AB Gly Potuntual at a pont on the oquadamual line - ° Cersislen a dipele consisting G charges ~z and +4 separated by a distance 20. hot P be a paint at a distanes 7 along “the equatorial sine. Potantiah at F dus #9 change -4 5 Vyas - - = “g ony. "a ay Potantiel at P dus to charge ty, Vas BY = "Gan Not potentias at P ®Y= VtVa = ky (ae) aye-BB- Relation batiwein aluctme alo ond folintial graduird- Comin a point souye change renee eee Paceol at a distance a grom 9 ° ot x4 *%—_x——__$vo Foxe om charge qo dua to the cledwe etd Fis ¥, qr é het the test go moved through a smal) distance dx - against the alectue gold Than work done % gman aN = Fi.dx : qof de AW 2 —Gokdu 5 dw = -kdx. “Go y Tf AV’ ip the” Jotunlial differane balivesn the tivo posite, AW =40dv oy dW sav, qo at av \is He potential ick Change etna ith tne), ® thus clectue qpold at a potik is equal To the negative fant & the eee eee " lame + Negative atgn smolicatas that the dineduim fF is always rn the clinselion Gideronse Y olactue _petintial. e + Potinkiod ot wa vcter. hag unit volkmatre”! eesaleudetebidivants, * S218 foe Gynwn. been Se fer eben A= distor d, fv gancral me can wnt Ee-36 ) Peterhead anergy 6 an aledaet difele when Maced in aniferr elactut pale - Comuiden a dipola & fede dipole moment B", placed mon extemal unifewn alarti fiald Fst @ be the ample belween the dipole momant ane | aedme. pute F. ec Torque acling on te cipele os gen by, & a > x i) on @ = pesing < HY the dlipele uw rotated through a small angle dd, agoumt tha torque acting on it, He work dona ts, dn 2 dB = pksm9ds . Yotad work dose in tuance the dipole om a BR a erp bis png, lout gptos aterd We (ies = pe fo] e % . so We pe (C€es8,—Cor93) : hia werk done in aberad vin the dipole 1m the foun & it prtentiat energy. S. Petankiel soewgy UL = _pl& (Cos6,— Cos62) Tf 8) = 90 Colipole is indi oriexteal endisitar to the ols os = ae aa a then U = pk (Ge90- Ce) o us = pk cose an vector fer, ae pre. @ secs -hhan the dipole us placed forall ge the ppolal?, 8=0. * Nok fore or the dipole = -P ge 20 Tha cupsle is undu bangle oF squidoo ayate * Tague osting on tha olipele C= plSimd = péSino =O. '. Torque om e db} is is und retalanal equi breuan + Potential energy Gf the ctipole is Us -peCeso = -pe The tania 3 _amnimum and the diel & eden” 8290 a nat for on the dipole = -ge+g6 =0. the dipole sim tramlalional quilts + Torque. ny on te apole a = peSind = a Thus ue achir J 46 macdmum, When & placed at right a a te didn of Oe fu. the aipole is met in retotiomal aquilibiim . » Polenta! — an qian us apt cere 10 Chigh) : the dipole is tn rnita dole amzalerbritvm corvalilurr , Caseliny) When the dipole. to placed! omti-parolll to the fed . 6 = 180°. +i * Nat force. om tn. fk: 2-gerge 20 wha dipole. is Pm» tremtatumal aguilibrism * Torque aching on the dipole e @s pe Sin t80 20 7 we obepole. w@ momentarily im rotational eaputliforism & — Petential oogy b treo 44, Us ~pkCesigo = pe Hore. the angy i mariomym and the dipole i rv Ce Aephty unstable ae Th canta ble cpuulibuum)- 38 = 38 *akgelrane Nea: 1. Potential at a pant due to a dyshim of charges &s CA, sur % potentials dus to ircividual charges Ve Wt Vata oe Vn + Bin 2 hay koe ee 7 To. Tm 2. Fer a ami charged aphawiced shel), the potential outside tha shall is gran hy : : ye eee 72%) + Anéo + where 9 lo te total ew the shall, R ds sacks and x is the cuitamee dy the point from the ashe by the shall. tha afetine pial inside the shall is Hanes mo werk cama ine omerniniy a change tinplate shall and the potential é cemstiont tnuidle the shell tha potential inside the abot equals Us vols ot the augace. or Yo ky . 1 4. a | ATeOR 3 Gerster a Sores te a ee the Leta) Werk done in He 4 7 4 changes cow ba gre as Ws Wi + Wy ee where Wy> kG. (the work dome iw brings w Ve tre charges 4,24, tv Lhe emfppquration) BU + K42)Ve 4 Work cline tw one Yaa, taut Ya where the’ Es we B charges yard YW. We Kyte 4 KU 4 KIYe Fie Te te Ae Potential anergy GJ a charge gq fv arm antemol fale ata pont ws 4 V where, V & ta ete! peteofiel of te porn 5. he work dome im om @ charge q through. ppstentidd dijforence av, appaars as galiv iv anergy or the charge. Thue goin tw anemay = W = G AV. ‘. | electron volt (rev) is the jainad by an elect » Of change e2le moe re through petontiad yf 4 (vette thus 1eV 2 1.6 x10 za key 2 1o8ay ete T 4 Mav zlo%aV= 1-exto'er 1 GeV = tote = - ia 2 boxes y 1TeV s1oev = exo TF,Dialestnies onal elontion 8 maith A dialectuce ia a mom-tomduicles Meleautes & a divlestue ane polar on ror-polar. Polar me.ceules- A polar moleeule te ‘one tin whith the cantvas 4 positive charges anc negate charges do mot cednsiile om- wabte , HC, NHy Polar molecules have permanent dipele oncimirts whith are rarcomly evita in the abserea fam external — eleetue field . Mhen an exdimnal cleetme field applied. the polar molecules align thamidlves rn the direction oj the ficld. i Nan polar “molauulds- & men polar molecule is that maleessle in rihich the cantaes (GY postive ame! nagative charges cocnesde. 09 Os Na Hy Non polar molecules do net bane permanent dipele snomets However rr the frounee Gan eddumal pyeld, dipole moments ana induced tm divest g the fetd. . Petrts to member - + ta ddlectie sdrength of a didluetut ts copied as the marimum value of eeetie peld (a potential gradient) that com be apbliad to tha divleelne wtthou de clectue break down. Se unit is o KV v * Whar a didleetwe slab i placed im a uniform rE, the dipole mene GF tH permanent ov mmduced cuipoles ane aligned in the diraction of td Jha” alesis fold due to palariaion (Fp) in the didlectue ts ra disechin opposite to tha applied pirld(E,) tha resultant prolel t Hien fra 4, j E 2 £o-Ep tus te met Atetne full io boner whan a dirtectue i * cboduced im the space SY the uniform puid. # The vata of tha atangth bf te applital clectiit field to the sbongth of the reduceel value G the slactie frold om placing the diclestus is The cidlectie contort Gf the dialectue medium. thus, —~ y Ke€y= ze, 2 %&O wha dudleelme usratont is hither for polar divledué og Water has k=81, the dieleetine cemstomt for mer-pélar cliclechice is lower. og air K=1, mba karts, Elediucol prepotiis 9 usrduslon unelr decrortatié equilibriiven - 1 ohene £s mo mat. cledue prlel rn te inteue bf a cmvdustor in stolié situalitn, ES fa Ue presente G an extrnal alecti field, alectrons mee towards tre pect, onl , Leawing pacilive changes at the mogatud end. thus im tha given fig) pesituie charges aceutmulate to the mgAe ame) ragative chases to wie fe 44 te soni, Pete iahaced chap pretuce on > aloetue patel G Aun own, mw a olirection to that & the exteramed afedlue Hild, 60 as to carnal He eniinol fold thus oketui fold trace te conduct & yew: nahere te mo mek charge m the inten & the condustor, Thus the volume change dlniity > the ~ Fentang * ralemer GY ta eorduclor ib parc. Consider, a angel condor . Aeecrrcling to fouss's Lesrem , $* dey €o But, ofcetne pela trite a concluctor is zero. Thus, aknee E20, G20 tmedle the cumductor . 3. CKonges yosiele only on he susfone of a coneluctor. Seren volume change damsity th the inlandr Ga esndudlor es yer, any encens charge siren Ta the concluutlin can only resiele om te ausace of the usnduetDr . A. ist — outaide a umdusldr, tha alectud pruld is perpanciieular to tre face. Y the ofeetue potol Aael a eembmant ential te te surface, it woul cone He 4 os and wwe to a sagtie, cue be atuanctats “Syutchrn, dns ib mot frositble: Hares elects freld com only be ruler te te audfpes Gare conductor» : 5 the sushaee Ya tndudler ty on eqpupolintia! aunfacr. the pulintial is usrstont pithen and ot the aufface of the conductor.6. Te susfjace charge efonsity ae sharp poewits and! Law on plore regions Ba eonduscing aungoce Hlectue prld Ls stronger noarer sharp pote: Electioatotie Ahiatching - Sma a. cantly G omy ahafe inalile a camdustor, if thore cs mo chage Bere, the cleetd pruld ie garo. this propesty i walled cloctoatabié hauling For an sbject lavatad pride a Aelew conductor aubjeeted to eleclue fed there will ba no opfeat of alectué frold on the object thus the hollow ee ebjort from extemal eloetue. prald tn a thumdentionm aeeempornrual by Lightening ct ds scifast to be enacile a bus ot car,rather thon niar a Hee on open qround. 2.d0 clestue, mberashin , the ralghbouning circuits Vn electromée damnkes asa shidlded by placing -matal shite, around cartasr components or chwits . Nol: (b Whore ara no ausgoce charges at all along the ma, wolls ¥ ta conelucter sumounding the cam Air ha polentiak rn tha body & te conductor arrd all evn the canily ase came, Corer. _ obits eer Aktion beinks - % tha surface & omy charged conductor; smosther howe lowe eloctuiz frolds anal Lower denaitios But sharp fornts and usyneys areumulale vey Acgh ewarga denatlies ond tare eng Ag prtds moarty the partials & als coming in contact with pocnted erle ane imised ond te Uke changes one (> repalled. Ihe sats up am alestue wind , whith takes \Sya) ; enti nuously te poled erile off tha Su all 9 Sead ance le oe Prtd of te surface of 0 ehauged conductor a where © i he aurfaea charge dansitty anc uit vedler mermal t the ausfate im te outward Comiden ao potnt Poo the Surfer Go conducter. tmstiuct a short qbindncco] Houston surface about the borne P such that He hauman dyrduical surase is partly mine ond partly gutsrde the conductor. Tusk simmicla the suas, £20. Tust outhide, the pela is reveal & the susface meth magnilide F. tha tetol pture Thy; Ha Molision 42 Lomes from the “atiole eee os a a : Smeal = EAA. : Edh = ey where 5 5 the surface che 7 Eo lonity ib Y 2, y= EdA, dA = dh ae ée => a ee o Eeen, €o ee the electus field s newval to the Jace « a. Déotetes in which the imducedl dipele moment te iv Xho ciehon Gf the prota and i preperliomal fo the pile strength, ane colle Linear isotropic Lalectues. 3. tha dipole moment per unit volume 1 callid pelorisalion an de clanslad by P fer tinaar isetopic clalactucs, Pn oF whore Ye WW a comstont characteiali Ge dilalie ealad the cloctud auseepibility J the Ablectne medium 4 dy dialects, He Aurface charge danathy arue from bourne chranges -Van da erator Primi 5 working 1 Iga hanged conductor to brought rn alectusal contact with a hollow cameluter ,the halon cundustor called the charge te a potential | and the change le trondjened. to the outer ausfece ff the Hllow .~..conelueton . 23 thio works on the principle & corona dischasga att se es: Crnbucon- Pir, Ps St ummists ff a Large sphorwea conducting abell , Aupborticl on nsubaba columns. fr anclless helt § om vmaulating omatanal ts emote to min on two pulloys Prand A with on clcbue ameter. ' & metal 4 corm C1, masintarind at\a high posite petentiol is tela meen the Lower end & the belt. And womb cs calle the collection comb, & twormactecl to the rrner suspaee of ta aphemial aholl at He upbor enc G te belt. Morksing - the belt is kept umtimususly oneving by the rméter driving the pulley. Positive tons 7 raged from coms Cy entsthe belt - dna to toroma discharga. Comb ¢ collects the pestline iors from te but anel thartjen tram fo the apheletal High vetkages of, te evden & few million volte. (ij He eph potinlial alixporances, with veupear be ground cam be, usec! fo aceelorate parities Luke a ge : feeanics DT Spe Pape ere” 1» bs wy Auge and bully. 2. the mo & Gap saltage Bell Bf status Geaevieel Yaw a necenity to “frovent change leakage to He auriounding. f* Capacitors - ' . intatad apstem gf the cencutng bola. my shape and ate , saparated by a Aalectie » ts abled a capes =) . ee conductor -2: Consider a capacitor im fry. above umaisting Gy WOdusctioe - he the two usvoluctes be changed a ingen. to 18 ge xa ome bak ¥, ama vy be thu potent the 2 @ ces a cao eae te potential iyfarance Ya Vi-V, aenets the plates. 7 Thus xv =.CY the comtont oy pret Celene ak eon 6 te capaiin.t “As Ip veel 4 |e Thus capacitance wo the amount af charge required to nerdasethe psturtial Ga conductor by unity. Srna, G4 2CV, Yhe Capacitance dy a tonductr is sald to be ona Yarad 4 one coulomb df charge is requuedl to saite ‘ds potantial through one volt. ° fasod is a lage quently the smalkn urls & caparitence ” Jomtenogarae! = 10 SF ; | mame fared = 109E; ane, | Meofaradk « oF Symbols representation: ' Tix epi : aaa copatiton Parotkel plea capacrlor - A forall ‘plate empaiutor costs 6 dno leuge plane parallel coneluating lates sapanatecl by a emady cistoma befanan then. 7 ee do te ti nea piee ond Se ejects Memes fo pote. Mar ¢ be. te Aileen, hans cetily cd &. 6.28 chaps © etter plate -46 The electui fiald. ‘mtrnsily batoveen the plates is ginan by. Es Ss €o But os @ ; Fog A Ago . Alo Fs ; V2 whore Vis the potential dd}erone a . a between the plates. obs Abe 7 a By depindion (tome, C2 & y dep 4 iejeere, co Cc = Age) a For 0 medium ay dialeedué eonstant k tm hatwein tre capacitor plat. C= Aok : a eo - ena rho Eo Gok the permits d & te madiirm - Yous capacitance Ga paralkl pate capacitor 4 i dinedtly Proportional to dia area yy the platos Coch Gy Frwersely prepertional to thee saporation Cas Ui) depancls on tha Vabsoluce pormistsinty & toe maalium . foo a owt He ebseme tyat capacitenee a capacitance epurds or Ue _physita) cluimantions. * Note: Farod is a voy lag value. We knew, C24 we Ab v ad x Aziem=lo%m and C21 prad A= cdl e/a Ge 9.85 x0" Such a large area cannot be realised practically Also the fargo value bY area rmpblios that qorod i a barge voluna. > 4,2 m* 0. j0'm* Gprsalen dine palin pa Cr c2.and ca cormeclial: tin Aces across a folenlial diffrare oy Y volt ket each capaiitor ecciva a charge of magnitude 4 on ones 4 ith plates: Potantiol differance across cach capasiter is given by, Viz & pee & 7.3 8 we “1 Ce ca But Ve Vi +Va +V¥y 7rd) Vz @) mthere Co is the eave, capacitances” ofthe | cours. beinatusrs GB -h +i re ee cr tS o oT Se Thus, whan ony mymber oY capaiitonn ase cormoctad Ym sonicn, the reetproced G te equivalent copacitance sale Be toe G the reciprocals Y tinclivicul capasitances. #2. Capacities in_panallel- ai] [zs 4 oF flak 4] me FT co Saft [F-4 Fale ree Conichr nee copacidos Lj cafacitareds 6 ,c.0rdee camnetiid to Jol the. parollel cambeivalion is connected acrors a. potential difference. % V vo- she differance aerors cath capaciter i same The changes 8,42, 43 on He ben copmeitos will ba cepf arent, 4 8th + Os —Hp @ Ge cquialed copacitence the combinatuin, 8 a= GY —@ Meo 8, =CV 4, Gz eaV » &2GY —3=@ ating 0 1@ 2 @, CpV = GV tGVtGY o pe ctare Thus, when ony ramen 8} capris are connecleet ps paul, He bguivalent capacitance equals the sum df individual, capacitances Enorg Atsred fy a vopaciten - Comuioler a capociter ff capacitaree C. hat g be te imdial oat om the capacitor pledes , when te potential difference ee we volt c aoc +S 4- Ve 2 : ‘ 4dg. - © + YotaL werk dane fe Thonsfensing distyeS te gran dy, We im fee 2 > , gel is work ie stored a» weetrostateé fui jy me eu owe a Meo sine. 8>0V, u> Ey - we, ze 2 Moo i a 2 sine, V2@, us 4 gy Thus , Gs ,@ 2 per = vay te = = Whan ¢ 1's im qarcel, gy tm» coulomb ard difference im volt, © Aectrostalie fotantial anirgy Us expraned in joule. choage gz 4S 2 Aer Geez e246) Also , C= Abo : “a Energy toad iv copacitn a gen by ust @ 2, (Abt) = Abo / Ze 2 KE ie ay) (whose Ve Ad ts He velyme: betivear the plectes & te capatie) o Us 1 ek? xAd = 1k *Y cm z enogy clanniby = Zee 2xy ov energy cansity = Lok SE omit 64 onargy Stosity is m3 HNL ty Han aledue fee Susts ak any petit tin apaet thts tat int wa sot Y storedl Seereetas atorad os volume wo Lee. a a Cin B graph J charge g us pelortial dapjarene foro capacitor & shown in the ye: Prea. of the shaded portion at e £4Y= onegy aored 1 a | v—> . (aD) Enongy clonsity vr a dialect mediym _ he fommittinly € i, ; Enagy “mt | op Sole = pee \ /50 Capacitance Gf a parallel plate capacitor with dialedue slob betowesn tha plates Gomide a plete capacitor with each plat 64 arca A and separated by clistance d . Gapacitanes df te capnetr is qn &, Cos Age Bey fet the coifaciter. 62 commacted across a batliny and ky ba the oloctie freld intensity betrvean Me platw of the Wher a dialecue slab by thickness t (tid) is rrstroducedl betivean the plots & the capacitor , the ofeetue fretd reduces fe &, dun 40 he imducol peld Ep, fv opposite dinelion t Eo. | Thus, E> Eo- Fp. | AN gL 6 4] ee Ja Ee ir IT r 1 fs > ly [- et eetet lt be The potontied differance Vdatevean the a & te capaidos de gn | Ys &t + Eo (41) a Wham eb 2 petanlial differance over cistonee “) Eo@-t) = potential difference over distance a9. Aso bo. kK - the divlectue wumstond 5 the reali: 2 “Rs Bo __ (» K Sulestituting der Fim egr-@, = £e Eo(d-t) = Eo(d-t +. Vis fot ¢ bo(a-t) 2 ( nmGH te dialects stab wholly frills the apace betovean the plates, dst. © ing te above egyalims With Le ayn Co = Ala we gl, Combancing og wit 293 Ate | we ey SH CH Cok= Egle = co —— Since k>1, capasitemes of a capaci irereases on snitocliuerng a dialeetue slab belivan the plates. +N: The netakive povmrittivty or te dikeetue comlomt con be defined as o Aatio J te capacitane & the cofactor With the dialeclue ts He eaporitare fy M2 capacitor with free space. Poe a. ound ow Whar am evrthed conclustor ie placadt fin tha“ marighbourhood. Gia changed urdu, He emparty of the ayitom iv comstiterably fremensad. This is the principle of He copociter - Consider an insulated metal pale h, changed to th marimum potenstuat Bhan anette, plete B plarad mor A, changes ane molucoe on te pla 8 a ie t B904 B uu ah a]t a+ -}+ alt tt f+ +l ar -|+ tlt ot aly i> Faw Fi the srelucad . chasge om 8 will tay te’ denease the’ potential of A, while the rnduced posctwe charge will iy To tmereasa the potential yf A. As the a ae tare wi) be a mat dencase im te al BA gjemae? a decroase fin ppoentia| rrenoases the cappasitioree Ty plate 8 & ammadted to cath a6 shown in hig), the traced poutine charge on 8 Hors f casts the potential G plala A is further lowered, ‘Zreraby rneneatting UB eapacitamce. tus Langer amount & change cam ba given & A. Ke Uses 4 copasitons - 1 Capacstom ane used te store eleciui charge. 2. Capatizon com ate clectntal enargy: 3. capociton eat used rm osectiatey cincuihand fitter cneriste. 4. Capaciten coo abtorh ey -elaase. lange, omounts hang without clovelepee hes potential differance. cis nay ob is uscd el beet Wie instruments end computers ond television sets