Unit 1: Data Warehousing

Overview and Definition:

Data warehousing refers to the process of collecting, managing, and analyzing large volumes of data
from different sources to support decision-making. It enables organizations to consolidate data into a
central repository for efficient querying and reporting.

Components:

1. Data Sources: Data is extracted from heterogeneous sources such as transactional

databases, flat files, and external systems.

2. ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) Tools: These tools are used to extract data, transform it into a
suitable format, and load it into the data warehouse.

3. Data Warehouse Database: A centralized repository where transformed data is stored.

4. Metadata: Information about data structure, source, and usage, essential for data
management.

5. Query Tools: Tools that allow users to retrieve and analyze data, including reporting tools,
OLAP tools, and data mining tools.

Building a Data Warehouse:

1. Requirements gathering.

2. Designing the warehouse schema.

3. ETL process implementation.

4. Testing and validation.

5. Deployment and maintenance.

Mapping to Multiprocessor Architecture:

Data warehouses are mapped to multiprocessor systems to enhance performance. Common

architectures include:

• Shared-nothing.

• Shared-disk.

• Shared-memory models.

Difference Between Database System and Data Warehouse:

Database System Data Warehouse

Optimized for transaction processing (OLTP). Optimized for analytical processing (OLAP).

Stores current data. Stores historical data.

Normalized schema. Denormalized schema.

Multi-Dimensional Data Model:

 • Organizes data in a cube structure to support OLAP operations.

• Data Cubes: Represent data dimensions and measures.

• Schemas:

o Star Schema: Simplified structure with fact tables linked to dimension tables.

o Snowflake Schema: Normalized dimensions for complex hierarchies.

o Fact Constellations: Multiple fact tables sharing dimension tables.

Unit 2: Data Warehouse Process and Technology

Warehousing Strategy:

• Align warehouse design with business goals.

• Consider scalability, performance, and data governance.

Warehouse Management and Support Processes:

• Include data extraction, transformation, loading, backup, recovery, and security.

Planning and Implementation:

1. Define objectives.

2. Design architecture.

3. Select tools and technologies.

4. Build and test the system.

Hardware and Operating Systems:

• Use parallel processors, cluster systems, and distributed DBMS for performance.

Client/Server Computing Model:

• Supports distributed access and processing.

Software and Schema Design:

• Use warehousing software for efficient query processing.

• Design schemas (star, snowflake) to organize data logically.

Unit 3: Data Mining

Overview, Motivation, and Definition:

Data mining involves discovering patterns, correlations, and insights from large datasets using
algorithms and statistical techniques.

Data Processing:
 1. Data Cleaning: Handle missing values, noisy data, and inconsistencies using:

o Binning.

o Clustering.

o Regression.

o Computer and human inspection.

2. Data Integration and Transformation: Combine data from multiple sources and standardize
it.

3. Data Reduction: Techniques include:

o Data Cube Aggregation.

o Dimensionality Reduction.

o Data Compression.

o Numerosity Reduction.

o Discretization and Concept Hierarchy Generation.

Decision Tree:

• A tree-based model for classification and decision-making.

Unit 4: Classification and Clustering

Classification:

1. Definition: Predictive analysis for categorizing data.

2. Key Steps:

o Data Generalization.

o Analytical Characterization.

o Attribute Relevance Analysis.

3. Algorithms:

o Statistical-Based Algorithms.

o Distance-Based Algorithms.

o Decision Tree-Based Algorithms.

Clustering:

1. Definition: Grouping data points based on similarity.

2. Similarity and Distance Measures: Basis for clustering.

3. Algorithms:
 o Hierarchical (e.g., CURE, Chameleon).

o Density-Based (e.g., DBSCAN, OPTICS).

o Grid-Based (e.g., STING, CLIQUE).

o Model-Based (e.g., Statistical Approach).

Association Rules:

• Discover relationships between large item sets.

• Methods include basic, parallel, and distributed algorithms as well as neural networks.

Unit 5: Data Visualization and Warehousing Trends

Data Visualization:

• Key features include aggregation, historical data presentation, and querying capabilities.

• OLAP tools (ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP) enhance data exploration.

Security and Maintenance:

• Implement robust security measures and ensure regular backups and recovery.

• Optimize query performance and test the warehouse periodically.

Warehousing Applications:

1. Types: Business intelligence, financial analysis, and supply chain management.

2. Emerging Fields: Web Mining, Spatial Mining, and Temporal Mining.

Summary:

1. Data warehousing is crucial for centralized data storage and analysis.

2. ETL processes and schema designs are foundational to warehouse functionality.

3. Data mining enhances decision-making through pattern recognition and insights.

4. Classification and clustering methods are pivotal for organizing and understanding data.

5. Advances in visualization and mining applications drive industry innovation.