BT Biotechnology

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrices and determinants; Systems of linear equations; Eigen values and Eigen
vectors.

Calculus: Limits, continuity and differentiability; Partial derivatives, maxima and minima;
Sequences and series; Test for convergence.

Differential Equations: Linear and nonlinear first order ODEs, higher order ODEs with constant
coefficients; Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations; Laplace transforms.

Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random variables;
Poisson, normal and binomial distributions; Correlation and regression analysis.

Numerical Methods: Solution of linear and nonlinear algebraic equations; Integration by

trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule; Single step method for differential equations.

Section 2: General Biology

Biochemistry: Biomolecules - structure and function; Biological membranes - structure,

membrane channels and pumps, molecular motors, action potential and transport processes;
Basic concepts and regulation of metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic
acids; Photosynthesis, respiration and electron transport chain. Enzymes - Classification,
catalytic and regulatory strategies; Enzyme kinetics - Michaelis-Menten equation; Enzyme
inhibition - competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition.

Microbiology: Bacterial classification and diversity; Microbial Ecology - microbes in marine,

fresh water and terrestrial ecosystems; Microbial interactions; Viruses - structure and
classification; Methods in microbiology; Microbial growth and nutrition; Nitrogen fixation;
Microbial diseases and host-pathogen interactions; Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance.

Immunology: Innate and adaptive immunity, humoral and cell mediated immunity; Antibody
structure and function; Molecular basis of antibody diversity; T cell and B cell development;
Antigen-antibody reaction; Complement; Primary and secondary lymphoid organs; Major
histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and presentation; Polyclonal and
monoclonal antibody; Regulation of immune response; Immune tolerance; Hypersensitivity;
Autoimmunity; Graft versus host reaction; Immunization and vaccines.
Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Genetics and Evolutionary Biology: Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Complementation;

Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping; Extra chromosomal inheritance; Microbial
genetics - transformation, transduction and conjugation; Horizontal gene transfer and
transposable elements; Chromosomal variation; Genetic disorders; Population genetics;
Epigenetics; Selection and inheritance; Adaptive and neutral evolution; Genetic drift; Species
and speciation.

Cell Biology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Cell cycle and cell growth control; Cell-
cell communication; Cell signalling and signal transduction; Post-translational modifications;
Protein trafficking; Cell death and autophagy; Extra-cellular matrix.

Molecular Biology: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; Mutations and mutagenesis;
Regulation of gene expression; Nucleic acid - replication, transcription, splicing, translation and
their regulatory mechanisms; Non-coding and micro RNA; RNA interference; DNA damage and
repair.

Section 4: Fundamentals of Biological Engineering

Engineering Principles Applied to Biological Systems: Material and energy balances for reactive
and non-reactive systems; Recycle, bypass and purge processes; Stoichiometry of growth and
product formation; Degree of reduction, electron balance and theoretical oxygen demand.

Classical Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics: Laws of thermodynamics; Solution

thermodynamics; Phase equilibria, reaction equilibria; Ligand binding; Membrane potential;
Energetics of metabolic pathways, oxidation and reduction reactions.

Transport Processes: Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, fluid flow - laminar and turbulent;
Mixing in bioreactors, mixing time; Molecular diffusion and film theory; Oxygen transfer and
uptake in bioreactor, kLa and its measurement; Conductive and convective heat transfer, LMTD,
overall heat transfer coefficient; Heat exchangers.

Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

Bioreaction Engineering: Rate law, zero and first order kinetics; Ideal reactors - batch, mixed
flow and plug flow; Enzyme immobilization, diffusion effects - Thiele modulus, effectiveness
factor, Damkoehler number; Kinetics of cell growth, substrate utilization and product formation;
Structured and unstructured models; Batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; Microbial and
enzyme reactors; Optimization and scale up.

Upstream and Downstream Processing: Media formulation and optimization; Sterilization of air
and media; Filtration - membrane filtration, ultra filtration; Centrifugation - high speed and ultra;
Cell disruption; Principles of chromatography - ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic
interaction, affinity, GC, HPLC and FPLC; Extraction, adsorption and drying.
Instrumentation and Process Control: Pressure, temperature and flow measurement devices;
Valves; First order and second order systems; Feedback and feed forward control; Types of
controllers – proportional, derivative and integral control, tuning of controllers.

Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Plants: Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; Tissue culture
and cell suspension culture system - methodology, kinetics of growth and nutrient optimization;
Production of secondary metabolites; Hairy root culture; Plant products of industrial importance;
Artificial seeds; Somaclonal variation; Protoplast, protoplast fusion - somatic hybrid and cybrid;
Transgenic plants - direct and indirect methods of gene transfer techniques; Selection marker and
reporter gene; Plastid transformation.

Animals: Culture media composition and growth conditions; Animal cell and tissue preservation;
Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; Kinetics of cell growth; Micro & macro-
carrier culture; Hybridoma technology; Stem cell technology; Animal cloning; Transgenic
animals; Knock-out and knock-in animals.

Microbes: Production of biomass and primary/secondary metabolites - Biofuels, bioplastics,

industrial enzymes, antibiotics; Large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins
and metabolites; Clinical-, food- and industrial- microbiology; Screening strategies for new
products.

Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA technology: Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors - plasmids,

bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, bacterial and yeast artificial
chromosomes; Expression vectors; cDNA and genomic DNA library; Gene isolation and
cloning, strategies for production of recombinant proteins; Transposons and gene targeting.

Molecular tools: Polymerase chain reaction; DNA/RNA labelling and sequencing; Southern and
northern blotting; In-situ hybridization; DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, RFLP; Site-directed
mutagenesis; Gene transfer technologies; CRISPR-Cas; Biosensing and biosensors.

Analytical tools: Principles of microscopy - light, electron, fluorescent and confocal; Principles
of spectroscopy - UV, visible, CD, IR, fluorescence, FT-IR, MS, NMR; Electrophoresis; Micro-
arrays; Enzymatic assays; Immunoassays - ELISA, RIA, immunohistochemistry;
immunoblotting; Flow cytometry; Whole genome and ChIP sequencing.

Computational tools: Bioinformatics resources and search tools; Sequence and structure
databases; Sequence analysis - sequence file formats, scoring matrices, alignment, phylogeny;
Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics; Gene prediction; Functional annotation; Secondary
structure and 3D structure prediction; Knowledge discovery in biochemical databases;
Metagenomics; Metabolic engineering and systems biology.
 CE Civil Engineering
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra; Systems of linear equations; eigen values and eigen vectors.

Calculus: Functions of single variable; Limit, continuity and differentiability; Mean value
theorems, local maxima and minima; Taylor series; Evaluation of definite and indefinite
integrals, application of definite integral to obtain area and volume; Partial derivatives; Total
derivative; Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities; Directional derivatives; Line,
Surface and Volume integrals.

Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE): First order (linear and non-linear) equations; higher order
linear equations with constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equations; initial and boundary value
problems.

Partial Differential Equation (PDE): Fourier series; Separation of variables; solutions of one-
dimensional diffusion equation; first and second order one-dimensional wave equation and two-
dimensional Laplace equation.

Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems; Conditional probability; Descriptive statistics –

Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random Variables – Discrete and Continuous,
Poisson and Normal Distribution; Linear regression.

Numerical Methods: Error analysis. Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic
equations; Newton’s and Lagrange polynomials; numerical differentiation; Integration by
trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule; Single and multi-step methods for first order differential
equations.

Section 2: Structural Engineering

Engineering Mechanics: System of forces, free-body diagrams, equilibrium equations; Internal

forces in structures; Frictions and its applications; Centre of mass; Free Vibrations of undamped
SDOF system.

Solid Mechanics: Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams; Simple stress
and strain relationships; Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, shear centre;
Uniform torsion, Transformation of stress; buckling of column, combined and direct bending
stresses.

Structural Analysis: Statically determinate and indeterminate structures by force/ energy

methods; Method of superposition; Analysis of trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames;
Displacement methods: Slope deflection and moment distribution methods; Influence lines;
Stiffness and flexibility methods of structural analysis.
Construction Materials and Management: Construction Materials: Structural Steel –
Composition, material properties and behaviour; Concrete - Constituents, mix design, short-term
and long-term properties. Construction Management: Types of construction projects; Project
planning and network analysis - PERT and CPM; Cost estimation.

Concrete Structures: Working stress and Limit state design concepts; Design of beams, slabs,
columns; Bond and development length; Prestressed concrete beams.

Steel Structures: Working stress and Limit state design concepts; Design of tension and
compression members, beams and beam- columns, column bases; Connections - simple and
eccentric, beam-column connections, plate girders and trusses; Concept of plastic analysis -
beams and frames.

Section 3: Geotechnical Engineering

Soil Mechanics: Three-phase system and phase relationships, index properties; Unified and
Indian standard soil classification system; Permeability - one dimensional flow, Seepage through
soils – two - dimensional flow, flow nets, uplift pressure, piping, capillarity, seepage force;
Principle of effective stress and quicksand condition; Compaction of soils; One- dimensional
consolidation, time rate of consolidation; Shear Strength, Mohr’s circle, effective and total shear
strength parameters, Stress-Strain characteristics of clays and sand; Stress paths.

Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations - Drilling bore holes, sampling, plate load
test, standard penetration and cone penetration tests; Earth pressure theories - Rankine and
Coulomb; Stability of slopes – Finite and infinite slopes, Bishop’s method; Stress distribution in
soils – Boussinesq’s theory; Pressure bulbs, Shallow foundations – Terzaghi’s and Meyerhoff’s
bearing capacity theories, effect of water table; Combined footing and raft foundation; Contact
pressure; Settlement analysis in sands and clays; Deep foundations – dynamic and static
formulae, Axial load capacity of piles in sands and clays, pile load test, pile under lateral loading,
pile group efficiency, negative skin friction.

Section 4: Water Resources Engineering

Fluid Mechanics: Properties of fluids, fluid statics; Continuity, momentum and energy equations
and their applications; Potential flow, Laminar and turbulent flow; Flow in pipes, pipe networks;
Concept of boundary layer and its growth; Concept of lift and drag.

Hydraulics: Forces on immersed bodies; Flow measurement in channels and pipes; Dimensional
analysis and hydraulic similitude; Channel Hydraulics - Energy-depth relationships, specific
energy, critical flow, hydraulic jump, uniform flow, gradually varied flow and water surface
profiles.

Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, precipitation, evaporation, evapo-transpiration, watershed,

infiltration, unit hydrographs, hydrograph analysis, reservoir capacity, flood estimation and
routing, surface run-off models, ground water hydrology - steady state well hydraulics and
aquifers; Application of Darcy’s Law.

Irrigation: Types of irrigation systems and methods; Crop water requirements - Duty, delta,
evapo- transpiration; Gravity Dams and Spillways; Lined and unlined canals, Design of weirs on
permeable foundation; cross drainage structures.

Section 5: Environmental Engineering

Water and Waste Water Quality and Treatment: Basics of water quality standards – Physical,
chemical and biological parameters; Water quality index; Unit processes and operations; Water
requirement; Water distribution system; Drinking water treatment.

Sewerage system design, quantity of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment.
Effluent discharge standards; Sludge disposal; Reuse of treated sewage for different applications.

Air Pollution: Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution control, air quality
standards, Air quality Index and limits.

Municipal Solid Wastes: Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid

wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery,
treatment and disposal).

Section 6: Transportation Engineering

Transportation Infrastructure: Geometric design of highways - cross-sectional elements, sight

distances, horizontal and vertical alignments.

Geometric design of railway Track – Speed and Cant.

Concept of airport runway length, calculations and corrections; taxiway and exit taxiway design.

Highway Pavements: Highway materials - desirable properties and tests; Desirable properties of
bituminous paving mixes; Design factors for flexible and rigid pavements; Design of flexible and
rigid pavement using IRC codes.

Traffic Engineering: Traffic studies on flow and speed, peak hour factor, accident study,
statistical analysis of traffic data; Microscopic and macroscopic parameters of traffic flow,
fundamental relationships; Traffic signs; Signal design by Webster’s method; Types of
intersections; Highway capacity.

Section 7: Geomatics Engineering

Principles of surveying; Errors and their adjustment; Maps - scale, coordinate system; Distance
and angle measurement - Levelling and trigonometric levelling; Traversing and triangulation
survey; Total station; Horizontal and vertical curves.
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing - Scale, flying height; Basics of remote sensing and GIS.
 CH Chemical Engineering
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors.

Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Taylor series,
Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total
derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional
derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.

Differential Equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Initial and
boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one-dimensional heat and wave
equations and Laplace equation.

Complex Variables: Complex number, polar form of complex number, triangle inequality.

Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional

probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal
and Binomial distributions, Linear regression analysis.

Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations.

Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule. Single and multi-step methods for numerical
solution of differential equations.

Section 2: Process Calculations and Thermodynamics

Steady and unsteady state mass and energy balances including multiphase, multi-component,
reacting and non-reacting systems. Use of tie components; recycle, bypass and purge
calculations; Gibb’s phase rule and degree of freedom analysis.

First and Second laws of thermodynamics. Applications of first law to close and open systems.
Second law and Entropy. Thermodynamic properties of pure substances: Equation of State and
residual properties, properties of mixtures: partial molar properties, fugacity, excess properties
and activity coefficients; phase equilibria: predicting VLE of systems; chemical reaction
equilibrium.

Section 3: Fluid Mechanics and Mechanical Operations

Fluid statics, surface tension, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, transport properties, shell-
balances including differential form of Bernoulli equation and energy balance, equation of
continuity, equation of motion, equation of mechanical energy, Macroscopic friction factors,
dimensional analysis and similitude, flow through pipeline systems, velocity profiles, flow
meters, pumps and compressors, elementary boundary layer theory, flow past immersed bodies
including
packed and fluidized beds, Turbulent flow: fluctuating velocity, universal velocity profile and
pressure drop.

Particle size and shape, particle size distribution, size reduction and classification of solid
particles; free and hindered settling; centrifuge and cyclones; thickening and classification,
filtration, agitation and mixing; conveying of solids.

Section 4: Heat Transfer

Equation of energy, steady and unsteady heat conduction, convection and radiation, thermal
boundary layer and heat transfer coefficients, boiling, condensation and evaporation; types of
heat exchangers and evaporators and their process calculations; design of double pipe, shell and
tube heat exchangers, and single and multiple effect evaporators.

Section 5: Mass Transfer

Fick’s laws, molecular diffusion in fluids, mass transfer coefficients, film, penetration and
surface renewal theories; momentum, heat and mass transfer analogies; stage-wise and
continuous contacting and stage efficiencies; HTU & NTU concepts; design and operation of
equipment for distillation, absorption, leaching, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, humidification,
dehumidification and adsorption, membrane separations (micro-filtration, ultra-filtration, nano-
filtration and reverse osmosis).

Section 6: Chemical Reaction Engineering

Theories of reaction rates; kinetics of homogeneous reactions, interpretation of kinetic data,

single and multiple reactions in ideal reactors, kinetics of enzyme reactions (Michaelis-
Mentenand Monod models), non-ideal reactors; residence time distribution, single parameter
model; non- isothermal reactors; kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions; diffusion effects
in catalysis; rate and performance equations for catalyst deactivation.

Section 7: Instrumentation and Process Control

Measurement of process variables; sensors and transducers; P&ID equipment symbols; process
modeling and linearization, transfer functions and dynamic responses of various systems,
systems with inverse response, process reaction curve, controller modes (P, PI, and PID); control
valves; transducer dynamics; analysis of closed loop systems including stability, frequency
response, controller tuning, cascade and feed forward control.

Section 8: Plant Design and Economics

Principles of process economics and cost estimation including depreciation and total annualized
cost, cost indices, rate of return, payback period, discounted cash flow, optimization in process
design and sizing of chemical engineering equipments such as heat exchangers and multistage
contactors.
Section 9: Chemical Technology

Inorganic chemical industries (sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, chlor-alkali industry), fertilizers
(Ammonia, Urea, SSP and TSP); natural products industries (Pulp and Paper, Sugar, Oil, and
Fats); petroleum refining and petrochemicals; polymerization industries (polyethylene,
polypropylene, PVC and polyester synthetic fibers).
 CS Computer Science and Information Technology
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Discrete Mathematics: Propositional and first order logic. Sets, relations, functions, partial orders and
lattices. Monoids, Groups. Graphs: connectivity, matching, colouring. Combinatorics: counting,
recurrence relations, generating functions.

Linear Algebra: Matrices, determinants, system of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, LU
decomposition.

Calculus: Limits, continuity and differentiability, Maxima and minima, Mean value theorem, Integration.

Probability and Statistics: Random variables, Uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson and binomial
distributions. Mean, median, mode and standard deviation. Conditional probability and Bayes theorem.

Section 2: Digital Logic

Boolean algebra. Combinational and sequential circuits. Minimization. Number representations and
computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point).

Section 3: Computer Organization and Architecture

Machine instructions and addressing modes. ALU, data‐path and control unit. Instruction pipelining,
pipeline hazards. Memory hierarchy: cache, main memory and secondary storage; I/O interface (interrupt
and DMA mode).

Section 4: Programming and Data Structures

Programming in C. Recursion. Arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, binary search trees, binary heaps,
graphs.

Section 5: Algorithms
Searching, sorting, hashing. Asymptotic worst case time and space complexity. Algorithm design
techniques: greedy, dynamic programming and divide‐and‐conquer. Graph traversals, minimum spanning
trees, shortest paths.

Section 6: Theory of Computation

Regular expressions and finite automata. Context-free grammars and push-down automata. Regular and
context-free languages, pumping lemma. Turing machines and undecidability.

Section 7: Compiler Design

Lexical analysis, parsing, syntax-directed translation. Runtime environments. Intermediate code
generation. Local optimisation, Data flow analyses: constant propagation, liveness analysis, common sub
expression elimination.
Section 8: Operating System
System calls, processes, threads, inter‐process communication, concurrency and synchronization.
Deadlock. CPU and I/O scheduling. Memory management and virtual memory. File systems.

Section 9: Databases
ER‐model. Relational model: relational algebra, tuple calculus, SQL. Integrity constraints, normal forms.
File organization, indexing (e.g., B and B+ trees). Transactions and concurrency control.

Section 10: Computer Networks

Concept of layering: OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Stacks; Basics of packet, circuit and virtual circuit-
switching; Data link layer: framing, error detection, Medium Access Control, Ethernet bridging; Routing
protocols: shortest path, flooding, distance vector and link state routing; Fragmentation and IP addressing,
IPv4, CIDR notation, Basics of IP support protocols (ARP, DHCP, ICMP), Network Address Translation
(NAT); Transport layer: flow control and congestion control, UDP, TCP, sockets; Application layer
protocols: DNS, SMTP, HTTP, FTP, Email.
 EC Electronics and Communication Engineering
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Vector space, basis, linear dependence and independence, matrix algebra, eigen
values and eigen vectors, rank, solution of linear equations - existence and uniqueness.

Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, line, surface and
volume integrals, Taylor series.

Differential Equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear
differential equations, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, methods of solution using variation of
parameters, complementary function and particular integral, partial differential equations,
variable separable method, initial and boundary value problems.

Vector Analysis: Vectors in plane and space, vector operations, gradient, divergence and curl,
Gauss's, Green's and Stokes’ theorems.

Complex Analysis: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula,
sequences, series, convergence tests, Taylor and Laurent series, residue theorem.

Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, combinatorial probability,
probability distributions, binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, exponential distribution,
normal distribution, joint and conditional probability.

Section 2: Networks, Signals and Systems

Circuit Analysis: Node and mesh analysis, superposition, Thevenin's theorem, Norton’s theorem,
reciprocity. Sinusoidal steady state analysis: phasors, complex power, maximum power transfer.
Time and frequency domain analysis of linear circuits: RL, RC and RLC circuits, solution of
network equations using Laplace transform.

Linear 2-port network parameters, wye-delta transformation.

Continuous-time Signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform, sampling theorem and
applications.

Discrete-time Signals: DTFT, DFT, z-transform, discrete-time processing of continuous-time

signals. LTI systems: definition and properties, causality, stability, impulse response,
convolution, poles and zeroes, frequency response, group delay, phase delay.
Section 3: Electronic Devices

Energy bands in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, equilibrium carrier concentration, direct
and indirect band-gap semiconductors.

Carrier Transport: Diffusion current, drift current, mobility and resistivity, generation and
recombination of carriers, Poisson and continuity equations.

P-N junction, Zener diode, BJT, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, photo diode and solar cell.

Section 4: Analog Circuits

Diode Circuits: Clipping, clamping and rectifiers.

BJT and MOSFET Amplifiers: Biasing, AC coupling, small signal analysis, frequency response.
Current mirrors and differential amplifiers.

Op-amp Circuits: Amplifiers, summers, differentiators, integrators, active filters, Schmitt

triggers and oscillators.

Section 5: Digital Circuits

Number Representations: Binary, integer and floating-point- numbers. Combinatorial circuits:

Boolean algebra, minimization of functions using Boolean identities and Karnaugh map, logic
gates and their static CMOS implementations, arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers,
decoders.

Sequential Circuits: Latches and flip-flops, counters, shift-registers, finite state machines,
propagation delay, setup and hold time, critical path delay.

Data Converters: Sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs.

Semiconductor Memories: ROM, SRAM, DRAM.

Computer Organization: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU, data-path and control
unit, instruction pipelining.

Section 6: Control Systems

Basic control system components; Feedback principle; Transfer function; Block diagram
representation; Signal flow graph; Transient and steady-state analysis of LTI systems; Frequency
response; Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria; Bode and root-locus plots; Lag, lead and
lag-lead compensation; State variable model and solution of state equation of LTI systems.
Section 7: Communications

Random Processes: Auto correlation and power spectral density, properties of white noise,
filtering of random signals through LTI systems.

Analog Communications: Amplitude modulation and demodulation, angle modulation and

demodulation, spectra of AM and FM, super heterodyne receivers.

Information Theory: Entropy, mutual information and channel capacity theorem.

Digital Communications: PCM, DPCM, digital modulation schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK, QAM),
bandwidth, inter-symbol interference, MAP, ML detection, matched filter receiver, SNR and
BER. Fundamentals of error correction, Hamming codes, CRC.

Section 8: Electromagnetics

Maxwell's Equations: Differential and integral forms and their interpretation, boundary
conditions, wave equation, Poynting vector.

Plane Waves and Properties: Reflection and refraction, polarization, phase and group velocity,
propagation through various media, skin depth.

Transmission Lines: Equations, characteristic impedance, impedance matching, impedance

transformation, S-parameters, Smith chart. Rectangular and circular waveguides, light
propagation in optical fibers, dipole and monopole antennas, linear antenna arrays.
 EE Electrical Engineering
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values, Eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series,
Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line integral, Surface integral, Volume integral,
Stokes’s theorem, Gauss’s theorem, Divergence theorem, Green’s theorem.
Differential Equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s
equation, Euler’s equation, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations,
Method of separation of variables.
Complex Variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula,
Taylor series, Laurent series, Residue theorem, Solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, Median, Mode,
Standard Deviation, Random variables, Discrete and Continuous distributions, Poisson
distribution, Normal distribution, Binomial distribution, Correlation analysis, Regression
analysis.

Section 2: Electric circuits

Network Elements: Ideal voltage and current sources, dependent sources, R, L, C, M elements;
Network solution methods: KCL, KVL, Node and Mesh analysis; Network Theorems:
Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorem; Transient response
of DC and AC networks, sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, two port networks,
balanced three phase circuits, star-delta transformation, complex power and power factor in AC
circuits.

Section 3: Electromagnetic Fields

Coulomb's Law, Electric Field Intensity, Electric Flux Density, Gauss's Law, Divergence,
Electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions, Effect of
dielectric medium, Capacitance of simple configurations, Biot‐Savart’s law, Ampere’s law, Curl,
Faraday’s law, Lorentz force, Inductance, Magnetomotive force, Reluctance, Magnetic circuits,
Self and Mutual inductance of simple configurations.

Section 4: Signals and Systems

Representation of continuous and discrete time signals, shifting and scaling properties, linear
time invariant and causal systems, Fourier series representation of continuous and discrete time
periodic signals, sampling theorem, Applications of Fourier Transform for continuous and
discrete time signals, Laplace Transform and Z transform. R.M.S. value, average value
calculation for any general periodic waveform.
Section 5: Electrical Machines

Single phase transformer: equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, open circuit and short circuit tests,
regulation and efficiency; Three-phase transformers: connections, vector groups, parallel
operation; Auto-transformer, Electromechanical energy conversion principles; DC machines:
separately excited, series and shunt, motoring and generating mode of operation and their
characteristics, speed control of dc motors; Three-phase induction machines: principle of
operation, types, performance, torque-speed characteristics, no-load and blocked-rotor tests,
equivalent circuit, starting and speed control; Operating principle of single-phase induction
motors; Synchronous machines: cylindrical and salient pole machines, performance and
characteristics, regulation and parallel operation of generators, starting of synchronous motors;
Types of losses and efficiency calculations of electric machines.

Section 6: Power Systems

Basic concepts of electrical power generation, AC and DC transmission concepts, Models and
performance of transmission lines and cables, Economic Load Dispatch (with and without
considering transmission losses), Series and shunt compensation, Electric field distribution and
insulators, Distribution systems, Per‐unit quantities, Bus admittance matrix, Gauss- Seidel and
Newton-Raphson load flow methods, Voltage and Frequency control, Power factor correction,
Symmetrical components, Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis, Principles of over‐
current, differential, directional and distance protection; Circuit breakers, System stability
concepts, Equal area criterion.

Section 7: Control Systems

Mathematical modelling and representation of systems, Feedback principle, transfer function,

Block diagrams and Signal flow graphs, Transient and Steady‐state analysis of linear time
invariant systems, Stability analysis using Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist criteria, Bode plots, Root
loci, Lag, Lead and Lead‐Lag compensators; P, PI and PID controllers; State space model, Solution
of state equations of LTI systems.

Section 8: Electrical and Electronic Measurements

Bridges and Potentiometers, Measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor;
Instrument transformers, Digital voltmeters and multi-meters, Phase, Time and Frequency
measurement; Oscilloscopes, Error analysis.

Section 9: Analog and Digital Electronics

Simple diode circuits: clipping, clamping, rectifiers; Amplifiers: biasing, equivalent circuit and
frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational amplifiers: characteristics
and applications; single stage active filters, Active Filters: Sallen Key, Butterwoth, VCOs and
timers,
combinatorial and sequential logic circuits, multiplexers, demultiplexers, Schmitt triggers,
sample and hold circuits, A/D and D/A converters.

Section 10: Power Electronics

Static V-I characteristics and firing/gating circuits for Thyristor, MOSFET, IGBT; DC to DC
conversion: Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost Converters; Single and three-phase configuration of
uncontrolled rectifiers; Voltage and Current commutated Thyristor based converters;
Bidirectional ac to dc voltage source converters; Magnitude and Phase of line current harmonics
for uncontrolled and thyristor based converters; Power factor and Distortion Factor of AC to DC
converters; Single- phase and three-phase voltage and current source inverters, sinusoidal pulse
width modulation.
 XE-G Food Technology
Section 1: Food Chemistry and Nutrition

Carbohydrates: Structure and functional properties of mono-, oligo-, & poly- saccharides
including starch, cellulose, pectic substances and dietary fibre, gelatinization and retrogradation of
starch.

Proteins: classification and structure of proteins in food, biochemical changes in post mortem and
tenderization of muscles.

Lipids: Classification and structure of lipids, rancidity, polymerization and polymorphism.

Pigments: carotenoids, chlorophylls, anthocyanins, tannins and myoglobin.

Food Flavours: Terpenes, esters, aldehydes, ketones and quinines. Enzymes: specificity, simple
and inhibition kinetics, coenzymes, enzymatic and non- enzymatic browning.

Nutrition: Balanced diet, essential amino acids and essential fatty acids, protein efficiency ratio,
water soluble and fat soluble vitamins, role of minerals in nutrition, co-factors, anti-nutrients,
nutraceuticals, nutrient deficiency diseases.

Chemical and Biochemical Changes: Changes occurring in foods during different processing.

Section 2: Food Microbiology

Characteristics of Microorganisms: Morphology of bacteria, yeast, mold and actinomycetes,

spores and vegetative cells, gram-staining.

Microbial Growth: Growth and death kinetics, serial dilution technique.

Food Spoilage: Spoilage microorganisms in different food products including milk, fish, meat,
egg, cereals and their products.

Toxins from Microbes: Pathogens and non-pathogens including Staphylococcus, Salmonella,

Shigella, Escherichia, Bacillus, Clostridium, and Aspergillus genera.

Fermented Foods and Beverages: Curd, yoghurt, cheese, pickles, soya-sauce, sauerkraut, idli, dosa,
vinegar, alcoholic beverages and sausage.

Section 3: Food Products Technology

Processing Principles: Thermal processing, chilling, freezing, dehydration, addition of

preservatives and food additives, irradiation, fermentation, hurdle technology, intermediate
moisture foods. Food pack aging and storage: packaging materials, aseptic packaging, controlled
and modified atmosphere storage. Cereal processing and products: milling of rice, wheat, and
maize, parboiling of paddy, bread, biscuits, extruded products and ready to eat breakfast cereals.

Oil Processing: Expelling, solvent extraction, refining and hydrogenation.

Fruits and Vegetables Processing: Extraction, clarification, concentration and packaging of fruit
juice, jam, jelly, marmalade, squash, candies, tomato sauce, ketchup, and puree, potato chips,
pickles.

Plantation crops processing and products: Tea, coffee, cocoa, spice, extraction of essential oils
and oleoresins from spices.

Milk and Milk Products Processing: Pasteurization and sterilization, cream, butter, ghee, ice-
cream, cheese and milk powder. Processing of animal products: drying, canning, and freezing of
fish and meat; production of egg powder.

Waste Utilization: Pectin from fruit wastes, uses of by-products from rice milling.

Food standards and Quality Maintenance: FPO, PFA, A-Mark, ISI, HACCP, food plant
sanitation and cleaning in place (CIP).

Section 4: Food Engineering

Mass and energy balance.

Momentum Transfer: Flow rate and pressure drop relationships for Newtonian fluids flowing
through pipe, Reynolds number. Heat transfer: heat transfer by conduction, convection, radiation,
heat exchangers.

Mass Transfer: Molecular diffusion and Flick's law, conduction and convective mass transfer,
permeability through single and multilayer films.

Mechanical Operations: Size reduction of solids, high pressure homogenization, filtration,

centrifugation, settling, sieving, mixing & agitation of liquid. Thermal operations: thermal
sterilization, evaporation of liquid foods, hot air drying of solids, spray and freeze-drying,
freezing and crystallization.

Mass Transfer Operations: Psychometric, humidification and dehumidification operations.

 CY Chemistry

Section 1: Physical Chemistry

Structure: Postulates of quantum mechanics. Operators. Time dependent and time

independent Schrödinger equations. Born interpretation. Dirac bra-ket notation. Particle in a
box: infinite and finite square wells; concept of tunnelling; particle in 1D, 2D and 3D-box;
applications. Harmonic oscillator: harmonic and anharmonic potentials; hermite polynomials.
Rotational motion: Angular momentum operators, Rigid rotor. Hydrogen and hydrogen-like
atoms: atomic orbitals; radial distribution function. Multi-electron atoms: orbital
approximation; electron spin; Pauli exclusion principle; slater determinants. Approximation
Methods: Variation method and secular determinants; first order perturbation techniques.
Atomic units. Molecular structure and Chemical bonding: Born-Oppenheimer approximation;
Valence bond theory and linear combination of atomic orbitals – molecular orbital (LCAO-
+
MO) theory. Hybrid orbitals. Applications of LCAO-MO theory to H2 , H2; orbital theory (MOT)
of homo- and heteronuclear diatomic molecules. Hückel approximation and its application to
annular π – electron systems.

Group theory: Symmetry elements and operations; Point groups and character tables;
Internal coordinates and vibrational modes; symmetry adapted linear combination of atomic
orbitals (LCAO-MO); construction of hybrid orbitals using symmetry aspects.

Spectroscopy: Atomic spectroscopy; Russell-Saunders coupling; Term symbols and spectral

details; origin of selection rules. Rotational, vibrational, electronic and Raman spectroscopy
of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Line broadening. Einstein’s coefficients. Relationship
of transition moment integral with molar extinction coefficient and oscillator strength. Basic
principles of nuclear magnetic resonance: gyromagnetic ratio; chemical shift, nuclear
coupling.

Equilibrium: Laws of thermodynamics. Standard states. Thermochemistry. Thermodynamic

functions and their relationships: Gibbs-Helmholtz and Maxwell relations, Gibbs-Duhem
equation, van’t Hoff equation. Criteria of spontaneity and equilibrium. Absolute entropy.
Partial molar quantities. Thermodynamics of mixing. Chemical potential. Fugacity, activity
and activity coefficients. Ideal and Non-ideal solutions, Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law,
Chemical equilibria. Dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature and pressure. Ionic
mobility and conductivity. Debye-Hückel limiting law. Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation. Standard
electrode potentials and electrochemical cells. Nernst Equation and its application,
relationship between Electrode potential and thermodynamic quantities, Potentiometric and
conduct metric titrations. Phase rule. Clausius- Clapeyron equation. Phase diagram of one
component systems: CO2, H2O, S; two component systems: liquid- vapour, liquid-liquid and
solid-liquid systems. Fractional distillation. Azeotropes and eutectics. Statistical
thermodynamics: micro canonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles, Boltzmann
distribution, partition functions and thermodynamic properties.

Kinetics (Topic has been rearranged): Elementary, parallel, opposing and consecutive
reactions. Steady state approximation. Mechanisms of complex reactions. Unimolecular
reactions. Potential energy surfaces and classical trajectories, Concept of Saddle points,
Transition state theory: Eyring equation, thermodynamic aspects. Kinetics of polymerization.
Catalysis concepts and enzyme catalysis. Kinetic isotope effects. Fast reaction kinetics:
relaxation and flow methods. Diffusion controlled reactions. Kinetics of photochemical and
photo physical processes.
Surfaces and Interfaces: Physisorption and chemisorption. Langmuir, Freundlich and
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherms. Surface catalysis: Langmuir-Hinshelwood
mechanism. Surface tension, viscosity. Self-assembly. Physical chemistry of colloids,
micelles and macromolecules.

Section 2: Inorganic Chemistry

Main Group Elements: Hydrides, halides, oxides, oxoacids, nitrides, sulfides – shapes and
reactivity. Structure and bonding of boranes, carboranes, silicones, silicates, boron nitride,
borazines and phosphazenes. Allotropes of carbon, phosphorous and sulphur. Industrial
synthesis of compounds of main group elements. Chemistry of noble gases,
pseudohalogens, and interhalogen compounds. Acid-base concepts and principles (Lewis,
Brønsted, HSAB and acid-base catalysis).

Transition Elements: Coordination chemistry – structure and isomerism, theories of bonding

(VBT, CFT, and MOT). Energy level diagrams in various crystal fields, CFSE, applications of
CFT, Jahn-Teller distortion. Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes: spectroscopic
term symbols, selection rules, Orgel and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams, nephelauxetic effect
and Racah parameter, charge-transfer spectra. Magnetic properties of transition metal
complexes. Ray-Dutt and Bailar twists, Reaction mechanisms: kinetic and thermodynamic
stability, substitution and redox reactions. Metal-metal multiple bond.

Lanthanides and Actinides: Recovery. Periodic properties, spectra and magnetic properties.

Organometallics: 18-Electron rule; metal-alkyl, metal-carbonyl, metal-olefin and metal-

carbene complexes and metallocenes. Fluxionality in organometallic complexes. Types of
organometallic reactions. Homogeneous catalysis - Hydrogenation, hydroformylation, acetic
acid synthesis, metathesis and olefin oxidation. Heterogeneous catalysis - Fischer- Tropsch
reaction, Ziegler-Natta polymerization.

Radioactivity: Detection of radioactivity, Decay processes, half-life of radioactive elements,

fission and fusion processes.

Bioinorganic Chemistry: Ion (Na+ and K+) transport, oxygen binding, transport and utilization,
electron transfer reactions, nitrogen fixation, metalloenzymes containing magnesium,
molybdenum, iron, cobalt, copper and zinc.

Solids: Crystal systems and lattices, Miller planes, crystal packing, crystal defects, Bragg’s
law, ionic crystals, structures of AX, AX2, ABX3 type compounds, spinels, band theory,
metals and semiconductors.

Instrumental Methods of Analysis: UV-visible, fluorescence and FTIR spectrophotometry,

NMR and ESR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy,
Mössbauer spectroscopy (Fe and Sn) and X-ray crystallography. Chromatography including
GC and HPLC. Electroanalytical methods- polarography, cyclic voltammetry, ion-selective
electrodes. Thermoanalytical methods.
Section 3: Organic Chemistry

Stereochemistry: Chirality and symmetry of organic molecules with or without chiral centres
and determination of their absolute configurations. Relative stereochemistry in compounds
having more than one stereogenic centre. Homotopic, enantiotopic and diastereotopic
atoms, groups and faces. Stereoselective and stereospecific synthesis. Conformational
analysis of acyclic and cyclic compounds. Geometrical isomerism and optical isomerism.
Configurational and conformational effects, atropisomerism, and neighbouring group
participation on reactivity and selectivity/specificity.

Reaction Mechanisms: Basic mechanistic concepts – kinetic versus thermodynamic control,

Hammond’s postulate and Curtin-Hammett principle. Methods of determining reaction
mechanisms through kinetics, identification of products, intermediates and isotopic labelling.
Linear free-energy relationship – Hammett and Taft equations. Nucleophilic and electrophilic
substitution reactions (both aromatic and aliphatic). Addition reactions to carbon-carbon and
carbon-heteroatom (N and O) multiple bonds. Elimination reactions. Reactive intermediates
– carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, nitrenes, arynes and free radicals. Molecular
rearrangements.

Organic Synthesis: Synthesis, reactions, mechanisms and selectivity involving the following
classes of compounds – alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles, halides, nitro compounds, amines and amides. Uses of Mg,
Li, Cu, B, Zn, P, S, Sn and Si based reagents in organic synthesis. Carbon-carbon bond
formation through coupling reactions - Heck, Suzuki, Stille, Sonogoshira, Negishi, Kumada,
Hiyama, Tsuji-Trost, olefin metathesis and McMurry. Concepts of multistep synthesis -
retrosynthetic analysis, strategic disconnections, synthons and synthetic equivalents. Atom
economy and Green Chemistry, Umpolung reactivity – formyl and acyl anion equivalents.
Selectivity in organic synthesis – chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity. Protection and
deprotection of functional groups. Concepts of asymmetric synthesis – resolution (including
enzymatic), desymmetrization and use of chiral auxiliaries, organocatalysis. Carbon-carbon
and carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions through enolates (including boron enolates),
enamines and silyl enol ethers. Stereoselective addition to C=O groups (Cram, Prelog and
Felkin-Anh models).

Pericyclic Reactions and Photochemistry: Electrocyclic, cycloaddition and sigmatropic

reactions. Orbital correlations - FMO and PMO treatments, Woodward-Hoffmann rule.
Photochemistry of alkenes, arenes and carbonyl compounds. Photooxidation and
photoreduction. Di-π-methane rearrangement, Barton-McCombie reaction, Norrish type-I
and II cleavage reaction.

Heterocyclic Compounds: Structure, preparation, properties and reactions of furan, pyrrole,

thiophene, pyridine, indole, quinoline and isoquinoline.

Biomolecules: Structure, properties and reactions of mono- and di-saccharides,

physicochemical properties of amino acids, chemical synthesis of peptides, chemical
structure determination of peptides and proteins, structural features of proteins, nucleic
acids, lipids, steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, and alkaloids.
Experimental techniques in organic chemistry: Optical rotation (polarimetry). Applications of
various chromatographic techniques such as thin-layer, column, HPLC and GC. Applications
of UV-visible, IR, NMR and Mass spectrometry in the structural determination of organic
molecules.