English What role do movies

Pedagogical Module 1 play in culture?

Curricular Threads: Communication and Cultural Awareness,
Oral Communication, Reading, Writing, Language Through the Arts

Third Course BGU

Biographies and
movie reviews 4 Movies around
5

So
the world

ci
lSa
tu
Idioms 3

d
ie
s
Writing a biography
6 and movie review
ish

La
Simple past /
2

ng
gl

past continuous

ua
Movie
En

ge
Time 7
Important people

So
Movie genres 1 and dates in movies

ci
al
St
ud
ie
s
Values

8 Interculturality

Movies can tell us a lot about a culture. The Chinese American actor Jackie Chan
They can tell us about the past, the present, and once said: “Cinema reflects culture and there
maybe even predict the future. They can reflect is no harm in adapting technology, but not at the
values and beliefs. Movies are, in a sense, a way cost of losing your originality.” Movies help give
of showing ourselves to the world. us a name and place in the world.
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How do you interpret Jackie Chan’s quote? Do you agree? Why or why not?

1
 Lesson A

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Do you like watching movies with your family or friends?

Movie Genres
Culture
There are many different types of movies. These types are called
Going to the movie theater
genres. Some scare us, like horror movies or thrillers. Others make
is one of the favorite
us fall in love, like romantic movies that have a love story. There are
pastimes in many countries
also science fiction movies that take us to outer space or some futuristic
around the world.
planets. Animated movies tell stories through drawings or cartoons,
It is a chance to share
like Nemo or Mickey Mouse. Documentaries teach us about history
an experience with friends
or biology or a famous person’s life. Comedies make us laugh! Action
or family and discuss the
movies keep us on the edge of our seats, waiting for the next exciting
film when it is over.
thing to happen. We can travel to unknown places with the characters
in adventure movies. Dramas involve us in a story with many twists
and turns. Magic or supernatural events happen in fantasy movies.
Musicals make us sing and dance throughout the story. There is a type
of movie for everyone!

Match each of the movie scenes with the movie genre they correspond to

• Horror
• Romantic
• Science Fiction
• Documentary
• Comedy
• Action
• Animated
• Drama
• Adventure
• Fantasy
• Musical
© Eulalia Cornejo
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Discuss these questions in small groups.

• Which is your favorite movie genre? Why do you like it?

Vocabulary
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Are there any genres that you don’t like?

twists and turns. in this • What is the best movie genre to see in the movie theater? Why?
context, they are sudden
changes in the story • Can a movie belong to more than one genre? Explain your opinion.

2
 Oral Communication

Do you have a favorite actor or actress?

1. Listen to the person talk about two famous North American actors.
Take notes on what is said.

2. Now listen again and organize your notes in the Venn Diagram below.
Write the things that the two actors have in common in the middle.

Jennifer
Aniston

Wikimedia / gdcgraphics
Jennifer Aniston

Wikimedia / Angela George

Adam Sandler

Tip
Adam
Sandler Note that even though
both actors are still alive,
the story of what has already
• Have you ever seen any of the movies or TV shows these actors happened in their lives is
have been in? told in the past tense. Also,
____________________________________________________________ remember that English always
needs a subject, so you hear
____________________________________________________________ the pronouns “she” and
____________________________________________________________ “he” repeated.
• Based on the description of these celebrities, who would you
prefer to meet? Why?
Vocabulary
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____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ to star in. to play the main

character in a movie
____________________________________________________________ or TV show

3
Reading

Have you ever seen letters associated with movies, like PG, R, or G?
What do you think these mean?

Movie Rating System

In 1968, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) devised
a voluntary rating system for movies. These guidelines replaced the
earlier censorship in place called the Hays Code. The goal of this new
system was to encourage parents to take a role in deciding what their
children should and should not watch.
Today’s Classification and Ratings Administration (CARA) gives
cautionary warnings to families about the material in movies. These
ratings take into consideration various factors such as violence,
sexual content, substance abuse, and profane language. The ratings
have received much criticism over the years, saying that there
is too much emphasis on sexual content and language and not enough
on violence. In other words, there are extremely violent movies that
children have been allowed to see according to the rating that can have
very negative effects on them. Freepik

These are the categories that are currently being used:

Discuss the following
G – General Audiences questions in groups
All ages admitted. Nothing would be offensive to children. of 3-4 students.

• Do you agree that parents

PG – Parental Guidance Suggested
should take on this
Some material may not be suitable for children. This movie may responsibility?
contain some elements that parents may not like their children to see.
• Do you agree with this
PG-13 – Parents Strongly Cautioned classification? Why or
Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13. Some why not? Would you
parts of the movie may not be suitable for children 12 and younger. change anything?

• Choose a movie that you

R – Restricted
have seen. What is its
Under 17 requires an accompanying parent or adult guardian. rating? Why do you think
This movie contains some adult material. Parents should learn more it is rated this way? If you
about the film before taking their children with them. don’t know its rating, what
would you rate it and why?
NC-17 – Adults Only
No one under 17 admitted. This movie is only appropriate
for adults. Some films are not rated or are still in the process
of being rated. These movies have the letters
NR (Not Rated) next to their name.
Retrieved from: https://filmratings.com/

Vocabulary
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devised. invented, created

profane. offensive

suitable. appropriate

4
 Writing
Language

A biography
A biography is a story about a person’s life. It includes information
about where and when the person was born, details about his/her
childhood, family, hobbies, important life events, career, and other
significant aspects of his/her life. Many times a biography is written
after a person dies, as a tribute to the life he or she lived and to teach

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others about the person.

1. Think of an actor or actress you really like. He or she can be from

any part of the world. Write down his or her name and anything
you know about this celebrity.
Grammar Note
Remember that when
we are talking or writing
about stories that took place
in the past, we can use the
2. Now do some research and add more interesting facts about simple past (verb + ed for
the person you have chosen. Continue your list.
regular verbs) or the past
progressive (was/were +
verb ing). The first is used
with actions that have a
definite beginning and end
3. Take your ideas and write them in a short (100-120 words) mini- in the past, and the second is
biography. Be sure to write all the events in chronological order. used for ongoing or habitual
You must use at least FIVE time expressions, for example: before, events in the past.
after, during, as soon as, while, then, later, at the same time…
E.g.: While Bill was studying
economics at university,
his father had a terrible
accident. (Bill was studying
over a period of time,
his father had an accident
at a specific moment.)
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5
Language Through the Arts
The Muppets
The Muppets are a group of characters who were created by Jim
Henson in the 1950s. The name comes from a combination of the
words “marionette” and “puppet”. They are puppets that have appeared
in several movies starting in 1979 with The Muppet Movie. Their most
recent movie is Muppets Most Wanted, 2014. The most popular characters

© Eulalia Cornejo
are Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy, who have shared an on-and-off
romance throughout the years.

Draw your own original Muppet. Give it a name and share some
of its characteristics.

Characteristics

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Vocabulary
• Have you ever watched The Muppets? If so, who is your
favorite character? marionette. puppet controlled
____________________________________________________________ by strings

• Do you know any other movies that use puppets? Which one(s)? puppet. model of an animal
or person that can be moved,
____________________________________________________________ used in entertainment

• Are these types of movies appropriate for all ages, or just for on-and-off. not consistent
children? Why?
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____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

6
 Oral Communication

What food is served in movie theaters in your country?

Movie Theater Food Around the World

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Movie theater popcorn

Tip
Value: Interculturality

1. Listen to the speaker telling you about the type of food served Remember that when
in movie theaters across the world. Take notes in the chart below. we write about countries,
Fill in the countries and the food that they serve in each one.
cities, or nationalities
Country Food Yes No Maybe
in English, the words
are always capitalized.
For example: Americans
usually eat popcorn, nachos
and hot dogs when they
go to the movies in the
United States. Many
Ecuadorians in Quito
and Guayaquil also have
adopted this custom.

Vocabulary

cuttlefish. a type of seafood

similar to octopus or calamari
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2. Listen again. Would you like to eat these foods? roasted. usually cooked
Mark yes, no, or maybe. in an oven

7
 Lesson B

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Idioms
Idioms are short expressions that are metaphorical in nature and are 2. Write your own mini-dialogue
used in everyday life to express ideas or situations. Many times they cannot incorporating one of the
idioms you just learned.
be translated literally from one language to another because they lose their
meaning. They also have a strong cultural component.
Mineduc

1. Read the text as a class and discuss the possible meaning

of the phrases in blue with your teacher.

Guess Who (2005)

Theresa: Are you getting cold feet, Simon?
Simon Green: No. No, I’m not getting cold feet. I can’t wait to marry you
and make babies with you. Give me a daughter who looks just like you.

The Maze Runner (2014)

Thomas: How long have they been looking?
Newt: Three years.
Thomas: And they haven’t found anything?
Newt: It’s a lot easier said than done. Listen. Hear that? It’s the
maze changing. It changes every night.

Scent of a Woman (1992)

Lt. Col. Frank Slade: Oh uh, Charlie. About your little problem…
there are two kinds of people in this world… those who stand up
and face the music, and those who run for cover. Cover is better.

Frozen (2013)
Young Anna: Do you want to build a snowman? Or ride our bike around
the halls? I think some company is overdue. I’ve started talking to the
pictures on the walls. Hang in there, Joan! It gets a little lonely. All these
empty rooms. Just watching the hours tick by.
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The Bad Batch (2016) Vocabulary

The Dream: All the things you’ve done, have put you right here with
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translate. convert text from

me. To life… life is The Dream… It costs a lot to be here. It costs you one language to another
an arm and a leg.
tick. the movement of the
hands on a clock

8
 Oral Communication
Social Studies

Can you imagine yourself as a movie producer? Why or why not?

Wikimedia Commons/G.Skidmore
Steven Spielberg

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1. Listen to the following recording about Steven Spielberg. As you listen,
fill in the time line with years and important events in his life.

1946 1969 1982 2002 2012

1960 1981 1993 2005

2. Listen again. Mark each of the following statements as True (T)

Vocabulary
or False (F) according to what you heard.

a. Steven Spielberg is Canadian. T F blockbuster. very

successful movies
b. He won an award for a film when he was a teenager. T F
colossal. extremely big
c. He directed the movie Superman. T F
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d. One of his most successful movies was Jurassic Park. T F

e. He is retired and not working anymore. T F

9
 Language Through the Arts
Culture

There are different awards ceremonies for movies around the

world. Perhaps the Oscars are the most famous, but there is also
the Cannes Film Festival in France and the Berlin International
Film Festival in Germany.

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The Oscars
Every year in January, the most prestigious award ceremony for
movies, the Oscars, takes place. These awards are given by the Academy
of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). They are voted
by members of the committee. The first Oscar was awarded in 1929.
The name of the award, “Oscar”, is disputed. The most widely accepted
story is that is was named after Oscar Pierce, the cousin of Margaret
Herrick, the first executive secretary of the Academy. Currently there
are 24 different categories including Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor,
Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, Best International Feature Film,
Best Original Score, and Best Original Song.

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Imagine that you get to decide who the winners of the Oscars are.
Write a list of five categories and determine who the winner is for
each award. The movies do not have to be from this year, they can
be from any time in history.

Category: Winner:
ik

Category: Winner:
ep
Fre

Category: Winner:

Category: Winner:

Category: Winner:
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Discuss the following questions in small groups.

• Have you ever watched the Oscars on

television? Do you like this awards show?

• Do you know of any movies from your country

that have won international awards?
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• Do you know of any other awards shows

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for movies, TV, or music? What are they?

Who decides who the winners are?

10
 Oral Communication

Have you gone to the movie theater before? Do you watch movies at home?

Cost of Movie Theaters Around the World

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Does it seem fair to pay

$17 to go to the movies in
Switzerland? Why or why not?

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Cinema

1. Listen to the following audio about movie ticket prices around the
world. Take notes. Then answer the questions in class.
Source: https://bit.ly/33BHWTk

2. Complete the sentences with the missing word or words.

• It is a luxury for some people to go to the .

• Switzerland is the most expensive place to go to the movie theaters.

It costs .

• In Sweden and , tickets cost $15.

• In western Europe and North America, movie tickets usually cost

around .

• The cheapest country to go to the movies is .

How much does it cost to go to the movie theater in your country?

Do you think this is too expensive? Write your thoughts here.

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Vocabulary

luxury. an expensive
and desirable item

11
Reading

Have you ever watched any movies that you consider controversial?
Which one(s)? What topic(s) did they deal with?

The Help
The Help is a movie that was released in 2011. It is set in the context
of 1960’s Mississippi, a state in the southern part of the United
States. This is a time when segregation between white and black
people still existed. A main theme in this movie is racism. It tells
the story of Skeeter, who is a white, high-class recent college
graduate who is determined to become a famous writer.
She causes chaos in this racially divided society when she
decides to interview the black women who have worked
as maids and caregivers for white families. These women have

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suffered physical and emotional abuse at the hands of their
white bosses. At first it is difficult for her to find volunteers
to tell their stories, but little by little she gains the trust
of the ladies. As Skeeter collects their anecdotes, she loses
friends and boyfriends from the high society. In the end,
she publishes her book and it is a total success.

Discuss your thoughts

with a partner.

• Consider the main

character, Skeeter.
Would you do the same
in her situation?

• What genre would

you consider this movie
to be? Why?

• Have you seen any other

movies that deal with
racism? What was the movie
and what was its message?

Vocabulary

maids. women who clean,

cook, and do household chores

caregivers. people who take

care of others, usually children
or the elderly
© Eulalia Cornejo

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Scene from The Help movie

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 Writing
Creative Writing - Idioms

1. Idioms are used in everyday life, sometimes to even teach a lesson. Tip
Take three of the idioms you have learned in this chapter or look for
others you like on the internet. Write them here and explain what they Remember to use
mean in other words. connecting words like
1 “first”, “then”, “next”,
“finally” to make your
story flow better.

2. Now choose one of these three and think of a story that can have this
idiom as a moral (a lesson). Make it a story that your classmates can
relate to. Write a short story of 100-120 words. Be prepared to share
it with your classmates. Use the past tense and time expressions.
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13
Graded activities
Assessment

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

1 Interview a classmate about movies. Ask them the following

questions and create two of your own. Take notes.
a. What is your favorite movie? Why is it your favorite?
b. How old should a person be to see a PG movie? Why?
c. What do you enjoy eating at the movie theater?
d. How much would you be willing to pay to see the #1
movie of the year in the theater?
e. What is the worst movie you have ever seen?
Why was it so bad?
f. ?
g. ?

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Now share what you learned about your classmate with
the rest of the class. Do you and your classmates have a lot
in common? What is something new you learned?

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

2 Read this review about the latest movie in the Avengers series. What do you
notice about the way it is written? Pay attention to aspects like register of language
(formal/informal), verb tenses, time expressions, and words you don’t recognize.
Write your observations on a piece of paper.

The Russo brothers’ powerful finale more Thor– are also fabulous. Their differences
than lives up to the hype: It’s a thrilling have never been more obvious, but each
conclusion and a deeply emotional proves that despite past conflicts and
exploration of loss and love, duty and heartbreaks, they’re worthy and ready
honor, friendship and family. Written by to fight side by side.
Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely,
the story focuses on the remaining Avengers There’s so much packed into the three hours
and their post-trauma lives. The dads in the of Avengers: Endgame that it might seem
group are particularly effective at showing overwhelming at times; this is clearly a film
how personal the grief is, providing a that will inspire repeat viewing. There are
contrast to the general sense of failure and unexpected twists and moments of hilarity,
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loss that the single superheroes feel. The big as well as more serious scenes and themes.
three –Iron Man, Captain America, and Source: https://bit.ly/2Q98mq2

14
 Assessment What role do movies play in culture?

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

3 Write a brief paragraph about what it is like to go to the movies

in your country. Include the price, what you eat, and who you
go with. If you have not been to the movie theater, write about
what it is like to watch movies at home.

Achievement Level - Vocabulary

Individual activity

4 Choose three of your most favorite movie genres and describe

them in your own words. Also, give an example of a movie
that belongs to that genre.
1.
2.
3.

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation
I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Distinguish between movie genre vocabulary

Understand and use some idioms

Write a mini-biography and film review

15
 Project 1

Writing a Movie Review

Think of a movie you have seen that you remember quite well. It can be
a movie you loved, one you really disliked, or one that was simply mediocre.

Write a review of the movie of 100-120 words. It should include the title
of the movie, the genre, the main characters and actors who portrayed
them, a brief synopsis, and the positive and negative aspects of the

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movie. First organize your ideas below, and then write a paragraph
connecting your ideas using simple and complex sentences along with
time expressions. Write the review in the past tense and be prepared
to share it with the class.

Title: Tip

Genre: Remember to stay

Characters: in the past tense when you
write. It is a tendency for
us to switch to the present,
Synopsis: but in formal writing, it is
important to be consistent.
Also, try to avoid using the
first person “I” as much
as possible.

Positive aspects: Negative aspects:

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16
 Let's Review

Vocabulary Grammar

Choose three of these words and use them in Past simple of regular verbs is formed by adding
original sentences: genre, horror, drama, action, –ed. This is used for a completed action in the past.
adventure, romantic, comedy, science fiction, fantasy, Past continuous is formed by was/were +–ing and
documentary, musical, animated. it is used for ongoing or habitual actions in the
past. Write two original sentences showing you
understand this difference.

Grammar/Vocabulary Reading

Choose one of the following idioms to write a piece Movies are rated according to their content using
of advice to a friend: cold feet, easier said than done, a system with G, PG, PG-13, R, NC-17. In 40-50
face the music, hang in there, an arm and a leg. words, summarize how the rating system works.
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17
 Lesson C

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Do you ever watch movies in other languages?

Putting Movies in Other Languages

All movies are first released in their original Interesting Facts

version, meaning that they use the language(s) Translation and
that the writer used in the script. Later, in order interpretation are two
for people around the world to understand ways of converting
them, they must be converted into several something in one language
other languages. Dubbing is the process into another. Translation
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by which sounds or voices are added deals with written texts, like
to the soundtrack of a movie. Most movie or TV scripts, books,
people recognize this term to refer poems, legal documents and
to translating a movie from its original other texts. Interpretation
version to the language that audiences in a certain country or region involves spoken language.
will understand. During the process of dubbing, the professionals Interpreters can work in
are very careful to match up the movement of the actors’ lips with diplomacy, in courts, in
the new audio. However, it is almost impossible to achieve the same hospitals, and anywhere
artistic quality in a dubbed version as in the original. Therefore, some there is a need to help
people prefer to watch the original version of the movie with subtitles, people of different linguistic
translated text that appears at the bottom of the screen. While dubbing backgrounds communicate
helps the movie to reach more people, it is clear that if we have the ability with each other.
to watch a movie in its original language, it is the preferred option!

Vocabulary
Read the questions with a partner and answer them script. the written lines that
in complete sentences. the actors say in a movie
• What do people who do dubbing of films need to consider while match up. coordinate
doing their work?

• Do you prefer to watch movies in their original version

(if they are in English) or dubbed in your language? Why?
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• Do you think that a movie loses something when it is translated

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into another language? Explain.

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18
 Oral Communication

Can you name any Disney movies?

Walt Disney

Listen to the following audio about Walt Disney. Decide if the statements
are True (T) or False (F).

• Walt Disney was born in 1901 in the city T F

of Chicago.

• He was most famous for his acting. T F

• He received a total of 20 Oscars. T F

Wikimedia / Alan Fisher

• His brother Roy created Mickey Mouse. T F

• Walt died when he was 65 years old. T F

Walt Disney

Tip
• What is your favorite Disney movie? Why do you like it?
Remember that most
years in English are said
by dividing the year into two
two-digit numbers. 1985 is
said “nineteen eighty-five”,
1999 is “nineteen ninety-
• Would you consider that Walt Disney was successful? nine”. However, 2012
Why or why not? How do you define success? is “two thousand twelve”.

• Do you think people like Disney are born with a natural talent for
something, or that a person can develop it over time with hard work
and practice? Explain.
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19
Reading
Do you know what drones are? Besides using regular video cameras to record,
do you know of any other devices that can be used to make movies?

Santiago Uribe, Drone Filmmaker

In 2019, Santiago Uribe, an audiovisual producer from Ecuador,
won first place in the Drone Focus Film Festival in North Dakota
(United States) for the second year in a row. A drone is a small
flying machine that is operated by remote control.
In this case, the drone records the images while flying
over landscapes. The title of his short film was “Galapagos: The
Enchanted Islands” and it showed several breathtaking images
of the Galapagos Islands. The same year he won second place
in an International Festival of Arts and Tourism in the Ukraine. The
filming of the short movie took one week and the editing took three
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weeks. It had a price tag of approximately $20,000. In 2018, he had won

the Festival in Miami with the film “Mindo: A Hidden Paradise”, where
he captured the unique landscapes of the cloud forest in Mindo.
Uribe studied digital and multimedia engineering at Indoamerica
University in Quito, Ecuador. Now he is a professor at the same
university. He has been working with drone movies since 2016 when
he bought his first equipment. He took a course to learn how to operate
it, but Uribe says that he has learned the most from experience. Since
then he has won recognition in festivals around the world, including
in Australia, Brazil, Germany, and the United States. Certainly this
is just the beginning of a tremendous career.
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Retrieved from:https://bit.ly/2UbXMzV

Answer the questions in complete sentences based on what you read.

• Explain what a drone is in your own words.

• What kind of images do you think are in “Galapagos:

The Enchanted Islands?”
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• How did Uribe learn to operate drones?

Vocabulary

in a row. one right after

the other
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• If you made a movie using a drone, where would you do it?

breathtaking. extremely What images would you include?
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beautiful

20
 Writing
Creative Writing - A Sequel

1. Think of a movie that you like that does not have a sequel. What is the Grammar Note
main story of the movie? Describe it in three or four sentences below
using past tenses (simple past and past continuous). When we talk about
a movie that we have seen,
we can tell the story using
the past tenses, because they
are actions that have already
occurred. However, speakers
have the tendency
to switch to what is called
the “historical present”.
Someone can start staying,
“Yesterday I went to the
store and suddenly I see
this girl…” The reason
speakers do this is to bring
the interlocutor closer to
the story. When you write
a sequel, you can use the
present (simple present and
present continuous – am/
is/are +ing) and future (will
or going to) tenses since the
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story hasn’t taken place yet.

2. Now continue the story. What happens to the main characters?

What are the major events that take place? How is the story resolved?
Write two or three paragraphs, between 100-120 words in total.
Use the present and future tenses, since these events have not taken
place yet. Use time expressions to guide your reader, including: first, next,
then, after that, later on, at the same time, weeks/months/years later.

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Vocabulary

sequel. the continuation

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of a movie or book

21
Language Through the Arts

How important is the music in movies?

The Music Behind the Movies

Culture
Music is a universal language. It is one of the
ways we come together and join our cultures.
People from Japan listen to music from
Australia. People from Russia listen to music
from China. Think of the music you can hear
in your country. Where does it come from?

© Eulalia Cornejo

Answer the following questions according

to what you have read.

• What is the difference between a score and

a soundtrack?
A film score is the music that is specifically
written to accompany a particular movie. The music
is part of the film’s soundtrack, which includes
noises and voices. The music is specially designed • Who are the professionals involved in writing
to go along with the plot of the movie, enhancing the and executing a musical score?
dramatic parts. Scores can be written by one or more
composers, and are usually performed by orchestras
with live musicians and sung by live vocalists.
• Describe the process of putting a score with
Scores include all genres of music, from jazz to
a movie.
blues to country to classical to electronic. Sometimes
soundtracks of movies incorporate a pop song that
is recorded independently. An example of this
is the song “My Heart Will Go On”, written by James
Horner and sung by Canadian singer Celine Dion.
It was used in the movie Titanic.
Scores go through a long editing process before
reaching the final version that you hear in the movie Write a short paragraph about a musical score that
you particularly like. Why do you like it? What kind
theater. This is a tedious process that involves
of music is it? Are there lyrics to the songs? How
not only musicians and directors, but also sound would movies be if they didn’t include any music?
engineers. It is such an important part of the movie Be prepared to share your work with the class.
that there is even a category at the Oscars for Best
Original Score.

Vocabulary

enhancing. making better or more intense

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22
 Oral Communication

Do you and your friends agree about movies?

Movie Talk Tip

Listen to the following dialogue between two friends who are talking
about movies. Then answer the questions in the next two activities. Notice how Claire and
Paul greet each other. Since
1. According to the dialogue, what do each of the following words mean? they are friends, they can
Choose the best option for each one. use an informal greeting
like “How’s it going?”
• spoiler
In a more formal situation,
a. a movie that nobody wants to see like between a boss and
b. a character who is the bad person in the story an employee, this would
not be the most appropriate
c. when someone or something tells the end of a movie
you haven’t seen
way to say hello. It would
be better to use a phrase
d. a movie that starts horribly but ends very well like “How are you?” instead.
• thriller

a. character in a horror movie

Vocabulary
b. genre of movie involving intrigue and suspense
c. genre of movie that causes great happiness in the audience disappointing. worse than one
had expected
d. a scene in a movie that has a lot of blood

• blooper

a. a scary scene in a movie

b. a sad scene in a movie
c. the most dramatic scene
d. an embarrassing error made by the actors

2. Now listen again and decide who would say the following things.
Write “Paul”, “Claire” or “both” in the space.

• I’ve already seen the Avengers movie.

• I don’t like horror films.

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• Thrillers are one of my favorite genres.

• I like comedies.

• Bloopers are so much fun.

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23
 Lesson D

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Social Studies

Value: Interculturality
Culture
India has 22 official
languages, including English.
English is common to most
parts of the country, since
India was under British
rule for a period of time.
However, many other
languages are spoken there.
Among the most popular
are Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil,
and Urdu.

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Tongpatong
Bollywood
Bollywood, also known as Hindi cinema or Bombay cinema,
is the Indian Hindi-language film industry. The name comes from
a combination of the words “Bombay” and “Hollywood”. Surprisingly,
Indian cinema is the world’s largest film industry. They produce almost
2,000 films every year. Bollywood makes up 43% of this. Although most
of the films are in Hindi, some modern-day Bollywood movies are now
in “Hinglish”, a mix of Hindi and English.
Indian films really began to gain popularity during the late 1940s, after
India gained its independence from Britain. Many films started being
produced in Hindi. These films belong to many different genres, including
drama, action, comedy, and musicals. The term “Bollywood” was born
in the 1970s. Its signature type of film was masala, which combined
various genres: action, comedy, drama, romance, and musical. Bollywood
is strongly linked to Indian identity, and it has become the way in which
Indians can tell their story to the world.
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Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3aP8gvG

Discuss these questions with a partner.

• Where did the name “Bollywood” come from?

• Which film industry is bigger: Bollywood or Hollywood?

• What language are most Bollywood films in?

Vocabulary
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• What is masala?
signature. typical, what
it is known for • Have you ever seen a Bollywood movie? Would you like to?

24
 Oral Communication

Have you heard of Hollywood?

The Hollywood Walk of Fame

Tip

Notice that percentages

in English are expressed
without the use of any article
(not a(n), not the). Also,
numbers between 1100 and
9900, when they end in -00,
can be said as “XX hundred”.
In other words, 1200 can

Pixabay RJA1988
be said “one thousand
two hundred” or “twelve
hundred”. 2900 can be said
“two thousand nine hundred”
Listen to the audio about the Hollywood Walk of Fame. You will hear a lot or “twenty-nine hundred”.
of numbers. Complete the questions below with the correct information.

• In 1953

• In 1960 Vocabulary
• Now there are 2600
Chamber of Commerce. local
• 47% group dedicated to promoting
small business interests
• 24%

• 17%

• 10%

• 2%

• It costs $40,000

• In 1978

It is possible for any person to nominate a celebrity to be on the Walk

of Fame, then the nominees go through a rigorous selection process.
Who would you nominate? Why? Write your nomination below and
share it with the class.
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25
Reading

Think of movies that have action scenes. What kinds of activities do you see the actors doing?
Could you imagine yourself doing these types of things?

Stunt Performers
Stunt performers (stunt men or stunt women)
are professionals who are trained to do stunts
during a movie. A stunt person who replaces
an actor or actress in a few scenes during a movie
is called a stunt double. These scenes can include
extreme falls, fights, car crashes, and explosions. The
performers have to be trained in different disciplines
like martial arts and combat. This makes them better
prepared to do their job and deal with risk factors.
The idea of stunt performers first started in the
circus. Acrobats and gymnasts, called cascadeurs
(from the French cascade meaning “waterfall”),
would perform falls or stunts with water. Later,
these acrobats started to incorporate jumps into
their routines and the performances became more
risky to the performers. The word stunt came
into being during the 20th century with Wild
West movies. This genre of film simulated fights

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between rival groups using guns and arrows, and
stunt performers had to enact those fights. It started
to be considered a professional skill requiring special
training in the early 1900s. The first stunt double TV series The Walking Dead. The stuntman fell
was used in a movie called The Great Train Robbery from six meters high while doing a stunt, missing
in 1903. Since then, stunts have been incorporated the safety net by a couple inches. Hopefully in the
in a variety of genres of movies, including action, future, these types of accidents will be prevented
drama, kung fu, and even comedies. with better training and equipment. Currently,
computer-generated images are taking some
Some actors, like Jackie Chan, also do their own of the jobs of stunt performers, but computers have
stunts, but this is not very common. There have not yet reached the level of authenticity that a live
been dozens of serious injuries and even a few stunt person can.
deaths of stunt performers throughout the years.
The most recent one was in 2017 when filming the Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2xhGh9r

Vocabulary

stunt. a daring or skillful action Answer the questions based on the reading.

waterfall. a large stream • In your own words, describe what a stunt performer does.
of water falling from a cliff • What types of movies generally have stunts?
or mountain
• Do you consider this profession to be risky? Why or why not?
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• Give a brief summary of the beginning of stunt work.

• Would you be willing to work as a stunt performer?

Under what conditions?

26
 Writing
Job Cover Letter

• Imagine that you are applying for a job in the

movie business. Which one would you most be
interested in, of all that you have seen in this
module? Write it here.

• What kinds of qualities do you think that

a person hiring for this position would be looking
for? List them here.

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Vocabulary
Now write a letter of 100-120 words to a possible employer
to tell him or her why you would be qualified for this particular job. make up. create, invent
Be sure to mention why you want the job and why you are
qualified for the position. Feel free to make up some information
about yourself to fit the job description!

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Language Through the Arts
Costume and Makeup Artists
Culture
Many people underestimate the role of makeup and costume
artists. Without them, the movie would be missing a great part of its Makeup and clothing styles
enchantment. Filmmaking is a process that involves many aspects and for men and women vary
participants, and these artists are certainly essential. from culture to culture
and across the years.
Costumes and makeup were first used in live theater productions, The styles that were popular
and later they were incorporated into movies. Every article in the United States, Ireland,
of clothing for each actor in a movie is considered a costume. They are or Japan in the 1970s are
designed to contribute to the character’s image and perfectly measured no longer popular in those
to fit the actor or actress who is portraying him or her. In order places today. However,
to design a costume, first the costume designer must study the script some experts claim that
in depth. He or she must understand the entirety of the movie and fashion is cyclical; in other
how that particular character fits into the grand scheme of things. words, the same trends tend
Then the costume designer does research to create the best clothes for to come back again 30 years
the characters. If the movie is about high school students, later. So what people wear
the designer may visit local high schools and take notes today may be popular again
on what they are wearing. Then the designer discusses in the 2050s…!
his or her ideas with other people working on the
film and comes up with the best costumes.
Makeup is both an art and a science. It makes Vocabulary
characters beautiful while covering up flaws.
In 1914, the company Max Factor was the first underestimate. not give
to produce makeup specifically for movies. In 1931, enough importance
to something
Jack Pierce created the face of the monster Frankenstein
using this makeup. In 1939, the first makeup with portray. represent
latex rubber was used on the characters in The in depth. deeply, profoundly
Wizard of Oz. In modern times, digital techniques can
be used to modify makeup and costumes, but have yet
to replace the actual human artists.
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Source: https://bit.ly/2VSuqc0

Brief description
Design your own
costume for a movie.
Decide what genre
of movie it is for
and write a brief
description next
to your picture.
Be prepared
to share your work
with your classmates.
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28
 Oral Communication

What is your favorite idiom in your language?

Idioms in Conversation

1. Listen to a conversation between two friends about idioms. What does Tip
each of the idioms mentioned in the dialogue mean? Write it in your
own words. Remember that idioms
• Get the show on the road cannot always be
translated literally from
one language to another.
Think of how you would
• To kick something off express the same idea of
these idioms in your own
language. Would you use
the same words?
• Live up to the hype

• Break a leg Vocabulary

hype. excitement, commotion

• The show must go on

2. Choose one of the idioms you heard in the dialogue. Write your own
min-dialogue of 10 lines in which one of the characters uses the idiom
with another.

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Hit the road

29
Assessment

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

1 Choose one of the idioms you heard in the last listening section. Write an email
of 80-100 words to a friend about something that has happened to you and include
the idiom. Your email should be in the past tense and include time expressions
in order to make your story flow better.

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

2 Read the following lyrics from the song “My Heart Will Go On” from the movie
Titanic. What do they tell you about the movie? The characters? The plot?
Write down your ideas in your notebook.

“My Heart Will Go On” (from the “Titanic” soundtrack)

Every night in my dreams Love was when I loved you

I see you, I feel you, One true time I hold to
That is how I know you go on In my life we’ll always go on
Far across the distance and spaces
between us Near, far, wherever you are
You have come to show you go on I believe that the heart does go on
Once more you open the door
Near, far, wherever you are And you’re here in my heart
I believe that the heart does go on And my heart will go on and on
Once more you open the door
And you’re here in my heart You’re here, there’s nothing I fear,
And my heart will go on and on And I know that my heart will go on
We’ll stay forever this way
Love can touch us one time You are safe in my heart
And last for a lifetime And my heart will go on and on
And never let go ‘til we’re gone
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30
 Assessment What role do movies play in culture?

Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity

3 Listen to the following audio about movie trailers and determine if each
of the following statements are true, false, or not mentioned in the audio.
a. Trailers are usually 1-2 minutes long.
b. Trailers only show the beginning of the movie.
c. Trailers are funny.

Achievement Level - Speaking

Individual activity

4 Discuss all of the professions you can think of that are related to movies with
2-3 of your classmates. We have seen many in this chapter. What are some
of the advantages and disadvantages of each? Which one(s) are most interesting
to you and your classmates? Are there any that you think would be terrible jobs?
Take notes on your conversation and be prepared to discuss your answers
as a class.

Achievement Level - Grammar/Vocabulary

Individual activity

5 Imagine you were watching a movie with your friends last weekend. A lot of things
were happening during the movie that got interrupted. Write five sentences
in which you use both the past continuous (for the ongoing action) and simple
past (for the action that interrupts it.)
Example: We were talking about the characters when suddenly we heard
an explosion in the movie.

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Understand and use movie vocabulary

Understand and use popular idioms

Write a sequel to a story

31
 Project 2

Your Own Mini-Movie

Tip
Now that you have become a movie expert, you are ready to make your
own short film! In groups of 3-4, brainstorm ideas for a short movie script.
Decide what genre you want to do, who the main characters will be, what Remember to use the
the plot will entail, and what props you may need. Take notes. tense that is appropriate.
If you are talking about
• Genre: something that is true
now or happening now,
• Characters:
use the present. If you are
• Plot: telling a story that already
• Props: happened, use the past.
If you are talking about
Work together to write a script of a minimum of 120 words. Be sure that something that will happen,
the story flows logically to a climax. Be prepared to record your movie use the future.
or to perform it in front of the class.

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32
 English Who are you and who
Pedagogical Module 2 do you want to become?
Curricular Threads: Communication and Cultural Awareness,
Oral Communication, Reading, Writing, Language Through the Arts

Third Course BGU

Personality, professions, and

university degrees vocabulary 4
Work with
5 percentages

M
at
Gerunds
3

h
and infinitives
6 Design graphs
ish

Ar
t
Present perfect
2
gl

continuous Learn about

En

My Future 7

So
personalities

ci
Profession around the world

al
Connectors

St
1

ud
of contrast

ie
s
Values

9 Interculturality 8 Gender equality

Education is the key to a brighter future.

The studies you are doing today are
preparing you for a lifetime of success.
The more education you get, the better
prepared you will be in many aspects
of life. It is the best gift that we can
give ourselves. As Nelson Mandela
once said, “Education is the most
powerful weapon to change the
ik
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world.” Right now you are young

with your entire future ahead of you.
“The world is your oyster,” we say.
Make your future the best.
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• What do you plan on doing after you graduate from this school?

• How do you interpret Nelson Mandela’s quote? Do you agree with him?

• What do you think the expression “The world is your oyster” means?

1
 Lesson A

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Social Studies

Do you think that people from the same country are similar to each other?

Personalities Around the World

Culture Psychologists have developed a personality test that has been taken
by millions of people all over the world. From these results, they can
It is common for some
observe general tendencies by country. However, these most often do not
to generalize about people
coincide with the stereotypes that most people have of these countries.
from other cultures.
For example, often we One study of this type was done in 2005 and it involved university
may hear the citizens students from 51 different cultures around the world. Some patterns
of a certain country are loud emerged in the data. For example, people from Brazil tended to be the
or shy or serious, that they most extroverted. The least extroverted were the Nigerians, Moroccans,
are consistently late or are and Indonesians.
superficial. But these are
mere stereotypes; there are Another similar study was conducted in 2007 with 17,000 participants
all types of people in every from 56 countries. The highest level of neuroticism was found in Japan
country on the planet. and Argentina, while the lowest was in the Congo and Slovenia. At the
We should be sure to get same time, the Congo and Jordan ranked high on agreeableness, while
to know each person we Japan and Lithuania ranked the lowest.
meet as an individual and What might explain these differences in personalities across
not as a nationality and its countries? Some researchers say that it may be due to migration
associated stereotypes. patterns. For example, people who tend to be risk-takers might
be more likely to move to a different country. What is important
to take away from these studies, and others that have been done
Vocabulary
similar to them, is that the findings most often do not reflect the
stereotypes. generalizations stereotypes we may have of people from these places. Therefore,
that people make about it is always necessary to keep an open mind about people from other
certain groups parts of the world.
patterns. something that
Source: https://bbc.in/3392zG7
is repeated in a set way

Answer the following questions in your own words in your notebook.

• What are some of the specific observations that researchers have

been able to make about people from some countries?

• What do you think is the main point of this reading?

• List some of the personality traits that you find in the reading.
Do you know what all of them are? Do you consider yourself to be
any of them?

• What do you think researchers would discover about the personality

traits of people from your region?
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2
 Oral Communication
Career Advice

Have you ever thought of what type of personality goes best with what
type of job? Do you think any personality type can do any job? Discuss
this as a class.

Listen to a professor give advice on what to study at the university.

Decide if each of the statements below are True (T) or False (F)
according to what she says.

• Any personality is compatible with any career. T F

• Very sensitive people would be happy as doctors. T F

• People who are good with technology should

consider engineering. T F

• Outgoing people can be good social workers. T F

• Introverted people should choose a job that

allows them to work in groups. T F

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Now listen again and make a list of the personality traits and professions
you hear. After you do this, continue the list with other professions you
know and personality traits that would be best for them.
Tip
Profession (professor said) Personality traits
(professor said) Normally we use adjectives
to describe someone’s
personality. However,
sometimes we can use
nouns. For example,
to be a “people person”
means you are someone
who likes being around
and working with people.

Profession (my ideas) Personality traits (my ideas)

Vocabulary

tech savvy. someone who

works well with technology

human resources.
a department in a company
or institution that takes care
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of the well-being and rights

of the workers

3
Reading

Do you think you know what career matches best with your personality?

QUIZ: What Career is Best for You?

There are many quizzes and tests that help you
to determine what profession would be the best for
you according to your personality. Take this test to
see what field would be ideal for you. Answer each
question honestly.

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• On the weekends, I prefer to:

a. go out hiking in the mountains.

b. write a story or read a novel.
c. work on my computer.
d. talk with my friends and family.
If your answers were…
• When I have the choice of what show
to watch on TV, I choose: Mostly As: You would be best working outdoors.
You can be a botanist (someone who studies
a. “survivor” or some outdoor program. plants), an archaeologist (someone who studies
b. a classic movie like Titanic. ruins and bones of previous eras), or even
as an extreme tour guide, taking tourists
c. a show about technology.
to climb mountains around the country.
d. a sitcom or drama.
Mostly Bs: You should consider working with
• The subject I like the most in school is: something that has to do with languages.
You could be a linguist (a scientist who studies
a. physical education.
how human language works from a social
b. language arts or English. and structural perspective), a writer (of novels
c. computers or physics. or even movie scripts!), an editor, a translator
d. social studies. or interpreter, or a language teacher.

• The person I admire the most is: Mostly Cs: You would be best as a scientist
because you are technical. You can be a physicist,
a. an adventurer. a chemist, or an engineer. You could also work
b. a writer. as a computer programmer or perhaps a doctor.
c. a scientist. Mostly Ds: You need to choose a career in which
d. a humanitarian. you can help others. You can be a psychologist,
a social worker, or even a teacher. You would also
• When I think of my future profession, it is most
be a good anthropologist (someone who studies
important for me to:
human evolution and societies) or sociologist
a. be able to be outside. (someone who studies human behavior and
relationships between people and groups).
b. be able to use my writing skills.
c. be able to work with computers
or do scientific experiments.
Vocabulary
d. be able to make a difference in someone’s life.
field. area

translator. a professional who changes written

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texts from one language to another

interpretor. a professional who changes oral

texts from one language to another

4
 Writing
Giving Advice
Tip

Imagine you are the writer of an advice column in a local newspaper.

Your job is to answer letters that people write, looking for advice. To use connectors of contrast,
A 17-year-old wrote you the following letter: you need two ideas that oppose
each other. A opposes B.
For example: “You should
Dear Sir or Madame: think about your future,
however you shouldn’t
I need help! I am graduating this year but I don’t know what stress too much.”
to study at the university! I am a good student, but I don’t know
how to make this very important decision! Do you have any Other words that show
advice to give me? Thank you in advance! juxtaposition are nevertheless,
nonetheless, although, on the
Sincerely,
other hand, yet.
17-year-old who is very confused!

Respond to this person’s letter in 3 paragraphs: 1 introductory

paragraph, 1 paragraph of support, and 1 conclusion paragraph. Write
80-100 words. Be sure to use modal verbs like should, could, and
might as well as connecting words that show contrast like however,
on the other hand, although, nevertheless. First organize your ideas
below, then write the essay in your notebook.

• Introduction: In your introduction, you should thank the person for the
letter and show you understand their problem.

• Supporting paragraph: In the supporting paragraph, you should give

your advice and the reasons for you giving this advice.

• Conclusion: In the conclusion, you should summarize what you have

said in your letter and give the student your best wishes.
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Language Through the Arts

What are some jobs in the arts?

Careers in the Arts

Culture Not all professions are technical in nature. It is possible to make
Some societies value the a living working in artistic careers. If you like to work with
arts as a profession more colors and figures, you can be a painter or a sculptor. You can also
than others. Some painters be an illustrator, where you make the words in children’s stories
can make millions of dollars, come to life. You can be a graphic designer and work with a computer
while others barely survive to make advertisements, pamphlets or textbook layouts like the one you
with their income. Do you are using now!
know any painters who Another way to use art in a career is in interior design. These
have made a lot of money people determine how to design the inside of a house. This includes
from their paintings? Who? matching colors and patterns, floors and walls, and even deciding what
Where are/were they from? furniture and light fixtures to put in each room. They create warm and
comfortable interiors that make people want to go home every night.
If you like the theater and movie venues, you can become a hair
Discuss these questions or makeup artist. These professionals transform actors and actresses
with a classmate. into their characters and create a new person. Along with the costume
designers who create the clothes for the actors and actresses, these
• Do you know anyone who
has any of these artistic people give life to the characters of a script. There are also set designers
careers? Talk about them. that design and construct the sets or background for movies or plays.
• Do you think you would be There are plenty of options in the arts that allow you to be creative,
good at any of these artistic express yourself artistically, and also make a living. So if you have
careers? Which one(s)? Why?
an artistic talent, let it help you to build your future!!
• Do you think being an artist
is a talent you are born
with, or can you develop it?
Explain your opinion. In the box below, name each of the careers that the reading mentions
and what they do. Use your own words to describe them.

Art careers What they do

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Young artist

6
 Oral Communication

What university degrees do you know?

University Degrees

Vocabulary

endless. without end

scholarships. economic
assistance to help you
pay for your studies

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College graduates

Listen to a university student talk about the different degrees that

are available. As you listen, complete the sentences with what she says.

• The first degree you can get after graduating high school

is called a degree.

• This degree can be done in years.

• A Master’s degree can be done you complete

a Bachelor’s.

• It is possible to do a Master’s in another .

• can help you to pay for your Master’s studies.

• In , you can teach Bachelor’s students

and get your Master’s degree for free!

• After a Master’s, you can go on and study a doctorate or a .

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Discuss the following questions with a partner.

• Do you know someone who has a Bachelor’s degree? A Master’s?

A PhD? What did he or she study? Where? What is he or she
working as now?
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• What do you think you would like to study? What degree do you
plan on getting?

• If money is not a factor, do you think that everyone is capable

of getting a PhD? Explain your opinion.

7
 Lesson B

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Studying Abroad
Studying abroad was just a dream for many people 50 years ago, Culture
but now it is a reality for several students. Many universities offer Studying abroad means
study abroad programs for a semester or a year. Universities to go to another country
establish agreements with foreign schools and are able and attend school there.
to do a student exchange program. For example, This can be done in high
if a university in Mexico has an exchange program school or in college. It can
with a university in Canada, they can send be done for one semester
Mexican students to study in Canada, or an entire academic year.
and Canadian students can go study Why do you think some
in Mexico. The students take classes students would want
related to their major while earning to study abroad?
credit for their home university.
Most of these students live with
a host family for the time
Grammar Note
they are there, where they get
to experience daily life in the Observe the use of the
host country’s culture. Learning gerund (-ing) form and the
in a different environment opens your infinitive (to + verb) in the
eyes to many new things. Living in another text. Underline the gerund
country doesn’t only teach you academic lessons, and circle the infinitive.
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but life lessons as well. Being far away from home isn’t What do you observe about
easy, but it’s worth it. It is very important to take advantage how these forms are used?
of any of these opportunities that your university may offer you. Check your answer with
It is the chance of a lifetime, and the memories you create will last your classmates, then with
forever. Students never regret doing it! your teacher.
The gerund is used…

Answer the following questions regarding the reading.

• What does “study abroad” mean?

The infinitive is used…

• If a university has an agreement established with another,
what does that entail?

• What are the advantages of studying abroad?

Vocabulary

host. a person or entity

• Do you think you would like to spend a semester or year abroad? that receives guests
Where? regret. feel bad about doing
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or not doing something

entail. include, mean

8
 Oral Communication

Do you know anyone who has received a scholarship? Who? For what?

Scholarships

Listen to a university employee talk about the different scholarships

that are available and answer the questions that follow.

• What do you have to pay for at public universities?

• How do you qualify for the economic scholarship?

• How can you receive a scholarship based on merit?

• Is there a discount for someone who belongs to a club?

• From what other source can you get a scholarship?

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Looking for a scholarship

Imagine you own a private business and you want to offer a scholarship
to a few students. What would be the requirements for them to earn
the scholarship? What would the scholarship be for? How much
money would you offer? Write down your ideas here and then share
them with a classmate.

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9
Reading

A woman who stays at home is called a housewife.

What jobs does she typically do around the house?

The Rise of Househusbands

We have all heard the terms “housewife” and “stay- A man who sacrifices his
at-home-mom”, but what about “househusband” career to give his partner the
or “stay-at-home-dad”? These names are becoming opportunity to excel in hers
more and more common as women pursue is an example of gender equality.
professional careers and land important gigs. When For many generations
a couple has a child in today’s economic conditions, and in many cultures,
usually both the mother and the father are forced women have put their
to work. But sometimes families can choose which professional dreams
parent should stay home, and which should be the on the back burner

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breadwinner for the family. This doesn’t necessarily to take care of their
mean that the parent who stays home earns household. When
no money; with technology on the rise, it is quite couples are able
possible to work from home using the internet. to swap their roles
of “breadwinner” and “homemaker”, there is a new-
Studies have demonstrated that there are several found level of respect between them. Not only that,
advantages to a woman being the primary source but a man also ends up appreciating all women more
of income for a family. First, women on average when he shares the work that so many of them still
have been shown to be more fiscally responsible, do (while sometimes even keeping up with a full-
cautiously and carefully taking care of the family’s time professional job).
finances. Furthermore, women have been known
to multi-task better than men; in other words, they So ladies, don’t give up your career ambitions.
can do several activities at once. This helps most The sky is the limit for you too!!
women to be able to balance work and family more
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2W79gqZ
successfully than most men.

Using context, draw a line to match the phrases from the text with their Now answer the questions
meanings to better understand what you read. about the text. Discuss your
answers with a classmate.
Househusbands Give less importance to something
• What is the author
To land a gig Increasing of the blog’s view
on househusbands?
Breadwinner Exchange How can you tell?

On the rise Men who stay home and do chores • What are some advantages
of a woman being the
Furthermore To get a job breadwinner and a man
staying at home?
Excel in In addition
• How do you feel as a young
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Put on the back burner Do well in something man or woman about the
idea of househusbands?
Swap Someone who earns money for a family
Explain your opinion.

10
 Writing
A Persuasive Essay
A persuasive essay has as its purpose the goal Conclusion
of convincing someone of something or to do
something. Usually a persuasive essay is written (Here you basically repeat what you had said in your
to convince the reader to think a certain way about introduction, but using other words):
a certain topic. A persuasive essay uses a formal
register of language and is normally centered around
three main arguments with supporting details.

Step 1

Think of the topics we have seen so far in this module.

Choose one that you feel particularly passionate
about to write your persuasive essay. It has to be
a topic that has arguments on both sides. Your teacher
must approve your topic before you start writing.

Step 2 You should also anticipate possible counterarguments

and present your arguments against them. In other
Once your teacher has approved your topic, you can words, let’s say your topic is that women should
begin to write ideas for each of the five paragraphs be the breadwinners. Someone on the other side
you will write. Remember that each paragraph of the debate could say that women should stay
should be centered around one main idea, and all the home because children are usually closer to their
sentences in that paragraph should be related to that mothers and need them more. What can you present
idea. Remember to support your opinion with FACTS as an argument against this point?
(statistics, quotes from experts, etc.) Write down some
of your ideas here. Step 3

Introduction Using what you wrote above, begin to develop a draft

(first version) in your notebook. Your essay should
(here you introduce your point of view and briefly have five paragraphs and be between 100-120 words.
mention your supporting reasons): Try to avoid the first person (“I”) as much as possible
Instead of saying, “I think” or “I believe women should
be the breadwinners of the family”, simply state it as,
“Women should be the breadwinners of the family.”
This has a stronger effect.

Step 4

Once you have a draft, share it with a classmate.

Supporting idea #1: Ask for their feedback. They should tell you about the
following things:

Content: Are the arguments solid?

Are they logical?
Are they well-supported?

Organization: Does the paper flow well?

Supporting idea #2
Does it have transitions?

Language: Are the correct words used?

Are verbs conjugated correctly?

Mechanics: Are there any spelling

or punctuation mistakes?
Supporting idea #3
Step 5
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Take your classmates comments and improve your

essay to make a final version you will turn in to your
teacher. Be sure you read it one more time before you
turn it in to see if you can catch any mistakes!

11
Language Through the Arts
Theater Professionals

Culture Not all professions involve people sitting in an office from 8:00am
to 5:00pm Monday through Friday. Some university degrees allow
Going to the theater
you to work on a stage or behind the scenes. These are known as theater
is a popular form
professionals. These are many different people who have studied
of entertainment in many
to be able to do different jobs that a theater production requires.
countries around the world.
Perhaps the most famous First, there are the actors and actresses. These are the people who
theater district is Broadway bring the characters of the production to life. They need to be able
in New York City. to do many things like sing, act, and dance. The majority of actors and
There you can see all the actresses have university degrees in acting. A university that is well
plays and musicals that have known for its acting program is Columbia University in New York.
ever been performed. Where
can you go to the theater Besides actors and actresses, there are many other people that
in your country? contribute to making your theater experience amazing. There are the
writers and producers. They write and edit the script for the plays
or musicals down to the very last detail, including gestures, facial
expressions, and movement of the characters. These professionals most
Do you think you would likely studied playwriting. The best universities for this field are New
enjoy any of these jobs? York University and Columbia University in Chicago.
Which one(s)?
Then there are the musicians. These are professionals who have
studied for years to perfect their skills on their particular instrument.
Vocabulary They have practiced for hundreds of hours to refine their technique.
versatile. flexible, able They have to be versatile and be willing and able to play any musical
to do many different things genre from rock to jazz to classical. The conductor leads them
in each song. Many musicians study music at one of the best schools
be willing to. have
the predisposition
in the world, the Berklee College of Music in Boston.
to do something
There are also stagehands, who help move the sets and props. There
are costume, hair, and makeup artists that bring the characters to life.
The light and sound technicians give the production illumination
and sound respectively. As you can see, a lot of people are involved
in making a theater production as spectacular as it is!

List the different jobs that people can have related to the theater
and what each one does.

Theater jobs What they do

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Professional actors in the theater

12
 Oral Communication

How do you think high school and university life are different?

University Life

Grammar Note
Notice the use of the
present perfect continuous.
It is a verb tense we use
when we want to talk about
an action that began at some
point in the past but that
is still continuing in the
present. It is formed
by the auxiliary has/have
+ been + v -ing

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Listen to a conversation between two university students. As you

listen, decide who would say each of the following statements:
Karen, Jeff, both, or neither.

• College life has been treating me horribly.

• I’ve been studying for five semesters.

• My studies haven’t been letting me sleep much.

• I’ve been studying microbiology for three semesters.

• I think time has been going by fast.

• I’ve already been thinking about doing a PhD.

Many times we start things at one point in our lives and they continue
to happen in this moment. Use the present perfect continuous to write
five sentences about actions that were started in the past but continue
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in the present day. Use the subjects given.

Example: I have been teaching at the university level for 15 years now.

• I ___________________________________________________________

• My family and I ______________________________________________

• This country _________________________________________________

Does university life seem
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• My classmates _______________________________________________ difficult? Do you think the

• You (question) _______________________________________________ sacrifice is worth it?
Discuss this in small groups,
**Ask this last question to a classmate and write down his/her answer.** then as a class.

13
Assessment

Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity

1 Listen to this doctor talk about his education and professional

experience and decide if each sentence is True (T), False (F),
or not mentioned (NM).
a. Becoming a doctor takes many years of study. T F NM
b. Not all doctors study medicine for their Bachelor’s. T F NM
c. A Bachelor’s degree lasts six years. T F NM
d. A dermatologist specializes in women. T F NM
e. In internships you work with surgeons. T F NM

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

2 After having completed half of this module, maybe you have been thinking
more about what you would like to be and what career would be best for you.
In groups of three, take turns discussing your future plans. Consider the
following questions:
a. What career would you like to have?
b. What aspects of your personality would be good for this career?
c. What would be some difficulties in this career?

Achievement Level - Vocabulary

Individual activity

3 You and your classmates are very close to graduation. Write a brief
paragraph about what you have been doing this year to prepare for the
next phase of your lives. What have your teachers been doing? Write at
least five sentences using the present perfect continuous.
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14
 Assessment Who are you and who do you want to become?

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

4 Read this paragraph about the advantages of going to college and answer the
questions that follow.

There are seven advantages of getting a university degree. The first

is pretty obvious: a college graduate on average earns more money that
a non-graduate. Second, earning more money means a lower risk of living
in poverty. Third, college graduates tend to be more satisfied with the job
they end up getting than non-grads. Fourth, the cost of not going to college
is rising. This means that life is economically more difficult for non-grads.
Fifth, the great majority of college grads claim that the years of study
are worth it, both professionally and personally. Sixth, a college degree
in your major prepares you better for your dream job than not having one.
And lastly, college graduates have been found to be happier and healthier
overall than non-grads. They smoke less, travel and volunteer more, and are
overall more content with life.

For each of the testaments below from college grads, decide what reason
of the seven listed in the paragraph it most corresponds to. Write a number
1-7 in the blank. You will not use all the numbers.
“I absolutely love the job I have. I couldn’t be happier in it.”
“I love traveling all over the world learning about other countries.”
“I just got my first job out of college and I already make $1000 a month.”
“I spent a lot of sleepless nights studying in college, but it was worth it.”
“I don’t have to worry about being poor because I know I can get a job.”

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Use the present perfect continuous to make statements

and ask questions

Understand and use vocabulary about personalities

Understand and explain different professions

15
 Project 1

What Are We Like?

At the beginning of this module, you read about studies that have been
Tip
done internationally to determine personality patterns of different societies.
Now it is time for you to see if there are any patterns in YOUR society.
When you present
percentages in English, Step 1
remember that you do Work in groups of two. Develop a questionnaire with 10 questions that
NOT use the definite article deal with personality traits. They should be multiple choice and have four
“the”. For example, we say, possible options for each question. You can use hypothetical situations
“50% of the people said they (second conditional: “If you won the lottery, how would you feel?”) or real-
were shy, while 25% said life situations (first conditional: “If you fail an exam, how do you react?”)
they were loud.” Step 2

Review the questionnaire with your teacher before you distribute

it to 10-20 participants. They can be family members or friends who
understand English.

Step 3

Tabulate the results and prepare a presentation for the class in which you
share what you found. You should use pie graphs or bar graphs to display
your data and interpret the results.

The presentation should last 8-10 minutes.

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16
 Let’s Review

Vocabulary Grammar

Let’s remember some of the words you learned Complete each sentence with something that
in the first half of this module. Form a sentence is true for you. Keep in mind the conditionals.
with each of the following words.
1. If I don’t know what to study at the university...
Bachelor’s, Master’s, PhD, scholarships, study
abroad, househusband
1.
2. My friends and I will get scholarships if…
2.

3.
3. I would study something I didn’t like if…

4.

4. If I hadn’t studied at this school, …

5.

Reading Reading

Remember that you read about scholarships. Remember that you read about househusbands.
What did you learn that was useful for you? What was the most interesting thing you learned?
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17
 Lesson C

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Math

Cost of College Around the World

The cost of college varies in many countries around the world. Some
students have to take out loans to pay for their tuitions, while for others,
university studies are nearly free. Below are the average costs per year
of tuition at public universities in several countries around the world.

Country Cost in USD.

Australia $4,763

Canada $4,939

Chile $7.654

Denmark $0
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Finland $0

Germany $0
Culture
Italy $1,658
In most countries
of the world, students Japan $5,229
can go to public or private
universities. Public ones Mexico $527
are subsidized by the Norway $0
government, while private
ones are owned and run Spain $1,830
by private citizens
or institutions. United States $8,202

Vocabulary
Answer the following questions regarding the reading.
loan. money lent to someone • What are the three most expensive countries when it comes
that must be paid back to college?
tuition. money it costs
to attend a university
• What four countries are the cheapest? Do you know where
subsidized. economically they are on a map?
supported by an institution,
usually the government

• Where do you think your country fits in? It is cheap to go to

a public university here? If you don’t know, ask your teacher.
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• If these are the prices for the public universities, what do you think
the private universities might cost on average in these countries?
Comment on it with your classmates.

18
 Oral Communication

What professions require many years of university studies?

Scholarships for Graduate Studies in the United States

Vocabulary
Listen to a professor from the United States talk about studying unaware. a state of not
a Master’s or PhD there. Decide if each statement is True (T) knowing something
or False (F). If it is false, correct it to make it a true statement.
assistantship. in this context,
• Not many people know about the opportunity economic aid in exchange for
to get a Master’s and PhD in the U.S. at no cost. T F working for the university
• There is one type of assistantship available
at U.S. universities. T F
Tip
• In a teaching assistantship, you help a professor
gather data. T F
Remember that there
• If you study a Master’s in Sociology, you can teach are three different levels
basic psychology. T F
of university degrees.
• With an assistantship, your tuition is free, and you The first is Bachelor’s,
can also make some money. T F which lasts four to five
years. The second
is Master’s, which lasts
usually two years, then
Now listen again. Pay attention to the advantages of studying a PhD, which is another
Master’s or PhD in the U.S. Write a short paragraph of 50-65 words to
try to convince a friend to do a Master’s o PhD. Think of the advantages three to four years.
on a personal and professional level.
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19
 Reading

What jobs do you know of that do not require a four-year university degree?
Do you know anyone who does these jobs?

Trade schools
For those people who are not interested in any four-year plans
Discuss the following of study at universities and prefer to work with their hands, there are
questions in groups trade schools. What’s important is to continue your education.
of two or three.
There are many different job opportunities that are offered
• What personality traits when you complete a degree in a trade school. If you want to work
do you think it would
be good to have for each
on people’s houses, you can study to become a plumber or an electrician.
of these professions? Why? A plumber fixes anything that has to do with water in the house, while
an electrician specializes in lighting and electrical work. You can also
• Which of these
be a construction manager, supervising people building a house.
professions seems most
interesting to you? There are also technical careers (that involve two years of study)
in technology. You can be a computer programmer, designing new video
games and computer programs to make our lives easier. You can also
Vocabulary
be a web developer, creating and improving websites for individuals
trade. a job that is normally or companies. Electronical engineer is another option, where you build
manual and requires and repair electronic equipment.
special training
If you prefer to work outside, there are a few options you can study.
A garden and landscaping designer can help to create a paradise outside
for residents. You can also study environmental science and work
in forests to protect our flora and fauna. Or there are petroleum
engineers that work on getting the oil out of the earth.
As you can see, there are several options if studying at a four-year
university is not for you. Just try to combine what you are good at and
what you love, and you should find the perfect job for you!

In the chart below, list the options of technical careers

and describe them in one sentence each.

Career What they do

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20
 Writing
Statement of Intent
In order to be accepted into many university programs, you need
to present a statement of intent. This is a short paper in which you talk
about your academic and professional goals, your reasons for wanting
to study, and your plans for the future.
Now it is your turn to build your own statement of intent.

Step 1

Brainstorm and write some notes about each of the following topics:

What you would like to study:

Where you might want to study:

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What you have been doing that is related to this field:
Grammar Note
To talk about things
Why you want to study this (personal and academic reasons):
you have been doing for
a period of time (and are still
doing now), you can use the
What your future academic and professional goals are:
present perfect continuous.
This is formed using three
parts: has/have + been +
verb in -ing.
It is used to talk about events
Step 2 that started in the past
Take the ideas you wrote above and develop them into a short essay but are still continuing
in your notebook of 80-100 words. Start by introducing yourself, in the present.
and then address all the topics in order. Make sure each paragraph For example:
is centered around one main idea. In your conclusion, thank the
My friends and I have been
readers for their time and consideration. Be sure to use the present
perfect continuous to talk about activities you have been doing studying English for ten years.
to prepare you for the university. (We started ten years ago
and are still studying now.)

Step 3

Exchange your paper with a partner and read your partner’s paper.
Comment on aspects like content, organization, grammar, punctuation,
and vocabulary.
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Step 4

Incorporate the suggestions your partner made and write a final draft
of your paper to turn in to your teacher.

21
Language Through the Arts
Art

What Your Doodles Say About Your Personality

Grammar Note Culture

Observe the words and Doodling is an international art of drawing absentmindedly,

phrases in blue in the text. in other words, without thinking about it very much.
They are connecting words We usually doodle when we are distracted or bored.
that serve the function Do you doodle? When?
of opposing two ideas
(A BUT B). Try to incorporate
them in your writing. Some experts say that our doodles can reveal a lot about who we
are, our personalities. Think about some doodles you have done.
See if they accurately reflect your personality.
Dots: If you doodle dots, it shows that you are an organized person.
Discuss the following
questions with your
If these dots are connected by lines, it shows that you are frustrated,
classmates. maybe because you can’t reach a goal you have.
• Do you think these Flowers: Doodling flowers reflect that you are the romantic type.
explanations sound The type of flower you draw also says something about you. Roses
reasonable? Do you believe show you are loving, whereas daisies suggest you are keeping a secret.
them? Why or why not?

• What do you usually

Stars: If you doodle stars, it means that you are imaginative and
doodle? Is it explained very determined.
above? Is it true for you?
If your doodles are not Hearts: People who doodle hearts usually feel vulnerable. The more
explained above, what hearts you doodle, the more vulnerable you are.
do you think they indicate
about your personality? Wheels or spirals: Doodling wheels or spirals that are moving
forward show that you are content with your life. On the contrary,
if they are moving backwards, it reflects that you are confused.
Boats, ships, and planes: These doodles suggest that you are trying
to escape a situation.
Your name, signature, or initials: These doodles reflect that you are
very self-confident and enjoy being the center of attention.
Animals: Here, it depends on the animal you draw. If you draw
a bird, you are looking for freedom. However, if you doodle a rhino
or an elephant, it means you are self-conscious about your weight.
On the other hand, if you draw a fish, you need to go away from where
you are and confront an important issue.
Squares, diamonds, or other geometric shapes: Doodling these
shapes means that you are stubborn and your beliefs are set in stone.
Faces: If you doodle a nice or pretty face, it suggests that you
are very trusting. If, by contrast, you draw an ugly or messy face,
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it means the opposite.

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22
 Oral Communication

Would you like to take a class entirely on the internet? Why or why not?

Distance Learning

Grammar Note
Listen to someone talk about online universities and distance learning
and fill in the chart below according to the information you hear. Notice how advantages and
disadvantages are juxtaposed
Advantages Disadvantages using connectors of contrast
such as on one hand…
on the other hand, however.

Culture
Some jobs are being
eliminated because
of advance in technology.
For example some
computers and robots
are taking some jobs
of humans. Do you think
this will happen to teachers
Answer the following questions in complete sentences. in the future?
• After considering all the advantages and disadvantages,
do you think online programs are right for you? Explain.

• Are there some subjects that you think would work better online
than others? Consider sciences, history, languages… Explain.

• Do you know any universities that offer online programs

in your country?
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• Do you think the future of education will be online? Explain.

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23
 Lesson D

Communication and Cultural Awareness

University Life in the United States

Culture
In some cultures, like the
United States, when you
turn 18 years old, there is
a lot of pressure from society
to be independent. You start
working and find your

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own apartment or go away
from home to live and study
on a university campus.

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What do you think about this?

When you are 18 years old in the United States, you are considered
a legal adult. This means that for many people, it is time to move out
Discuss the following
of their parents’ house. In most cases, young adults go to the university.
questions in small groups.
This university campus can be an hour away from your home, or several
• Do you think you would hours away across the country in another state. No matter where it is,
be comfortable living far it is the first time that young people live on their own.
away from your family
to study at the university At most university campuses across the United States, there are
like many students do
dormitories, or dorms, where students can live. These are large
in the U.S.? Explain.
buildings that can have several floors and include many rooms. Usually
• How do you think U.S. rooms are shared between two students. They have two beds and two
university life is similar desks, but no bathroom. Most of the time one bathroom is shared
to university life in your
country? How do you
by many rooms. There are cafeterias in these buildings that serve all
think it is different? types of food for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Student housing can be
very expensive, costing thousands of dollars per semester, unless you
• If you were given the have financial assistance from the government or private scholarships.
opportunity, do you think
you would like to study The university years in the United States, like in many countries
in the United States?
Why or why not?
of the world, require a lot of hard work, but there is also time for
fun. There are several clubs and organizations that students can join,
including sports, arts, and theater groups. There are also cultural events.
Some say that they are the best years of your life!

Fill in the blanks with 1-3 words to complete the sentences

according to the reading.

• You are considered a legal adult in the U.S. when you

• When you go to the university in the U.S., it is usually the first time

that you live

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• The places where students live are called

• Dorm rooms usually have two and two

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• Unless you have financial aid, student housing is very

24
 Oral Communication
1. Listen to these two students talking about personalities
and complete the form below.

Myers – Briggs Personality Test

Created by:

You take a and get results.

Four categories:

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Where to find it:

2. Judge your own personality based on these characteristics

• Are you an introvert (I) or an extrovert (E)? Write I or E.

• Do you follow your senses (S) or intuition (N)? Write S or N.

• Are you a thinker (T) or a feeler (F)? Write T or F.

• Do you tend to judge (J) or perceive (P)? Write J or P

Now put the four letters you wrote above together in order.

Write them here:

3. Go online at school or at home and take the test.

https://www.16personalities.com/free-personality-test

Write your result in four letters here:

4. Did you predict the same result? What does your result mean?
Write notes and be prepared to share them with your classmates.
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25
Reading

Have you ever given a younger person advice?

Advice for a High School Student Preparing for College

Hello future university students!! 3. Telling the truth will always get you further
than lying. If you do something wrong, like cheat
I can imagine you all are very apprehensive about on a test, always tell the truth. Your professors
the new stage of life you are about to experience. will appreciate you much more for being honest
College is a big step for everyone to take. It means than continuing to try to cover your error up.
more independence, but also more
responsibility. I have come up with 4. Studying is important, but so is enjoying life.
a list of tips to hopefully make Some students become so involved with their
the transition easier for you. studies that they don’t make time for fun. This
is not good. You should find a balance where
1. It’s important to keep you can be successful in your classes, but also
up with your studies. do healthy activities you like.
It’s easy for university
students to get involved 5. Establishing and maintaining a support system
in having a social life and is crucial. We all need someone to lean on when
let their schoolwork slip. times get tough. Knowing you have a circle
Remember that the further of friends and family that you can count on when
behind you get, the harder it is you are going through difficult moments is what
to catch up. will help you make it through them.
2. It’s okay to ask questions. As long as you have I hope these tips help you. And remember, like
been paying attention in class and your question in other aspects of life, attitude is everything.
is not something the professor just said, ask! If you maintain a positive attitude throughout your
Maybe your classmates have the same question. university experience, you will most certainly have
the time of your life!

Vocabulary

apprehensive. worried, Summarize this blogger’s advice in one paragraph of 5 sentences.

cautious Use your OWN words and summarize the main ideas.

keep up with. complete

on time

slip. in this context,

fall behind

lean on. metaphorically,

to find support in someone

In this reading, again we can observe the use of gerunds and

infinitives. What are the patterns you can observe? Write them below.

Gerunds are used

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Inifitives are used

26
 Writing
Writing a Resume

When you start applying for jobs, you will need to give the employers
a copy of your resume, or CV (for curriculum vitae in Latin). This is basically
a summarized story of your academic and professional life. The most recent
events come first. Look at the example below and use it to write your own
in your notebook. Your teacher will tell you if you should make up some
information, or only include information that is true for you.

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Jennifer Smith
2442 Wakefield Street
Darien, IL 60561
United States of America
Home: (630) 910-2016 Cell: (630) 917-7801

Career Objective (this is like your professional goal)

To transmit knowledge about language and linguistics in an interactive

manner through deductive reasoning; to contribute to the advancements
in the field of linguistics through empirical research.

Academic Background

2015. Master’s Degree in Linguistics – University of Illinois at Chicago.

2013. Bachelor’s Degree in Hispanic Studies – University of Indiana.
2009. High School Diploma – Downers Grove High School.

Professional Experience

2016-present. Professor at Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador.

Educator and researcher in language phenomena.

2013-2015. Spanish teacher at University of Illinois at Chicago.

Basic level Spanish language class instructor for undergraduate students.

Awards and Recognitions

2013-present. Excellence in Teaching Award.

2013-2015. Teaching Assistantship Scholarship from University of Illinois.
2013. Inducted member of Spanish Honors Society

Languages

English: native speaker

Spanish: native-like fluency, oral and written
French: advanced level, oral and written
Catalan: intermediate level, oral and written
Kichwa: beginner level, oral and written

Skills

Proficient in Microsoft Word and Power Point

Familiarity with Microsoft Excel
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Basic knowledge of webpage design

27
Oral Communication

Do you think men and women in your country make the same amount of money for the same job?

The Wage Gap

Culture
The difference in what Listen to the person speak about the gender pay gap and decide
men and women earn if each statement is True (T), False (F), or Not Mentioned (NM) in what
can vary from country you hear.
to country. Some countries • The gender pay gap is the difference between how much
where women have been women and men earn that are working full time.
working for decades have • The same difference has existed throughout history.
less of a pay difference than
those where women have • Ten years ago, women earned 70 cents for every
dollar men did.
just recently joined the
workforce in the past years. • Now, women earn 60% of what men earn.
Also, countries where
• It seems that this inequality is improving somewhat.
women are more liberated
suffer less of a pay difference
than countries where women
are still submissive and
Discuss the following questions in small groups. Take notes on what
have little voice.
you say

• Do you see evidence of the pay gap in your community? Explain.

• Do you think men and women will ever earn the same? Explain.
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• What can be done to reduce the pay gap?

Vocabulary

gap. space
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burden. the main

responsibility

28
 Language Through the Arts
Know the Professionals Who Contributed
to This Book!
Culture
This English book, and the books you use to learn in all your classes,
Publishing a textbook
were made through the collaboration of several different professionals.
is a long and complex
First, authors were hired. In the case of the English books, these authors
process. How many people
are English teachers or linguists who are specialists in the English
do you think were involved
language and language teaching.
in creating this book? How
After the authors write their drafts, they have to be revised long do you think it took?
by proofreaders to be sure that there are no typos or other mistakes,
and that everything is cited correctly.
Then the draft goes on to a layout designer. This is usually a graphic
designer who puts all the text on the page and adds images to supplement
what is written. Sometimes the layout designers have to ask the authors
for revisions in order for the text to fit adequately on the page.
Then, once the revisions have been made and the text has been put
on the pages of the book, the book goes through an external revision
with outside reviewers that send comments to the authors and layout
designers to make the book even better.
After they make their changes, the book is reviewed one last time
by a chief editor to be sure there are no errors. Then the books are sent

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to the publishing company to be printed and then delivered to you to use!

After you have read the text, decide which professional is responsible
for each of these jobs related to the book-making process. Choose from
author, proofreader, layout designer, external reviewer, chief editor,
or publisher.

• The first person to review the book for mistakes.

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• The one who prints the final copy of the book.

• The person who creates all the activities.

• The one who chooses images to go with the text.

• The last person to do a final review of the book.

• The person who reviews the book from an outside perspective.

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29
Assessment

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

1 Write a paragraph of 50-75 words in which you state what you plan to do after
you graduate this year. Include your studies and the job you hope to have.
Use phrases like “I hope to”, “I plan on”, “I expect to” and pay attention
to whether you have to use the gerund (-ing form) or the infinitive (to + verb).
Write it in your notebook.

Achievement Level - Reading/Vocabulary

Individual activity

2 Read each of the descriptions of professions below and match it with its name.
Write the letter on the line. There is one extra profession.

a. computer programmer d. politician

b. archaeologist e. teacher
c. fashion designer f. psychologist
• I am the profession that prepares all other professions. What’s the hardest
part? Seeing that you may not be able to help everyone. But the best part
is knowing that your influence can last a lifetime.
• I love to work with bones and dig for ancient treasures. It’s hard work sometimes,
but it is so rewarding to discover parts of history.
• My main job is to serve others. After all, that’s what I was elected for!
• I am a creator, and I even consider myself an artist. Everyone thinks my job
is simple and that everyone can do it, but some people can’t even match their
own outfits!
• My job is very solitary. I have to spend a lot of time with a machine and sometimes
that gets lonely. But I am motivated knowing that I am creating things that will
make people’s lives easier and even entertain them!

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

3 After having completed this module, maybe you have been thinking more
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about what you would like to be, and what career would be best for you.
In groups of three, discuss your future plans. What career would you like
to have? What aspects of your personality would be good for this career?

30
 Assessment Who are you and who do you want to become?

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

4 Pretend you and a partner are participating in a job interview. Decide what
job you each would like to interview for. Create a list of eight questions that
an employer can ask an interviewee. Consider topics such as academic and
working history, personality, classwork, strengths and weaknesses, etc. Write
them in your notebook so you don’t forget them. First, one of you is the employer
and the other is the interviewee, then switch roles. Your teacher will evaluate each
of you individually.

Achievement Level - Grammar

Individual activity

5 Read the following sentences about university life. Choose the correct verb from
the box and write it in either the gerund (-ing) form or the infinitive (to + verb).
There is one extra verb.

study remember drink procrastinate forget write

• is very common on college campuses, but only

do it in moderation so it doesn’t affect your health and studies.
• It’s difficult for some students everything they have
to do, so it’s important it down somewhere in order (not)
.
• is waiting to the last minute to do something, like
an assignment or study for an exam.

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Use gerunds and infinitives correctly

Talk about different personalities

Understand and talk about different university degrees

31
 Project 2

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Class Debate on Cost of University Education
Some people believe that people should pay a high price for a college
Tip education, that it is an investment in your future. Others believe that
it is a basic human right that should be easily accessible and free for
While you are debating, everyone. In your class, you are going to debate this topic.
remember your
Step 1
connecting words,
especially those Your teacher will divide your class evenly and at random into two groups:
of contrast that we one that will be in favor of paid university education and the other in favor
have seen throughout of free university education. The group you are assigned will not necessarily
reflect your own personal views on the topic.
this module.
Step 2

Sit with your group and discuss some possible arguments in favor of your
position. You also need to think of counter-arguments: anticipate what
arguments the other side will give and think of a response to them.

Step 3

Go home and look for statistics online that will help support your
arguments. They should come from reputable sources, not blogs
or Wikipedia. Make sure you write down where you got the information
from (author, year of publication, title of article, webpage).

Step 4

In class the next day, take 10 minutes to organize yourselves and

your information in your group. Decide who is going to say what.

Step 5

Debate with your classmates. Remember to always construct educated

arguments and maintain respect for your classmates on both sides
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of the debate.

Step 6

After your teacher says the debate has finished, discuss your own personal
opinions on the topic. Does everyone in the class agree?
32
 English How is our planet doing?
Pedagogical Module 3
Curricular Threads: Communication and Cultural Awareness,
Oral Communication, Reading, Writing, Language Through the Arts

Third Course BGU

Relative clauses 5
Protecting the
6

So
Ecuadorian Amazon

ci
Prefixes, suffixes,

a
4

lS
and roots

tu
die
7

s
Natural disasters

Sc
So and such 3
ish

ie
nc
Pachamama
gl

e
The World 8 and the Andean
En

So
Present perfect cosmovision

ci
2 Needs

al
passive voice

St
Me

ud
Making art out
9

ie
of garbage

s
Environment
1

Ar
vocabulary

t
Values

12 Education for change 11 Environmental care 10 Interculturality

The Time Is Now

Maybe the environment is urgently trying
to tell us something. Some people say that
the end of the world is coming soon, and that
we humans are the cause of it. We certainly have
a lot of responsibility to our planet, Mother
Earth. Without the conditions that are unique
to this planet, like oxygen and water, we as a
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species could not survive. Robert Swan, the

first person to walk on the North and South
The planet is getting hotter, the ice caps poles, said: “The greatest threat to our planet
are melting, there are more and more natural is the belief that someone else will save it.”
disasters like hurricanes and earthquakes… If not us, who?

• What do you think about what Robert Swan says? What does he mean?
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Do you agree?

• On a scale of 1 to 10, 1 being nothing and 10 being a lot, how much do you
think your community is doing to help our environment? Why do you say that?

1
 Lesson A

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Social Studies

What do you know about the Ecuadorian Amazon?

Protecting the Ecuadorian Amazon

Culture The Amazon region of Ecuador is found in the eastern part of the
In the Amazon region country. Of the four geographical regions of the country (Amazon,
of Ecuador, there are Highlands, Coast, and Galapagos), it is the largest in area. It is one
nine different indigenous of the most biodiverse places on the planet, with thousands of species
nationalities: Kichwa, Shuar, of plants and animals. It is a natural treasure for the country and the
Achuar, Shiwiar, Cofán, Siona,
world. There are five national parks in this region: Yasuni, Cayambe-
Secoya, Zápara, Andoa, and
Waorani. They speak different Coca, Llanganates, Sumaco Napo-Galeras, and Río Negro-Sopladora.
languages and have different
customs. Most of these This beautiful region is in danger. There is a lot of oil (near 800
nationalities welcome million barrels) in the ground of the Ecuadorian Amazon. If oil
thousands of international companies remove this oil from the ground, the ecosystem will be
tourists every year. disturbed. It can harm the plants and animals. Some indigenous groups
of the region, especially the Waorani, have fought and won important
legal battles to preserve the land. But this fight is far from finished.
There are constant attempts by oil companies to drill in the region.
There are also instances of illegal deforestation in the region. As long
as there continues to be strong opposition to this, there is hope that the
Amazon region of Ecuador will remain protected.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2z610Oi

Answer the following questions in small groups. Write down what

you discuss.
Wikimedia Commons

• According to the reading, what is special about the Amazon region?

Vocabulary • What are the two sides of the oil debate? What do oil companies
want? What do the indigenous people want?
ground. Earth’s solid surface

disturbed. changed
in an unwanted way
• Have you heard any news recently about this topic? Share it.
harm. damage, hurt

attempt. an effort
to do something

drill. make a hole • What is your own personal opinion? Should the oil companies
in something be able to drill for oil in order to make money, or should the
Amazon be protected? Defend your opinion with solid arguments.
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2
 Oral Communication

Do you believe trees have any special powers? What are they?
Have you heard about the power of hugs? What benefits do you think hugging has?

Hug a Tree!

Interesting Fact

Our brains release

hormones as a reaction
to many different situations.
These can make us feel
better, like in the case
of hugging trees, or make
us feel anger or ready
to fight. These are natural,
physiological reactions
that our bodies produce

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as a response to a stimulus.

Tip
Listen to someone talk about tree hugging and decide if each of the
statements below are True (T) or False (F).
In this recording, we can
• Hugging a tree doesn’t have many health benefits. T F hear the person use the
• Depression can be reduced by hugging a tree. T F second-person singular
pronoun “you” often. This is
• Children only see cognitive benefits when they called the generic, impersonal,
hug a tree. T F
or indefinite “you”. It is used
• There are three hormones involved when you to refer to an unspecified
hug a tree. T F person. In this case, it brings
• Hugging trees is a good way to reduce stress. T F the listener closer to the
words the person is speaking.

Listen to the recording again. Reflect on the questions below. Answer

them in complete sentences, then share your answers as a class.

• Do most of you agree?

• Do you believe what the person says about the benefits

of hugging trees? Why or why not?

• How can people determine the effects of something like hugging trees?
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• Do you personally interact with nature in any other ways that help
you to feel better? What are they?

3
Reading
Science

What are some natural disasters you know? Who or what do you think causes them?

Natural Disasters in Ecuador

There are different types of natural disasters that occur in Ecuador; Grammar Note
one is an earthquake. An earthquake happens when the plates Notice the words in green.
of the earth move against each other. Hundreds of earthquakes have This is the present perfect
been recorded in Ecuador. The strongest earthquake in the country passive voice. It is used
that has been measured was on December 12, 1979. It happened when the emphasis
in the Pacific Ocean on the border between Ecuador and Colombia is on the action and not
and measured 8.2 on the Richter scale. It caused a tsunami, which necessarily who did it and
is another type of natural disaster. It is a long high wave that can cause for an event that has
a lot of destruction. happened in a time frame
Volcanic eruptions are another type of natural disaster. In Ecuador, that includes the present.
including the Galapagos Islands, 27 potentially active volcanoes have It is formed: has/have (not)
been counted. Some of the most famous of these are the Cotopaxi, + been + past participle
Reventador, Cayambe, and Tungurahua. Volcanoes can be erupting,
active, dormant (not active but may be in the future), or extinct (has The problem with
not erupted in over 10,000 years). The state of Ecuador’s volcanoes has air pollution has not
been monitored for decades. been solved.

Wildfires are also a natural disaster that occur in Ecuador. During the Have recycling containers
past few years, more and more wildfires have been registered, especially been installed throughout
during the summer months of June, July, and August in the highlands. the city?
Many acres of land have been burned. When the weather is dry and
warm, wildfires are more likely to occur. We have to be careful because
with these conditions, fires can spread quickly and destroy a lot of land.

Organize the information from the reading about natural disasters

in Ecuador. List the four types of natural disasters mentioned in the
meeting and write notes about each one. When you write notes,
it is not necessary to write complete sentences. Use your own words.
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Natural disaster Details about each one Tungurahua volcano

1. 1.
Using the present perfect
passive voice, write three
2. 2. sentences about things that
have been done in your
community that affect the
environment, either positively
3. 3. or negatively.
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Example: Garbage cans

4. 4. have been installed at every
street corner.

Write them in your notebook.

4
 Writing

What should we do about the Ecuadorian Amazon?

An Opinion Paragraph for a Newspaper

Tip

Remember to use
connecting words to make
your paragraph flow better.
Some words used to connect
similar ideas are: in addition,
furthermore, moreover. Some
words used to oppose ideas

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are: however, on the other
hand, nevertheless.

Step 1

After having read about the situation with the Ecuadorian Amazon
and petroleum it has, what is your opinion? Are you in favor of
or against drilling for oil there? Mark one:

in favor against

Step 2

Now, think of three supporting reasons why you have that opinion.
Two should be your own arguments for your position, and one should
be a counterargument to something the other side would say.
For example, if the topic is school uniforms and you are against them,
you have to think of something that someone who is in favor of school
uniforms would argue, to then counter their argument. Someone in favor

Wikipedia / Julien Gomba

of them may say: “School uniforms help all students to look the same,
no one is judged.” You can then say: “But school uniforms take away
self-expression through your clothes.”

Write your arguments here:

Argument 1:

Tip

Argument 2:
When writing your opinion,
it is not necessary to use
Argument 3: The other side of the debate might say phrases like“I think”, “I
believe”,or “My opinion is”.
, but
We can assume that since
(your counterargument). you are the author, what
Step 3 you write is what you
believe. These phrases
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Write a paragraph of 60-75 words in your notebook. Your first sentence weaken your opinion.
should clearly state your opinion. The next 3-5 sentences should be
your arguments. Finally, you should write a concluding sentence that
reinforces your opinion.

5
Language Through the Arts

Have you been to a beach before? Which one? Did you think it was clean or dirty?

Ghost Nets
Culture Just outside of the small Australian ocean town called Pormpuraaw,
There are indigenous people the indigenous people of the area, called aborigines, have come up
in Ecuador, but also in many with a great idea. Recently, they noticed that huge fishing nets were
other parts of the world. appearing on the shore. They are called “ghost nets”, because they
These are the descendants are thrown into the ocean, they float like ghosts, and trap and kill
of the original inhabitants a lot of marine life.
of the land, before the arrival
of explorers from other
countries. Some of them The aborigines started to collect these nets that they found on the
still preserve the traditions shore. Then, they began to gather rubber, plastic, and metal pieces.
of their ancestors. They took the nets and the pieces of debris and arranged them into
works of art. They make different figures that represent sea life or other
animals. The finished art sells for up to $15,000. 65% of the profits
go to the artist, and 35% goes to the art center in the town.

The aborigines of Pormpuraaw not only hope to make money from

their art. They also want to raise awareness about how we treat our
environment, especially our oceans and marine life. We need to pay
attention to the effects our actions as humans have on the environment
and take care of our home.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/35CBHj7

Imagine that you are one of the aborigine artists from the reading.
Using the same materials they use, draw a picture of a net sculpture
that you would create. Remember that the idea is to raise awareness
Daniel Almeida

about environmental issues. Under your drawing, explain why you

decided to create that particular figure.

Vocabulary

come up with. invent, discover

rubber. a material used

to make tires, for example

debris. pieces of garbage

or waste

arrange. fix, put together

profit. money earned from

selling something

awareness. consciousness
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6
 Oral Communication

Do you know anyone who takes care of the environment? Who is this person?

Listen to the person talk about important environmentalists, people

Tip
who dedicate their lives to helping our planet. Then fill in the chart
with the missing information.
Remember that when we
Country Important contributions talk about where a person
Name is from, we can use the
of origin to our planet
name of the country
or the adjective. Both take
Malaika capital letters in English.
Vaz
Paul Watson is an
environmental activist from
Canada. He is Canadian.
Hans
Cosmas
Ngoteya Vandana Shiva is an
environmental scholar from
India. She is Indian.

Bertie
Gregory

Alyssa
Adler

David
Lama

Antonella
Wilby
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Listen to the recording again. Reflect on the contributions of these

young people and discuss the following questions as a class.

• Do you think these young people are really making a difference

in the environment? How?
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• Do you know of any young people in your country making

a difference like this? Do you think you could do it?

• Which of the young activists seem the most interesting

to you? Why?

7
 Lesson B

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Social Studies

Have you heard of the term Pachamama? Do you know what it means?

Answer the following questions in complete

sentences based on the reading.

1. What is the most common translation

for Pachamama in English?

2. What powers does the Pachamama have?

3. What do people offer to the Pachamama?

4. How do people maintain a good relationship

with the Pachamama?
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Machu Picchu Ruins

The Pachamama is usually translated into English

as “Mother Earth”, although the more literal From the description of the Pachamama given
translation would be “World Mother”. She is an in the text, draw what you think she would look like
in the box. Be prepared to describe your drawing
Andean indigenous goddess. She is worshipped in the out loud to the class.
region of Tawantinsuyu, the former Incan Empire,
which now includes the Andean regions of Ecuador,
Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and northern Argentina.
In Incan mythology, she presides over planting
and harvesting crops and can cause earthquakes.
She is also the goddess of fertility. In the Quechua
cosmovision, the four principles – Water, Earth,
Sun, and Moon – come from her. She is the mother
of the Sun god Inti, and the Moon goddess Mama
Killa. She is offered many sacrifices, especially
animals like llamas and alpacas. Rituals to honor
her are celebrated all year, but especially in August,
which is the coldest month of the year in the
southern Andes.
With the arrival of the Spaniards, in some Vocabulary
regions of the Andes, the Pachamama was replaced
by the Virgin Mary. But those who believe in the goddess. female god
Pachamama can maintain a balanced, reciprocal worshipped. venerated, revered
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relationship with her. It is said that if people treat

the Pachamama well and offer her the best sacrifices, harvesting. collecting fruits and vegetables
to be eaten when they are ready
then she in return will give them a good harvest.
reciprocal. works in both directions, for each other
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2yCMvS7

8
 Oral Communication

What do you do with food you don’t finish? Do you think that you could do something different?

How to Make a Compost Bin

Culture
Listen to someone talk about how to compost. Imagine you want Think of what happens
to share the information with your own community. Complete the to the fruits and vegetables
following flyer that explains how to do it. that fall off plants. They fall
How to Make a Compost Bin to the ground and naturally
start to decompose in their
Composting is making organic matter (1) to be able
environment! A compost bin
to use it as (2) fertilizer. helps organic waste
You can do this in your own (3) ! It’s easy!
to do the same.

First, you need to get a (4) . The best material

is (5) . Vocabulary

Then, you need to make 8-10 (6) in the bottom. decompose. organic material
that breaks down
Put pieces of newspaper or (7) at the bottom.
fertilizer. product to put in
Then add (8) . Then you can put organic material the soil to help plants grow
like fruit and vegetable waste and other similar items. healthier
Wet it with water, then (9) it. You can also add peels. the outside part
of a fruit or vegetable
(10) to help with the decomposition process.
worms. small, soft,
invertebrate animals that
live in the ground
Listen to the recording again. Draw a diagram that goes along with
your instructions. Label each part of the compost bin.

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9
Language Through the Arts

Do you know any songs that are about our planet?

“The Earth Song”

Culture by Michael Jackson
Michael Jackson (1958- Read the lyrics from “The Earth Song” by Michael Jackson.
2009) was an American What is the message?
singer, songwriter, and
dancer. He was a very
influential figure in pop What about sunrise, what about rain
What about all the things that you said we were to gain
music in the late 20th
What about killing fields, is there a time
century. He is one of the What about all the things that you said were yours and mine
best-selling music artists
of all time, selling over Did you ever stop to notice all the blood we’ve shed before
Did you ever stop to notice this crying Earth, these weeping shores…
350 million records
worldwide. His legacy What have we done to the world, look what we’ve done
will live on forever. What about all the peace that you pledge your only son
What about flowering fields, is there a time
What about all the dreams that you said was yours and mine

Did you ever stop to notice all the children dead from war
Did you ever stop to notice this crying earth, these weeping shores…

I used to dream, I used to glance beyond the stars

Now I don’t know where we are
Although I know we’ve drifted far…
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2znXyP6

• In groups of 3-4 students, analyze the song lyrics verse by verse.

What is Michael Jackson trying to communicate?

• Do you think that songs are a good way to raise awareness about
the environment? Why or why not?

Inspired by the lyrics of “The Earth Song”, compose your own song
about our planet. Decide on a melody that you know and write new
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lyrics to go with the melody in your notebook. Your teacher will decide
if you should do this individually or in small groups.

Vocabulary

shed. lost
If you can, listen to the song. Notice how some words are longer
weeping. crying than others when singing. Do you think listening to music is a good
way to improve your English? Why or why not?
glance. look
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drifted. traveled slowly

and without destination

10
 Oral Communication

Is there a recycling program in your community?

If there is, describe it to the class. If not, why do you think there isn’t one?

Listen to two friends talk about a new school recycling program.

Then decide if each of the following sentences are True (T), False (F),
or Not Mentioned (NM).

1. The school just started a new recycling

program this year. T F NM

2. There are two different containers: one for

recyclables and one for non-recyclables. T F NM

3. The school has reduced waste by 50% this year. T F NM

4. Both friends have recycling programs

at their schools. T F NM

5. Both friends think it is important to help save

the planet. T F NM

Grammar Note
In this dialogue, you can hear the words so and such come up often.

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Can you remember the rule for the use of these words? Take some
examples from the dialogue:
SO: That’s so cool! It’s so simple.
SUCH: It’s such a great idea. It’s such an easy system to use.
Use the examples to write the rules below:
SO is used…
SUCH is used…

Write four sentences about things your school does or could do to help
the environment. In two of the sentences, use so, and in the other two,
use such.

1.

2.

3.

4.
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Even though there are initiatives to implement recycling programs,

it seems many people still throw away items that can be recycled.
Why do you think this is? What can we do to motivate people
to recycle more?

11
Reading

What do you think the benefits are of recycling for the planet? Make a list together as a class.

Amazing Facts About Recycling

Recycling is a process by which new material is created using old
items. It is part of a waste disposal hierarchy that is: reduce, reuse,
recycle. Here are 10 important facts about recycling.
1. Recycling one aluminum can save a lot of energy…enough
to run your TV for three hours!
2. Recycling helps conserve natural resources like gas, coal, and oil.
3. Recycling 2,000 pounds of paper can save 17 trees.
4. The plastic bags that have ended up in the ocean kill over
a million sea creatures every year.
5. Over 60% of what is thrown away in the garbage
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can be recycled!
6. A modern glass bottle takes about 4,000 years
to decompose, and maybe even longer in a landfill.
And this glass is 100% recyclable.
7. Most people produce about 4.4 pounds of garbage every day.
8. By recycling one ton of plastic, we can save between
1,000-2,000 gallons of gasoline.
9. Recycling one glass bottle can save enough energy to power
a 100-watt bulb for four hours.
10. Making recycled paper produces 70% less air pollution than
making new paper.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2SPEm3J
pik
ee
Fr

Synthesize the material from the reading and organize it into

the boxes below. Write complete sentences in your own words.

Glass

Plastic
Vocabulary

hierarchy. a ranked series Paper

of things
Aluminum
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coal. black substance made

of carbon

ton. unit of measurement Other Facts

equal to 2,000 pounds

12
 Writing

Have you ever written a letter to an authority? To whom? For what?

A Letter to My Principal
You have decided to write a letter to your principal to try to convince Tip
him or her to do something about recycling at your school. If you do not
have a program, you are writing to suggest implementing a recycling Remember to use
program in your school. If you already have a program, you are writing connecting words to link
to let your principal know your thoughts about the program, how ideas. They help your
it is working, and if you suggest any improvements. reader to follow what you
write better. When you
want to join similar ideas,
Think about how you are going to organize your letter. This is a formal you can use furthermore,
letter, so you need to use the appropriate greeting and formal language. additionally, in addition,
Dear Principal (last name): moreover.
Then you can start the body of your letter like this:

The purpose of this letter is to…

Continue the letter by telling your principal why you are writing.
Then explain your supporting ideas in a logical order. You should
have three of them. Finally, thank your principal for taking the time
to read your letter, and sign your name. Use both so and such
at least once in your letter. Also use at least one present perfect
passive to say what has or has not been done. Your letter should
be 80-100 words.

Dear Principal (last name):

The purpose of this letter is to…

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Tip

Remember that “so”

is followed by an adjective
and “such” by a(n) + adj
+ noun.
This is so important.
This is such an important topic.
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13
Assessment

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

1 In groups of three, discuss the most serious environmental problems affecting

your community today. Why do you think they are serious? What can be done
to improve the situation?

Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity

2 Listen to the person talk about organic foods and decide if each of the statements
are True (T), False (F), or Not Mentioned (NM).
a. Organic food refers to how foods are grown and processed.
b. Organic vegetables can have GMOs.
c. Organic chickens are not given hormones.
d. Organic foods are more delicious than non-organic foods.
e. Organics foods are generally less expensive than non-organic foods.

Achievement Level - Grammar

Individual activity

3 Change the following sentences from present perfect active voice

to present perfect passive voice. Rewrite each one.
a. Politicians have not made laws to prevent climate change.

b. Schools have developed programs to recycle.

c. People have not learned important lessons about the environment.

d. Farmers have grown genetically modified fruits in Ecuador.

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e. People have not taken good care of the Earth.

14
 How is our planet doing?

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

4 Read the following passage about Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

and answer the questions that follow.

Special techniques have been used to change the genetic composition of plants
for many centuries. These have come to be called genetically modified organisms,
or GMOs. Experts still have not been able to determine if the pros are more than
the cons. GMOs have been proven to be safe in some studies, but not in all studies.
They also lower the price of food. Additionally, they have environmental benefits
like less water and pesticide use. However, GMOs may cause allergic reactions.
They can also harm the environment in that they require toxic herbicides.
Because of these negative aspects, many European countries do not allow GMOs.
It may take several years to determine if these organisms are really beneficial
or not to humans and our planet.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2CMgCZk

1. The main idea of this paragraph is: 4. All of the following are negative
a. GMOs are beneficial. aspects of GMOs EXCEPT:
b. GMOs are dangerous. a. They can cause allergic
c. The pros and cons of GMOs. reactions.
d. GMOs are grown around b. They can harm the
the world. environment.
c. They have not been 100%
2. GMOs have been shown to be safe proven to be safe.
a. in all studies. d. They use less pesticides.
b. in no studies.
c. in academic studies. 5. At the end of the paragraph
d. in some studies. a. It is clear that GMOs are good.
b. It is clear that GMOs are bad.
3. In this paragraph, the sentence, c. It is clear that we have no
“They also lower the price of food” is: information of GMOs.
a. a pro. d. It is clear that experts still
b. a con. cannot completely decide
c. neutral. if they are good or bad.
d. It’s impossible to tell.

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check (√) the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Read and understand information about our planet

Understand the difference between “so” and “such”

Write a letter to an authority figure

15
 Project 1

School Campaign to Save Our Planet!

It’s time for you and your fellow students to take charge to help save
our planet. You are participating in a school campaign to make fellow
students, teachers, and visitors at your school become more conscious
of the importance of protecting our own home. You will create a poster
to represent your campaign and also come up with a slogan about
the environment.

Instructions

Step 1

In groups of three or four students, brainstorm ideas about what your

campaign will be about. What is the general focus? Why is it so important?
Write some ideas here.
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e
Fre

Step 2

Draw a sketch of what your poster will look like.

Step 3

Think of a creative slogan to go with your poster. A slogan should be a short

phrase that catches people’s attention. Write it here.

Step 4

Select one of your group members to draw the poster on a big piece
of poster board. Be sure to color it.
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Step 5

Present your campaign to the class. You can vote among your class (or the
whole school!) to determine who has the most impressive campaign.
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16
 Let's Review

Grammar Reading

Remember that you saw the present perfect Of all the readings you have done so far in this
passive voice (has/have been + past participle). module, what is the information that has most
Think of three things that have been done impacted you? Why?
in your school recently and write them here,
using the past perfect passive.
Example: New windows have been installed
in our classrooms.
1.

2.

3.

Grammar Vocabulary

Remember that you saw the uses of so and such. You learned several new words in the first part
Complete each of the following sentences with of this module. Use the ones listed below in
your own opinion. a paragraph about your planet. Be sure to show
that you know what they mean in your writing.
1. Our world is such…
ground harm earthquake
debris come up with

2. Taking care of the environment is so…

3. Humans’ relationship with nature is so….

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4. The Ecuadorian Amazon is such…

17
 Lesson C

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Have you heard of the term “cosmovision”? What does it mean to you?

The Andean Cosmovision

Culture To understand the Andean cosmovision, one must have an open
Every culture in the mind and be willing to see things from a different perspective. The
world has its own way Andean cosmovision is mystical. It searches for harmony and recognizes
of viewing its surroundings. diversity and plurality as positive aspects.
These views are based According to the Andean cosmovision, there are three main worlds
on religion, history, that coexist. The hananpacha is a Quichua word that means “heaven”.
or cultural concepts. This is where the clouds, stars, rainbows, and lightening are. The second
Even though we may not part, the kaypacha, literally means “here land” in Quichua. It includes
all share the same opinions, everything that is found on Earth: animals, people, mountains, plants,
we must respect each other’s oceans, rivers, lakes… Finally, there is the uckupacha, the lower world
way of thinking, just like of mystery. This is where the seeds and the spirits of ancestors are
we expect others buried and come up as new life.
to respect our own.
In the Andean cosmovision, it is believed that between the
underworld and the earthly world, there is communication through
openings such as caves, craters, and lagoons. The role of human beings
is one of interpreters of the messages that are transmitted from heaven.
The constellation of the Southern Cross, known as chakana in Quichua,
is an important symbol that represents the union of the three worlds
that are in constant communication.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/3dAkAkz

After reading about the Andean cosmovision, draw a visual

representation of the Andean cosmovision based on the elements of
the reading.
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Vocabulary

surroundings. everything
that surrounds someone
or something

be willing to. have the

disposition to do something After reading about the Andean cosmovision, do you agree with it?
Does your town or community share any of the views? Write down
lightening. electrical surges your ideas here. Be prepared to share them with the class.
seen as light during a storm
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caves. openings in mountains

lagoons. small lakes

of still water

18
 Oral Communication

Have you ever heard of global warming? What is it? Do you know what causes it or how you can stop it?

Causes and Effects of Global Warming

Grammar Note
Listen to the following podcast about the causes and effects of global
warming. Take notes in the box below to organize the information In the podcast, you hear
you hear. some complex sentences.
These sentences include
Cause Effect relative clauses.
These are parts of sentences
introduced
by relative pronouns,
such as that, which, who,
whose, where, or when.
They usually define
or give more information
about something that
came before them
in the sentence.
Global warming is a serious
environmental problem that is
getting worse.
The main cause of global
warming is carbon dioxide,
After listening to the causes of global warming, what do you think which is also known as CO2.
you can do to reduce the problem? Is there something you can
do individually, or does this problem require community action?
Discuss these questions in groups of 3-4 students and come
up with possible solutions.

Read the grammar tip about relative clauses. After listening to the
podcast, complete these sentences with relative clauses with some
ideas in your own words.

1. Global warming is a dangerous phenomenon which…

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2. Carbon dioxide is a gas that …

Vocabulary

greenhouse gas. a gas that

absorbs radiation from the sun
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3. It is difficult to imagine a world where…

bounce. move quickly back
from a surface after hitting it

decrease. lower, reduce

19
Reading

Do you know a young person making a difference in your community, your country, or the world?

You are going to read about a young environmental

Wikipedia / Frankie Fouganthin

activist. What do you think activists do? What types
of activities do they participate in to promote their
message? Brainstorm some ideas in small groups,
then share them as a class.

Greta Thunberg
Greta Thunberg is a young Swedish This is one part of that speech to world politicians:
environmental activist. She was born in 2003 in
Stockholm, Sweden. She began a major international “You have stolen my dreams and my childhood
movement for climate change in 2018 with a simple with your empty words,” she said. “And yet I’m one
message: “School strike for climate” written on of the lucky ones. People are suffering. People are
a poster board. With that, she started protesting outside dying. Entire ecosystems are collapsing. We are
school every Friday, starting “Fridays for the Future”. in the beginning of a mass extinction, and all you
can talk about is money and fairy tales of eternal
Thanks to social media, Greta’s popularity has economic growth. How dare you!” Later, she said,
greatly increased. She has even been nominated “For more than 30 years, the science has been crystal
for the Nobel Peace Prize. She has spoken at many clear. How dare you continue to look away and
events about climate change around the world. One come here saying that you’re doing enough, when
of these important trips was in September 2019 the politics and solutions needed are still nowhere in
to the United States. To show her support for the sight... You are failing us. But the young people are
environment, instead of traveling by airplane, she starting to understand your betrayal. The eyes of all
took a zero-emissions yacht from Europe to New future generations are upon you. And if you choose
York City. She crossed the Atlantic in two weeks to fail us, I say: We will never forgive you.”
and arrived in the United States. There, she met
former President Barack Obama and gave a speech. Greta continues to be an environmental activist,
Two days later, she walked in protest with 4 million traveling around the world to promote climate
protestors. Then she spoke before the United awareness and taking care of our planet.
Nations in her famous “How Dare You” speech. Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2ST4Dyk

Vocabulary

strike. a collective action After reading about Greta Thunberg, reflect on what you read
of agreeing to stop working and answer the following questions in complete sentences.
until conditions improve 1. Explain in your own words how Greta got started as a climate activist.
yacht. a large boat

dare. to have the courage 2. What was unique about Greta’s trip to the United States?
to do something

fairy tales. children’s stories

about magical beings 3. Reread the lines from Greta’s speech. Summarize her message in
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one sentence. Do you agree with what she says? Why or why not?
betrayal. to fail or abandon
someone in a time of need

20
 Writing

What is the relationship between a cause and an effect?

Cause-Effect Essay
Many phenomena that happen around the world can be linked to a series Tip
of causes. As a result of these phenomena, there can also be several effects.
You are going to write an essay that discusses the causes and effects of
a specific environmental problem. Between your paragraphs,
you should include
Step 1
transition sentences.
Think about all of the environmental issues you have seen in this module The first sentence of each
and that you know. They can be related to the land, to the air, to the water, paragraph should transition
or any other part of our environment you can think of. Write your issue here:
your reader from the
previous one. You can use
linking phrases like “Not
only X, but also Y”
or “In addition to X, Y”.

Step 2

Brainstorm the possible causes of the issue you chose, at least three.
Write them in the column on the left side. Then brainstorm at least three
of the effects of the same issue and write them on the right side.

Causes Effects

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Step 3

Outside of class, research your topic and add or change the causes and
effects from Step 2. Try to find sources in English, but put what you read
in your own words. You should not copy word for word what you read,
because that is called plagiarism and is illegal.

Step 4

Organize your essay. In your first paragraph, you should say what issue
you are going to discuss and briefly define it. In your second paragraph,
talk about the causes of the problem. In your third paragraph, discuss the
effects of the issue. In the fourth and final paragraph, propose some ideas
of how to fix the problem, based on the causes you wrote in paragraph 2.
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Your essay should be 100-120 words. You should use the present perfect
passive and relative clauses throughout your essay. Write a draft in your
notebook. Your teacher will revise it, give you suggestions, and ask you
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to turn in a final version.

21
Language Through the Arts

Do you play an instrument? Which one? If not, would you like to?

The Recycled Orchestra of Cateura

Culture The Recycled Orchestra of Cateura is an orchestra from Paraguay.
Do you know the But they are not any ordinary orchestra. What makes this orchestra
difference between bands special is that they use instruments that are made from recycled material.
and orchestras? Orchestras The musicians are young Paraguayans from poor neighborhoods who
are instrumental groups all share a love for music.
that include brass instruments,
string instruments (like The orchestra began their rise to fame in 2012. They are directed
violins, violas, cellos, and
by Favio Chavez. There are several different instruments in the
bass), and percussion.
Bands are instrumental orchestra, such as the violin, viola, cello, bass, guitar, flute, saxophone,
groups that do not include trombone, and percussion instruments, all made out of garbage that
string instruments. was saved from going into a landfill. They have performed in several
countries around Latin America, Europe, and North America. Recently,
a documentary was made about the group, which has won many
international awards. They play every genre of music from classical
to pop to rock to traditional Paraguayan songs.
This orchestra helps to give hope to its members and allows
Wikipedia / Post of Paraguay

them to play with their own creativity though the designing of their
instruments to their musical expression. It gives them a purpose
in life that otherwise would be depressing for them, living in the poorest
neighborhoods around Asuncion. It allows them to dream about
a better future and contribute to our world through their beautiful music.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/3cka2WG

Based on the reading, determine if each of the following sentences

are True (T), False (F), or Not Mentioned (NM).

1. The Recycled Orchestra is from South America. T F NM

2. The orchestra has been famous for 2 years. T F NM

3. The orchestra plays many different types of music. T F NM

4. Many people donate money to the orchestra. T F NM

5. Members of the group dream of a better future. T F NM

Imagine you were going to construct one of the instruments in the

orchestra. Which one would you choose? How would you make it?
What materials would you use?
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22
 Oral Communication

What other ways have you seen to package drinks apart from plastic bottles?

Edible Water Bottles

Grammar Note
Listen to the podcast about edible water bottles and choose the best
answer for each question. Notice the words that
come up in the podcast
1. Plastic bottles take about …
like rethink, recycle, reuse,
a. 700 years to decompose. reinforce. The re- part of
b. 700 years to be recycled. the word is called a prefix.
c. 600 years to dissolve. It comes before the base
d. 600 years to melt.
word. In this case,
“re-” means “again”.
2. Only of plastic bottles are recycled.
With that in mind, what
a. 20%
do these words mean?
b. 25% replace, rewrite, redo
c. 30%
d. 35%

3. The inventor of the Ooho is from

a. Mexico.
b. The U.S.
c. Spain.
d. It isn’t mentioned in the podcast.

4. The first step to make edible water bottles is

a. to put them in gelatin.

b. to pour water into a bottle.
c. to leave them in a solution for a long time.
d. to freeze the water in balls.

5. The Ooho has received positive reviews.

a. always
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b. sometimes
c. never
Vocabulary
d. The podcast doesn’t mention this.
edible. able to be eaten

gelatin. tasteless, colorless

food ingredient
Discuss these questions as a class.
reinforce. strengthen
1. Would you try the edible water bottle? Why or why not?
get used to. become
2. What other alternatives can you think of to plastic water bottles? accustomed to something
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23
Communication and Cultural Awareness

Should students have a class just about the environment in school?

Environmental Education in Italy

In 2019, Italy became the first country in the world
to make environmental education mandatory. This
was the result of student protests over climate change
and also the changing environmental conditions.
Before then, lessons about the environment were
part of students’ civics classes, but now they are
integrated through different school subjects. The
students study climate change for a total of 33 hours
over the academic year.
Italy’s curriculum serves as a pilot program for the
United Nations. If the program is successful, other
countries might follow. Italy’s Minister of Education

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who made this decision, Lorenzo Fioramonti, said
that he wants to be sure that Italian students are
well-informed about the environment and learn the Culture
truth about climate change so that they can hopefully
help to fight it. He firmly believes that every citizen The Paris Climate Agreement was signed in 2016
by 195 countries, including Ecuador. The goal
of the world must do his or her part to prevent the is to decrease global warming by reducing carbon
complete destruction of the planet we share. emissions. It is helping the environment, but
it is not enough to entirely stop global warming.
Adapted from: https://nyti.ms/2yCef9L

Imagine that you are the Minister of Education Answer the following questions in complete
in Ecuador. You have decided to implement sentences. Then share your answers as a class.
a program like the one in Italy, 33 hours
of environmental studies in one school year. 1. Do you think this type of program would also
What would the curriculum look like? What would work in Ecuador? Why or why not?
the goal of the course be? What topics would you
study? What activities would you do with students
from your grade level? In groups of 3-4 students, fill
out the curriculum form. Then share your papers as
a class. Do you have a lot of things in common?

Environmental Curriculum 3rd course

Program goal: 2. Not all Italians agree with students studying

so many hours about climate change. What
do you think their arguments against it may be?

Topics:
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Activities:

24
 Oral Communication

What makes a particular quotation become famous?

Famous Quotes About the Environment

Grammar Note
Many people have spoken their minds about the environment.
Below is a collection of famous quotes about the environment. Remember that relative
In groups of 2-3 students, read each one of the quotes out loud. clauses are parts
Then, share your interpretation of each one. of a sentence that are
Then, if time permits, your teacher will assign a quote to each group introduced with a relative
and you will stand in front of the class and talk about the quote for pronoun (who, whose,
one minute. Think of what it means, your opinion, and any examples what, where, when, that)
from real life that relate to the quote. and give more information
about something previous
in the sentence. Can you
identify any relative clauses
1. “I only feel angry when I see waste; when I see people in the quotes? Be careful,
throwing away things we could use.” – Mother Theresa because the list of relative
2. “The Earth is what we all have in common.” pronouns sometimes have
– Wendell Barry other functions and
do not always introduce
3. “We have forgotten how to be good guests; how to walk relative clauses!
lightly on the Earth as its other creatures do.”
– Barbara Ward
4. “A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are
the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh
strength to our people.” – Franklin D. Roosevelt
5. “What’s the use of a fine house if you don’t have a
tolerable planet to put it on.” – Henry David Thoreau
6. “Progress is impossible without change, and those who
cannot change their minds cannot change anything.”
– George Bernard Shaw
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7. “He who plants trees loves others besides himself.”

– Dr. Thomas Fuller
8. “One of the first conditions of happiness is that the
Vocabulary
link between man and nature shall not be broken.”
– Leo Tolstoy purify. to make cleaner

9. “Environmentally friendly cars will soon cease to be shall. expressing

an option…they will become a necessity.” – Fujio Cho a strong intention

10. “Like music and art, love of nature is a common language cease. to stop
that can transcend political or social boundaries.” transcend. go above
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– Jimmy Carter or cross

Taken from: https://bit.ly/2STQsc0

25
Reading

What can schools do for our planet?

Look at the title of this reading. What do you think the eco-schools
program consists of? What do you think students do? Discuss these
questions in small groups.

Eco-Schools Program
The eco-schools program is sponsored by the UNESCO. It began
in 1992 as a result of needs identified at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development. It is now effective in school classrooms
around the world, with over 20,000,000 students that participate.
The idea is to get young people involved with the environment in an
active way by being able to make decisions at their schools. It instills
in young people the concern for their planet.
How does the program work? It involves three parts: The Seven Steps
Framework, the Eco-Schools Themes, and Assessment for the Green Flag.
The Seven Steps help the school establish the program and maintain
the program. The Eco-Schools Themes are 12 main topics that are the
focus of the program: biodiversity and nature, climate change, energy,
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food, global citizenship, health and wellbeing, litter, marine and coast,
school grounds, transport, waste, and water. Those schools that comply
with all of the requirements of the project are awarded a green flag. This
is an international symbol of positive environmental and social action.
These programs are in schools all over the world, from North America
to Asia to Europe to Africa. In Latin America, you can find eco-schools
in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Brazil, and Chile. Eco-
schools program does many events and activities related to creating
awareness about the current state of the environment including projects
Vocabulary
with plants, water, litter, and wildlife. Its website provides resources
sponsored. paid for by for teachers as well as other information about the program. It is the
a group or organization hope that the program continues to grow and add more students to its
instills. to establish an idea
international network, and that students’ participation in the program
in someone’s mind sensitizes them to environmental issues for life.
concern. worry, interest Adapted from: https://www.ecoschools.global/

wellbeing. a state of being

comfortable and happy
After having read about the eco-schools program, you are
comply. to meet standards going to write a very brief summary of what you read. In order
awarded. given as a prize to do this, first you should identify the most important information
in the article. Write them in your own words in complete sentences
sensitizes. makes someone and in a logical order. You should write 40-50 words. Write the
sensitive to something summary in your notebook.
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26
 Writing

Who might you need to write a formal letter to?

Writing a Business Letter

Sometimes, certain situations in life require us to write a formal Grammar Note
letter, also known as a business letter. This type of letter uses formal
language and a specific structure. You are going to write your own Since this is a formal letter,
business letter. it is a good idea to use
complex sentences, which
often have relative clauses.
Try to include a few of them
Step 1
in your letter.
Imagine you are the principal of your school and you are interested
in joining the eco-schools program that you read about on the previous Example: I am writing as the
page. You are going to write a letter to the director of the program, principal of X school, which
Mr. Pramod Sharma, to express your interest and ask for information. is one hour south
Brainstorm the ideas you are going to include in your letter and write of Quito, Ecuador.
them here.

Step 2

Organize your ideas here. First, you should introduce yourself. Then,
you should mention why you are writing. Then, you can explain why
you are interested in the program and what kind of information you
would like. Finally, thank the director for his time and politely express
your desire to receive a response. This can all fit in one paragraph.

Introduction:

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Interest and information:

Thank you and desire for response:

Step 3

Now write a draft of your letter in your notebook. Start by writing

the name of the city or town you are writing from followed by the
date in the top right corner. Then write on the left side, “Dear Mr.
Sharma:” (use a colon instead of a comma because it is formal).
Then proceed to write the body of your letter. To finish, on the left side,
write “Sincerely,” and sign your name beneath it. Your letter should be
75-90 words.

Step 4
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Turn in your letter to your teacher. He or she will give you general
feedback to improve your letter. With your teacher’s comments,
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write a clean version of your letter and turn it in again.

27
Language Through the Arts

What are some things we can do with old clothes?

Old Clothes Become Memory Bears

Culture When a loved one dies, we are left with their possessions, including
What do we do with the old their clothes. We can donate them, or we can recycle them and turn
clothes that we no longer them into…teddy bears! The young artist Mary MacInnes from Scotland
use? Some people donate came up with this idea. She takes the favorite shirt, dress, pants, or skirt
them to charity. Others sell of a loved one and uses it to make what she calls a “memory bear”.
them at low prices to people
who need them. Other people Each bear takes about five to six hours to make, which includes the
use them as rags to clean the designing, planning, cutting, sewing, and the final details. A memory
house. And others, like Mary
MacInnes, turn them into art.
bear costs around $65. Mary says that when she gives her bears to her
customers, almost all of them cry because of the memories that the bears
provoke. Some bears even come with a little pocket where a person can
put a letter or other important memory from the person who died.
Mary claims that her memory bears help people through the
grieving process. By giving people a physical item to be able
to touch and hug, they feel closer to the one they lost. She says that
it is a privilege for her to create something from people’s possessions.
Even though making memory bears was not her original plan, she
is happy to know she is helping others.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2OGI0KV
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After reading about memory bears, decide if each of the following

sentences are True (T), False (F), or Not Mentioned (NM) in the reading.

1. Mary MacInnes is a young Scottish artist. T F NM

2. A memory bear takes over seven hours to make. T F NM

3. Most customers buy more than one memory bear. T F NM

4. Mary says her bears don’t help with grieving. T F NM

5. Making memory bears was Mary’s first goal. T F NM

Think of someone you love who has died. What would a memory bear
Vocabulary of them look like? Draw a picture and write a description of the person
and the clothes. Be prepared to share your memory bear with the class.
donate. give something
to someone less fortunate

sewing (sew). join or fix

something using needle and
thread or a sewing machine
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grieving. feel sadness,

usually because of the
death of someone

28
 Oral Communication

What do you think sand is used for?

The Importance of Sand to Our Planet

Grammar Note
In this conversation,
you hear these words:
interestingly, unfortunately,
desperately, easily, luckily.
The -ly ending is called
a suffix, because it appears
at the end of the root
or base word. It changes
an adjective into an adverb.
More examples of -ly
adverbs are: surprisingly,

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dangerously, carefully, really.
Can you identify the root
of each word? Can you use
each in a sentence? Can
Listen to two friends talk about the importance of sand. Decide if each
statement is True (T) or False (F). If it is false, correct it to make it true.
you think of more of your
own examples?
1. Sand is the most used natural resource on our planet. T F
Write down the answers
to these questions
2. Sand is used to make cement. T F
in your notebook.

3. All sand is the same. T F

4. Soon, there will be no more sand. T F

5. Bamboo is a possible alternative to cement. T F

Vocabulary
Think about relationships of cause and effect that we have seen jar. small cylindrical container
in this module. Listen to the conversation again and answer the usually made of glass
following questions.
run out. not have any more
1. What is the cause behind the sand supply diminishing? of something

suitable. adequate

2. What are the effects of this happening?

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29
Assessment

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

1 In pairs, discuss some short-term and long-term goals you as young

people can have to help your planet. What can you do today? This week?
This month? This year? In 20 years?

Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity

2 Listen to the news segment about Earth Day and answer the questions
that follow.
1. What date is Earth Day?
2. How did Earth Day start?

3. Does Earth Day have the same theme every year?

4. What is the goal of Earth Day?

5. What can you do to participate in Earth Day?

Achievement Level - Grammar

Individual activity

3 Complete the following sentences with relative clauses and your own ideas.
Start with a relative pronoun. Use a different one for each sentence.
1. On this planet, fortunately there are young people
2. There are places in Ecuador
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3. Recycling is an initiative
4. We live in an era

30
 How is our planet doing?

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

4 Read the following text on nature therapy and answer the questions.

We as humans have become an indoor species. We spend less and less time
outside. But few of us are aware of the benefits of being surrounded by nature,
and there are several. First, being in nature reduces stress by lowering the level
of cortisol, the stress hormone. The sights, sounds, and smells of nature help
to slow your heart rate and regulate breathing. Second, nature is rich in prana, the
primordial force that supports all life. You can absorb a lot of it by breathing fresh,
clean air. Third, the natural world inspires a sense of awe in its beauty. You feel
humbled in its presence. Fourth, you can reconnect with the ground. If you touch
the ground with your bare feet, the flow of energy helps reduce inflammation,
stress, and anxiety, and also improve circulation. Finally, being in nature can
help improve your sleep rhythms and mood. So this weekend, make plans
to spend time outdoors. Your body will thank you for it!
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/30u2Wds

1. Nowadays, we humans spend most 3. Prana is

of our time a. a force c. nature
a. at work c. outdoors b. air d. a plant
b. inside d. none
2. The sights, sounds, and smells 4. Which of the following does
of nature lower the level of nature NOT help with?
a. depression c. cortisol a. Stress levels c. Circulation
b. breathing d. prana b. Breathing d. Diabetes

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

5 In your notebook or on a separate sheet of paper, write a response paragraph to the reading
above. Do you agree that nature therapy works? Why do you feel the way you do? Be sure
to provide some specific examples. Write 90-100 words.

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Use relative clauses correctly

Understand and use environment vocabulary

Write a formal letter

31
 Project 2

Invention Made from Waste!

In this module, we have seen many different uses for garbage, from
Tip
sculptures to musical instruments. Now it’s your turn to let your creative juices
flow. You are going to invent something new… made entirely out of garbage!
When you give
instructions on how
to make something,
you should include
ordering words like first,
then, next, finally.
And your verbs should
be in the imperative
or command form.

Notes

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Step 1

There are two ways you can start this project. In groups of 3-4 students,
you can begin by brainstorming ideas of inventions. Think of things that
can help to make people’s lives easier. Or you can start by making a list
of items that are usually considered garbage and think of what you can
build using them.

Step 2

When you have your idea of the invention, write the name of it and
a list of the things you will need. Remember that everything should
be considered waste or something that would be thrown in the garbage.

Step 3

Once you have your list of items you will use, write the instructions
on how to build your invention. Be sure to use words that show order,
like first, then, next, finally, last. Your instructions should be one
paragraph long.

Step 4

Write another paragraph to describe how your invention works and

what it is good for. Think of it as an advertisement or commercial for
your new product!
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Step 5

If you have the materials, build your invention to show to the class. What
does everyone think of it? Do you think you could sell it on the market?

32
 English Are you proud of your habits?
Pedagogical Module 4
Curricular Threads: Communication and Cultural Awareness,
Oral Commmunication, Reading, Writing, Language Through the Arts

Third Course BGU

Expressing wishes 5
Coloring
6 and origami

Ar
Zero and first
4

t
conditionals review

So
Habits around
7

ci
the world

lSa
tu
3

d
Reported speech

ie
s
ish

Writing
8 a summary

La
gl

Good

ng
En

ua
Conjunctions
and

ge
Effects
Bad Habits 9 of habits

Sc
on your body

ie
nc
Vocabulary related
1
e
to habits

Values

Psychosocial Healthy Gender

12 development
11 habits
10 equality

Our habits, both good and bad, make up who

we are. A habit is a pattern established over
a period of time. Maybe this is something we
started as young children, or maybe just in the
past year. Good habits, like exercising regularly
and doing homework as soon as we arrive
home from school, can improve our quality of
life. In the same way, bad habits like smoking
or drinking, can do the opposite; they can make
our lives worse than before. Benjamin Franklin
once said, “It is easier to prevent bad habits
than to break them.” We alone have the power
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to develop good habits and avoid bad ones.

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• What do you think Benjamin Franklin meant by what he said? Do you agree?

• How are habits formed? Are we as individuals the only ones responsible for
forming good or bad habits?

1
Communication and Cultural Awareness
Social Studies

What are some of the eating habits in your community?

Eating Habits Around the World

Culture
Food habits are different all
We all know that food
around the world. The people who
varies from country to
live in some places are known to eat
country, and even from
healthier than others. Data collected
region to region within the
using an iPhone application called
same country. For some
“The Eatery” was recorded. In this
places, eating insects
app, people take a picture of the
is normal, but for others it
food they are eating, label it, and
is strange. We should never
then give it a healthiness rating.
judge the food that others
From this project, the researchers
eat. When we travel, it is
found several interesting findings.
always a good idea to try
all of the local food. You The most popular food in the world is salad, then chicken, then
never know, you may be cheese. People around the world seem to eat better at breakfast than at
pleasantly surprised! dinner. People from Sao Paolo, Brazil, eat about five times more kale
than any other country. People in Copenhagen, Denmark, eat 18.5 times
more rye than people in other countries. As a whole, around the world,
we tend to eat more unhealthy food on the weekend with Sunday being
the worst day. Vegetarians seem to eat healthier than those who eat all
foods. And in general, most people rank the foods that they eat as being
healthier than when other people eat the same foods!
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/3hpg8rc

On a scale of 1-10, 1 being extremely unhealthy and 10 being

extremely healthy, how healthy do you consider the following foods
to be?

• Hamburger _____________ • Yogurt _____________

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• Rice _____________ • Orange juice _____________

• Ham and cheese sandwich • Lettuce and tomato salad

_____________ _____________

• French fries _____________

Compare your ratings with your classmates. Do you all agree?

What criteria did you use to determine your ranking?
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Consider your own diet. On average, how would you rate in on the
same scale from 1-10? Why? Discuss this in small groups. Do you
have the same ranking?
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2
 Oral Communication

What do you think are common habits in teenagers?

Teenage Habits

Listen to a conversation between two teenage friends about habits.

What do you
List the good habits and bad habits that are mentioned in their usually do
conversation. in the morning?

Good habits Bad habits

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Vocabulary

Listen to the recording again. According to what one of the teens gaming. the act of playing
says, when do you think something becomes a habit? For example, video games
is something like Facebook a bad habit for all teens who use it?
Explain your answer. smoking. using cigarettes

avoid. prevent from

______________________________________________________________ happening
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Now discuss your answers as a class. Do you all agree?

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Form groups of 3-4 students. Besides the habits mentioned in the

dialogue, can you think of others that teens tend to have? Are they
good or bad habits? Are they shared by the majority of teens?
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Debate your answers together as a group.

3
Reading

What is a habit? What makes or breaks a habit?

Habits, Defined
What is a habit? Depending on who you talk to, it can be defined
In groups of 3 students, in different ways. Usually, habits are seen as routine behaviors that are
brainstorm all of the habits
done on a regular basis. For example, brushing your teeth three times a
that you can think of. They
can be good or bad. Normally, day can be considered a habit if you have done it every day for a while.
we want to create or make Sometimes habits are even unconscious behaviors developed over a
good habits and break bad period of time through repetition, like always putting your right shoe
ones. Write your habits in the on before your left. Habits can also be mandatory behaviors, like always
chart below.
turning in your homework in your teacher’s box before the start of the
school day.
Make (Good Habits)
From a psychological perspective, habits can be thought of as a
connection between a trigger thought and our response. If this happens
every time the connection takes place, then it becomes a habit. For
example, a feeling of stress can cause a person to overeat. This bond
between the thought of being stressed and overeating can strengthen
over time. If this happens consistently every time a person feels stressed,
it becomes a habit.
Break (Bad Habits)
Habits can contribute to defining our character, both positively and
negatively. We should constantly strive to create good, healthy habits,
and work to break unhealthy ones.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2FLw4WR

Answer the questions below in complete sentences based on the

reading on habits.

1. Taking into account the different definitions mentioned in the text,

write your own personal definition in your own words of what a
habit is.

HABITS
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2. Explain the psychological definition of a habit in your own words.

Think of your own original example.

Vocabulary
3. In the last paragraph, the text suggests that habits can define our
character. Can you think of an example of this from real life?
tend to. usually do something

mandatory. obligatory

perspective. point of view

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4. Give the text a different title that summarizes what it is about.

trigger. something that
provokes us to do something

overeating. eating too much

4
 Writing
Do you usually read blogs? About what?

A Blog on Your Habits

Grammar Note

Pay attention to how you

connect your ideas. When
there are two or more ideas
that are similar, we tend to
link them simply with “and”.
But sometimes we can use
other words like furthermore,
in addition, additionally.

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When two ideas are
different, we often use “but”.
We can also use however,
Blogs are similar to modern-day journals or diaries. You can write your nonetheless, nevertheless.
life experiences here to share with others online. In this blog, you will
reflect on your own personal habits.
These words are part of a
higher register of the English
language that are usually used
Step 1: Start by brainstorming about your own habits.
Remember the definition of “habit” that you read on the
in writing or formal speeches.
previous page. What habits do you consider to be good ones?
And bad ones? Make a list of each.

My Good Habits My Bad Habits

Step 2: To your list from Step 1, add details to each habit. How
long have you been doing them? Why did you start? Do you
plan to continue in the future?

Step 3: Looking at your list, organize your blog. What will you
write about first, second, third? Put numbers next to your ideas.

Step 4: Write your blog. Start with an introduction sentence

to capture your readers’ attention. This can be a question, or
a famous quote, or an interesting fact. Then talk about your
habits. Finally, conclude with a sentence that leaves your
readers thinking about your topic.

Step 5: Exchange your blog with a classmate. They will respond

to what you write in a few sentences with their opinions
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about your habits. Then turn in your writing to your teacher for
feedback. He or she can ask you to write a second draft taking
into consideration his or her comments.
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5
Language Through the Arts

Do you like to sing? In a group or alone? What kind of music?

The Habit of Singing

Culture
Psychologists have done
studies about how music
affects us. Did you know
that the genre of music that
has been proven to most
improve our mood is tropical

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music? This includes salsa,
merengue, cumbia, bachata,
son, and others. It doesn’t Did you know that singing a few times a week can actually improve
matter if a person doesn’t your well-being? It’s true; scientific studies have shown this! Here are
understand the language that five good reasons to start a singing routine today:
the song is in; the rhythm
1. Starting is so easy! Singing is free. You don’t need any equipment
and instruments seem to
or materials, only your voice. You can sing in the shower, walking to
speak an international
school, or as you do your homework. There is no limit to your voice…
language that helps all of us
well, just be sure that the people around you don’t mind!
to feel better. So next time
you are feeling down, turn 2. Singing is good exercise! It is an aerobic activity; it is good for
on some salsa and feel better! your heart and lungs. It is important to use good breathing techniques.
Singing long notes helps to improve your lung capacity, which can
make you run and play sports better.
3. Singing makes you feel better! This activity doesn’t only help
your heart and lungs. It also makes your body produce endorphins,
a hormone that makes you feel happy. It also produces the hormone
oxytocin, which reduces stress. Singing in a group develops a sense of
belonging. It is often used as therapy for people who are ill.
4. Singing gives you self-confidence! The hormone oxytocin that
reduces stress also lowers anxiety and increases feelings of trust in yourself
and in others. The more you sing, the more confident you will feel!
5. Singing opens your mind! Singing exposes you to new types
of music, new artists, new sounds, and new ideas. If you really like it,
you can even consider a career in singing or something related to music.
So sing in the shower, walking to school, anywhere you can!
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Adapted from: https://bit.ly/31neG3h

Vocabulary Discuss the questions below in small groups of 3-4 students.

improve. get better 1. Of the five reasons listed to make a habit of singing, which one
seems most convincing to you? Why?
don’t mind. it isn’t a problem
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2. After reading this article, will you consider making singing a habit
develops. creates in the future? Why or why not?

belonging. feeling of being 3. Do you know someone who sings as a habit? Do you think this
a member of a group person is healthier and/or happier?

6
 Oral Communication
Value: Gender equality

Do you ever use bad words? In what situation and with whom?

Swearing!
Culture
In many countries, there is
a double standard between
men and women when it
comes to swearing. Many
studies have found that
people consider women
who swore to be weak or
even repulsive. On the other
hand, men are considered
dynamic and even attractive.
This double standard
shouldn’t exist. Men and
women should be able to

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use the language equally.
In fact, some recent studies
have found that occasional
Listen to two teens talk about swearing. Decide if each of the
sentences are True (T) or False (F) according to what you hear. swearing is actually healthy
for all humans because it
1. If Paula is stressed, then she swears. T F releases stress. So don’t judge
a woman if she swears.
2. Phil never swears. T F
We just shouldn’t offend
3. At first, Phil doesn’t agree with women swearing. T F anyone with our language!
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2Qi30Zl
4. Paula agrees with Phil. T F

5. Paula believes that men should be censored when

they speak. T F

6. Paula thinks that swearing should not be a habit. T F

7. In the end, Paula was able to convince Phil. T F

Vocabulary

Discuss these questions in small groups, paying special attention to if overwhelmed. extremely
the boys and girls agree. Then talk about your answers as a class. Do stressed, usually caused
the boys and girls feel differently about these topics? by a lot of work
1. Do you agree with Phil or Paula about women swearing? Why? swearing. saying bad words
2. Do you think all cultures have the same perspective censor. to control the material
on women swearing? and/or expression of others
3. In your culture, do men and women use language the same way?
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4. Why do you think a double standard exists in many places

between men and women when it comes to swearing?

5. What can you do to try to eliminate this double standard?

Do you think you can change people’s minds about swearing?

7
Communication and Cultural Awareness

Do you use social media? Which one(s)? For what purpose?

Social Media Habits

Grammar Note
All around the world, social media has
Reported Speech
become a part of our everyday lives. We
Notice the sentences in the use it to keep in touch with others, to 10:10

activity after the reading. communicate, to get our news, even to

They are all considered learn languages and find new recipes.
reported speech. We use However, psychologists and doctors
reported speech when we say that we need to be very careful to
want to say what someone not let our social media control our lives
else said. Notice that we and become an addiction. Here are seven
can use different verbs to simple guidelines to follow when using
introduce the reported social media:
speech, like say, tell, claim, 1. Use social media with a purpose. Be conscious of what you are
suggest, ask, affirm, confirm, doing and how you are spending your time on social media.
and many others.
2. Make your real-life friends and family your priority. Social media
is a good way to stay in touch with friends who live far away, but don’t
forget the friends and family that are around you.
3. Limit your time on social media each day. According to an article
in the Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, people who spend 30
minutes or less on social media each day report that they are happier
and have more positive feelings.
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4. Follow people and pages that make you smile. Do not pay attention
to people, pages, or images that cause you to have negative feelings.
Of the list of sentences below, 5. Don’t use social media before bed. Doctors say that the light from
circle the ones that are true. the phone’s screen and the images we see can disturb our sleep. Turn
• The article says that social off your phone one hour before you go to bed.
media has not become very
important in our lives. 6. Live in the moment. When you are spending time with family
and friends, don’t waste time on social media. You will miss precious
• The reading states that real-life moments!
people who spend more
than 30 minutes on social 7. Take a break once in a while! If you notice that you are feeling sad
media every day are happier or depressed from being on social media, disconnect. Take a vacation
than those who don’t use from social networks for a few days.
social media.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/3gn8j44
• Doctors affirm that our
phones’ screens can cause
us to sleep poorly.
In groups of 3-4 students, discuss your social media habits.
• The article tells us to pay Ask and answer the following questions:
attention to our phones
more than real-life people. 1. What social media do you use?
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• The reading says that we 2. What do you use social media for?
should stop using social
3. On a given day, how many hours do you spend on social media?
media for a few days if it
makes us feel sad. 4. Do you think you are addicted to social media?

8
 Oral Communication

On a scale of 1-10, how would you rate your study habits?

Study Habits
Grammar Note

In small groups, brainstorm a list of good and bad study habits. Observe all the sentences in
How many of them do you share? How can you improve your bad the activity. They contain
study habits?
reported speech. We use
this when we want to say
something that someone else
Listen to a high school student named Jim talk about his study habits. said. Pay attention to how
Fill in the blanks with one word to complete the sentence. the verb forms change from
1. Jim said that last year he had been a bad student, so this year the original sentences.
he is going to make some ______________ to do better in school. “I was a terrible student last
2. He admitted that it was his own ______________ that he didn’t year.” Jim said that he
do well. had been a terrible student
the previous year.
3. Jim was a horrible student last year, he said he didn’t even do
his own _______________. “I promise I will do better.”
Jim promised that he
4. This year, Jim promised that he would be a ____________ student.
would do better.
5. He mentioned that he would pay ___________ in class
“I am going to study harder.”
and he would take ______________. Jim said that he was
6. He stated that he would start his _______ earlier and do his going to study harder.
_________ alone. In spoken language, we often
eliminate the word “that”
between the two clauses:
Listen to Jim again. Write three of your own sentences about what he
says using reported speech. Try to use different verbs in the first part “Jim said that he would
of each sentence. do better.”
1.

2.
Vocabulary
3.
resolutions. promises
to improve

procrastinated. put off, waited

The Do’s and Don’ts of Studying
until the last minute to do
We say “the do’s and don’ts” of something to refer to a list of things something
that a person should and should not do. After having listened to
the recording, in groups of 3-4 students, make a list of things that a
person should do and shouldn’t do to be a good student. Then join
your lists and make one class list.

Do’s Don’ts
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9
Language Through the Arts
Art

Did you color when you were a small child? Do you color now?

The Healthy Habit of Coloring for Adults

We know that coloring has always appealed to children, but now it
is becoming a pleasant habit for many adults too! In recent years, many
“big kids” have bought their own crayons and coloring books and spent
their free time doing what we learned to do as little children.
Why are adults coloring now? It seems that coloring has a therapeutic
effect for many. Research that began in 2005 has shown that coloring
reduces anxiety and stress. It makes people focus on putting colors on a
page and allows them to stop thinking about other issues in their lives
that may cause them tension.
The first adult coloring books were produced in 2012 and 2013 and
since then, millions have been sold. These books include very detailed
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designs, famous quotations, and sometimes even bad words! Adults can
even download images from the internet in black and white that they
can then color. Experts suggest that adults work with colored pencils
Vocabulary instead of crayons in these books because colored pencils allow them to
be more precise.
appealed. been of interest

pleasant. positive, enjoyable

So if you know an adult that needs a way to relax, suggest coloring.
You will be surprised about how effective it is at calming their nerves!
Adapted from: https://cnn.it/3j6Kb7B

After reading the text about coloring, write three sentences about
interesting things you learned in the article. Use reported speech.
Example: The article said that coloring has always appealed to children.

1.

2.

3.

Color the picture on the left. As you are doing it, reflect on how you
feel and write some notes below the picture. When you finish, discuss
how you felt with your classmates. Do you think you will start a habit
of coloring in the future? Why or why not?
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10
 Oral Communication

In life, do you see the glass as half-full (optimist) or half-empty (pessimist)?

Positive Thinking
Grammar Note
In small groups, discuss if you consider yourselves to be positive or Remember that conjunctions
negative people. Are you positive about some things and negative are used to connect two
about others? What determines your outlook on life? ideas. Sometimes these ideas
are similar, sometimes they
are different, and sometimes
they have a cause-effect
Listen to a psychologist talk about the power of positive thinking.
Decide if each of the following statements are True (T), False (F), relationship between
or Not Mentioned (NM). them. We use different
conjunctions depending on
1. The psychologist said that how you see life can affect your
physical health.
the relationship that the
ideas have.
T F NM

2. If you think positively, you will sleep better at night.

T F NM

3. Negative people are at less risk for cardiovascular disease.

T F NM Vocabulary

4. To be a positive thinker, you have to eat healthy. matter. here a verb meaning
to be important
T F NM
outlook. perspective, point
5. The psychologist says that positive attitudes are contagious.
of view
T F NM
surround. be around

Use the conjunctions below to connect two ideas about positive

thinking. Determine the relationship between the ideas and pick the
best word. You will not use one of the words.

although whether unless because so and

1. _____________ sometimes it is difficult, it is better for your health

to think positively.

2. You should try to be an optimist _____________ it is better for your

health.

3. Being very negative can increase your risk for heart disease,
______ you should try to look at the bright side of things!

4. If you are a negative person, you will suffer from more stress
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__________ you change your mindset for the better.

5. _________ you are an optimist or a pessimist, your brain has an

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impact on your health!

11
Reading
What do you know about drugs?

The Deadly Habit of Drugs

You’ve heard it several times: don’t do drugs. Drugs are dangerous.
Today’s teenagers know more
about drugs than people think.
Drugs can cause addiction and they can even kill you. But drugs can
What do you know about hurt much more than just your body. Pay attention to these seven ways
drugs? What drugs exist? that drugs can hurt you and the people around you.
What are their consequences?
Discuss these questions in 1. Drugs do physical damage. They can cause anything from vomiting
small groups or as a class. and headaches to stroke, heart attacks, and even death. Sometimes the
physical damage is irreversible.
2. Drugs hurt your job. Whether your job is being a student or
earning money, doing drugs will make you perform poorly. Drugs
negatively affect your concentration and memory.
Interesting Facts
3. Drugs hurt your mental health. They can cause depression,
Teen drug use is not only
anxiety, and even hallucinations. Some of these can become chronic or
a national concern, it is an
permanent.
international concern. Here
are some statistics on drugs 4. Drugs can leave you poor. Buying drugs is very expensive and can
and youth according to a leave you without money for life’s essentials like food and housing.
United Nations 2018 report.
5. Drugs can rob you of your freedom. Most drugs are illegal and
• Cannabis is the most using or selling them can put you in jail for several years.
commonly used and abused
drug. 6. Drugs will hurt your relationships. The people who are most
important to you, like your family, your friends, and your partner,
• Among university students will feel the burden of your use or abuse of drugs. They may even
in Ecuador, 20% admitted abandon you.
to using two or more drugs
simultaneously. 7. Drugs may hurt people you don’t even know. Drug users often are
involved in car accidents, burglaries, and other crimes while they are
• The more involved teens under the influence.
are in their education, the
less likely they are to get So the next time you are offered drugs or exposed to them, remember
involved with drugs. these serious consequences. Think of a person you love and how he
or she would be affected by your decision. Then make the smart decision
Taken from: https://bit.ly/32gwpIY
to say no.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/3j96Wbe

Vocabulary Write what you consider to be the three most important points in the
reading using reported speech. Start each sentence with a different
stroke. a medical condition verb and write using your own words.
of loss of consciousness
caused by interruption Example: The article claims that drugs can kill you.
of blood flow to the brain
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1.
chronic. occurring on a regular
basis, often 2.

concern. worry, preoccupation 3.

12
 Writing
Language

Could you summarize your life in one paragraph?

A Summary
Interesting Facts

It’s your turn to write a summary. You will do this in steps. Summarizing is an
Step 1
important skill that we
do often in life without
Choose any of the readings from the first half of this module for even thinking about it.
your summary.
When someone asks you
Step 2 to tell them what happened
in the last episode of your
Take notes on the most important ideas of the reading. These don’t
need to be complete sentences. In fact, it is better to write the ideas favorite TV series, you
as notes and in your own words. are summarizing. When
someone asks you to tell
• ____________________________________________________________ them what your favorite
• ____________________________________________________________ book is about, you are
summarizing.
• ____________________________________________________________
Cambridge Online
• ____________________________________________________________
Dictionary (cambridge.org)
• ____________________________________________________________ defines a summary as
“a short, clear description
Step 3
that gives the main facts
Join the ideas that you wrote in Step 2 in complete sentences and or ideas about something”.
in a logical order to write your summary. Your summary should be You can take a long movie,
one paragraph of 6-8 sentences and it must include reported speech.
book, article, or even
Nothing should be copied directly from the text. The first sentence
should give the general idea of the text, and the rest should include experience and reduce it to
the important points. Write a first draft in your notebook. a paragraph by focusing on
the most important points.
Step 4

Exchange your rough draft with a classmate. Read each other’s

summaries. Mark any errors you find in the English. Then discuss
with your partner if what he or she wrote clearly summarizes the
text chosen.

Step 5

Taking into consideration your partner’s comments, rewrite your

paragraph below to turn into your teacher.
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13
Assessment

Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity

1 Listen to a girl named Sarah about her parents’ bad habits and choose the correct
answer to complete each sentence.
1. When Sarah’s dad was young, 3. Sarah’s mom:
he would: a. always talked on the phone.
a. smoke. b. rarely talked on the phone.
b. drink. c. hated the phone.
c. listen to loud music. d. talked to her parents for
d. all of the above. hours on the phone.
2. Sarah’s dad admitted to: 4. Sarah thinks that:
a. cheating on tests. a. all generations are the same.
b. doing his schoolwork b. her parents’ generation
at the last minute. was worse than hers.
c. missing school. c. bad habits are unique to each
d. none of the above. generation.
d. her generation is worse
than her parents’.

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

2 Write a paragraph entry in a blog about what you consider to be the habits
of your generation, both good and bad. Use at least two of the conjunctions
you have seen in this module. Remember to have a topic sentence
and a concluding sentence. Write 85-100 words.

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14
 Assessment Are you proud of your habits?

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

3 Work with a partner. One of you is Student A and the other is Student B. Student
A has a bad habit. Student B is a friend who is trying to be a good influence and
help Student A break the bad habit. Create a dialogue of 8-10 lines for each student
and perform it.

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

4 Read the following text on cracking your knuckles and answer the questions
that follow.

Do you crack your knuckles? We mean do you make your joints make a
cracking sound by squeezing or pulling your fingers? Studies show that about
half of the population does it. Often times it is caused by nervousness, anxiety,
boredom, or stress. And it has been criticized by some, saying that it causes
arthritis. However, an article in the Swiss Medical Journal says that there is no
evidence supporting this being the case. One doctor even experimented on
himself by cracking his knuckles on one hand twice a day and never on the other
hand for 50 years. At the end of the experiment, there was no difference between
the knuckles on his right and left hand. So it’s not dangerous to our health, but
it can be annoying for the people around us. Like other habits, it can be broken.
You have to be conscious of when you are doing it and think about what may
cause you to do it. Then, when you feel like doing it next time, occupy your
hands with something else that will prevent you from cracking your knuckles.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2FUhrRr

1. Approximately what percentage of the population cracks their knuckles?

_____________
2. Why do some people crack their knuckles? ______________________
3. Does cracking your knuckles cause arthritis? _____________________
4. How can you break the habit? ________________________________

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Understand and use conjunctions to connect ideas

Work with reported speech

Talk about good and bad habits

15
 Project 1

School Campaign for Good Habits!

Tip

It is a good idea to cite

your sources when you
are presenting facts and
statistics. This makes your
presentation more credible.
You can say something like,
“According to the World
Health Organization…”
and then present the
information you got from

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that source. But be sure
to use your own words
to explain the idea. You are all members of the student council and have decided to start
a campaign to promote good habits in your school. Working in groups
of 4-5 students, create your own campaign by following these steps.

Step 1

In your group, decide on a habit to help students break and also one
to promote; in other words, one bad habit that many students have
and one good habit that students should have.

Step 2
Notes Research some facts about each of the habits you have chosen. In the
case of the bad habit, you should find facts that make students want
to break that habit. In the case of the good habit, you should look for
information that will motivate students to develop that habit. Take notes
on the information you find. Be sure that you are consulting reliable
sources on the internet and keeping a record of where you are getting
the information from.

Step 3

Create a poster board, video, or PowerPoint presentation to convince your

fellow students to break your bad habit and start your good one. Be sure
to use interesting pictures and write your text correctly with good spelling,
grammar, and punctuation.

Step 4

Share your presentation with the class. Be sure that each person has
the chance to speak equally. Your presentation should be a total
of 4-5 minutes.
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Step 5

As a class, decide whose presentation was the most convincing.

Will you change your habits because of what your classmates said?

16
 Let’s Review

Vocabulary Value: Healthy habits

As a class, make a list of all the good and bad habits you remember from the first half of this module.
You can include other ones you know too. Write them here. Then, individually, give yourself
one point for all of the good habits on the list that you have. Subtract one point for the bad habits
that you have. What is your total? Do you have more good habits than bad ones?

Good Habits Bad Habits

Grammar Writing

Review the readings from the first half of the In the first half of the module, you learned how to
module. Choose three things that you learned write a summary. What are some tips you could
and express them as reported speech. give another student who doesn’t know how to
write a summary? Write them here.
Example: Psychologists say that tropical music
is the genre that most improves our mood.
1.

2.

3.
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17
Communication and Cultural Awareness
Biology
Value: Psychosocial development

How many times do you think you smile each day?

Smiling: An International Language

Culture
Smiling is an international
language. It’s one that
all of us can understand.
Imagine you meet someone
from another country and
you have no language in
common. How do you
communicate? With
gestures, certainly,
but a smile also says a lot.

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What are all of the messages
that a smile can express? Have you ever thought of the value of a smile? It is free to give and
can change the mood of the person who receives it. Everyone can do
it, even little babies. It connects us with other humans, no matter what
language we speak.
Grammar Note
Beyond being able to make connections with other humans, do you
Notice all of the sentences
know that establishing a habit of smiling on a regular basis also has
in the activity. They are in
wonderful health benefits? Studies have shown that even if you are
the zero conditional. We
not having a good day, smiling can boost your mood. It’s because the
use this to talk about events
physical act of smiling sends signals to your brain that you are actually
that happen and are a reality.
happy. Smiling also reduces stress levels because it releases chemicals
It is formed by using the
called endorphins.
present tense in both clauses.
Complete the sentences Smiling has other benefits too. According to psychologists, it makes
below in an original way us more creative and better problem solvers. Smiles also send subliminal
using the zero conditional. messages to those who see us that we are confident and relaxed, which
can make us more attractive to others! And smiling is contagious –
• If I smile, _____________ when we see another person smile, we are likely to smile back. This has
________________________. a domino effect and makes our world a more positive place.
• _______________________ Adapted from: https://bit.ly/3laSuRz

________________ if I have
a bad day. Based on the reading, determine if each of the sentences
are True (T) or False (F).
1. If you and a friend speak different languages,
you can still communicate through a smile. T F
Vocabulary
2. If you are not having a good day, smiling
boost. improve, increase does not help. T F
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domino effect. when one 3. Your stress level increases if you smile. T F
event causes another to 4. People see us as confident if we smile. T F
happen, and another,
and another… 5. If someone sees you smile, they usually smile too. T F

18
 Oral Communication

What has most helped you to learn English?

The Do’s and Don’ts of Studying a Language

Interesting Facts
As a class, discuss the habits Did you know that a linguist
you have had in your English is a scientist of language?
studies. Do you think they
have been good or bad
Many people think that
habits? Can you now use the a linguist is someone
language to communicate? who dedicates their life to
learning many languages.
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No, that person is called

a polyglot. A linguist
is someone who studies
Listen to a linguist talk about the do’s and don’ts of studying a the many different aspects
language. For each of the sentences below, decide if it is something
of languages in a scientific
that will help you become fluent in English or it won’t help you
become fluent. way through experiments
and observations. Linguists
You will You won’t study things like how the
become fluent. become fluent.
brain works with language
1. If you repeat words twenty times, ... (psycholinguistics), how
2. If you memorize lists of adverbs, ... men and women or people
from different places speak
3. If you practice verb formulas, ...
differently (sociolinguistics),
4. If you read a lot in English, ... the sounds of language
5. If you do things you like in English, ...
(phonology), and other
issues related to language.

Grammar Note

Notice the sentences in the first activity. They are in the first
conditional. We use the first conditional to talk about events that are After listening to the linguist,
do you have a different
probable in the future. It is formed by using the simple present in the perspective on how you
“if” clause and the future with will or going to in the other clause. should be studying English?
Consider the habits you have
If you focus on memorizing verb charts, you won’t be fluent in the and compare them to what
language. the linguist says. In small
groups, discuss what you
Taking into consideration what the linguist says, write three think you can do to improve
sentences about studying a language using the first conditional. your studies in English. Then
write a promise to yourself
If __________________________________, you _________ about how you are going to
study English better.
_________________________________________________
I promise I will _____________
If __________________________________, you _________
___________________________
_________________________________________________
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___________________________
If __________________________________, you _________ ___________________________
_________________________________________________ __________________________.

19
Reading
Value: Psychosocial development

Do you have a habit that helps you to relax?

Yoga and Meditation

Mountain, tree, triangle, chair. What do these words have in
In groups of 3-4 students,
common? They are all yoga poses. Yoga, along with meditation, are
discuss what you know about
yoga and meditation. Have becoming common practices in today’s stressful world. There are more
you tried either activity? Does and more studies that show the benefits of yoga and meditation for your
your family or community body and mind. They are good habits that can help you feel better.
share any meditation
practices? Do you know any Yoga comes from a Sanskrit word meaning “union of the body and
yoga positions? Why do you mind”. It involves mental concentration and also physical movement
think people do yoga and and poses. It has many health benefits. It helps you to relax and it
meditate?
reduces stress by decreasing activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
It increases flexibility, strengthens your muscles, and reduces your blood
pressure. It can also help with back pain and improve cardiovascular
and mental health.
Meditation is an exercise for the mind and spirit that includes two
stages: concentration and contemplation. Like yoga, it can also boost a
person’s mood. It changes the neurology of the brain by altering brain
waves, creating a deeper awareness. Meditation lowers stress and can
also increase concentration. It reduces negative emotions and increases
imagination and creativity.
Do you want to try yoga or meditation but don’t know how to start?
Start slowly. Try doing it for 5-10 minutes in the morning and in the
evening. Start with easy, basic yoga poses that do not put too much
stress on your body. Then work your way up to doing harder poses
and for more time until it becomes a habit. If you are doing it correctly,
you should feel your body strengthening as the days go by, and your
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mind relaxing.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2YszdS4
Vocabulary

strengthen. to make stronger Based on the information in the reading, complete the Venn Diagram
with characteristics of yoga, of meditation, and in the middle
altering. changing characteristics that they both share.

pose. position Yoga Meditation

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20
 Writing
Do you ever respond to a post on social media?

Responding to a Social Media Post

Tip
Social media has become a main means of communication in today’s
society. Almost everyone has at least one account in social media: Remember that the zero
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and others. The language used on social conditional is for a situation
media can range from very informal - between you and your friends, that is the reality in
for example - to very formal, like on a page that is an international news the present.
source. When you write on a social media page, you should be aware
If you translate from
of the register you should use. “Register” refers to the type of language
English to Spanish all
you use, formal or informal.
the time, your brain
does more work.
Imagine you see a Facebook post on a public page about learning
English. The post says the following:
The first conditional is used
for probable situations in
the future.
Search
You will not become
fluent in English if
Learning English you think in Spanish
Monday at 11:00 AM
all the time.
Hi everyone! I have a problem. I have been studying English for five years,
at least five hours every week. I have been repeating verbs many times,
memorizing formulas for grammar, and translating from Spanish to English
and from English to Spanish everything I do. Last week I met someone from
Canada. And I tried to have a conversation but… I was tongue-tied! I couldn’t
have a conversation! What happened?? So much time studying English to not
be able to speak with a native speaker?! What am I doing wrong?

Learning English and 291 others 55 comments

Like Comment Share

After having read this post and remembering the advice you heard
from the linguist in a listening section in this half of the module,
respond to this post. Give some advice on how the person can
better study English to be able to have a real conversation. Start by
introducing yourself, then giving some suggestions, and finally say
goodbye and wish the person luck. You should write 50-60 words.
Be sure to use at least one sentence in the zero conditional and one
in the first conditional.
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21
Language Through the Arts

Do you like to dance? To what type of music?

Dance Therapy
Culture
Dance therapy has become
Like food and music,
dance is unique to every quite popular since the start
culture around the world. of the new millennium, even
In Argentina they enjoy a though its roots go back to
tango, in France you can see the 19th century. Not only is
a traditional can-can, and it fun, but it also has a lot of
in the southern part of the physical and mental health
United States, many people benefits. It is based on the
like to square dance. What idea that motion and emotion
type of dance is typical of are interconnected. It can
your country or region? help to treat various physical
ailments like cancer, arthritis,
hypertension, obesity, chronic
pain, and cardiovascular
Vocabulary
disease. It also is effective in
ailments. diseases, illnesses treating mental health issues
such as depression, anxiety,
assess. evaluate
dementia, and low self-
take up. start, especially esteem. It can even help with social disorders such as autism and trauma
a new activity or hobby caused by aggression or domestic violence.
How do we know it is effective? Because there have been several
studies on the topic. In a study from The Arts in Psychotherapy,
researchers found that dance therapy had a positive impact on people
with depression. A study from the American Journal of Dance Therapy
found that dance therapy helped decrease aggression and improve
social behavior among teens. And there are dozens more studies that
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show the benefits of dance therapy.

Dance therapy is different than regular dancing. Even though regular
dance of any kind if good for your health and mood, dance therapy takes
it to a different level. It becomes more than exercise – it is a language
through which people can communicate feelings. Dance therapists
Your teacher is going guide participants and assess their body language. This becomes the
to put on some music that therapeutic side of this activity. So if you are looking to take up a new
could be played in a dance
therapy class. Stand up good habit, try dance therapy!
and let the music move you.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/34sMjm6
Close your eyes. Dance
to it. Express some emotion
or feeling through your body
movement. Connect your After you have read the text, discuss these questions with a partner.
mind and body. Do not
1. Do you believe in the power of dance therapy? Why or why not?
udge others in your class
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but rather allow everyone 2. What do you think is the most beneficial aspect of dance therapy?
to express themselves
freely. Then discuss your 3. Would you ever consider becoming a dance therapist?
experience together. Why or why not?

22
 Oral Communication
Value: Healthy habits

On a scale of 1-10, how important is personal hygiene?

Personal Hygiene Habits

As a class, brainstorm a list

of good hygiene habits.
How many of them do you
follow on a regular basis?
Do you think people around the
world share the same habits?

Interesting Facts

The coronavirus pandemic,

which first broke out in
China in 2019 and quickly
spread to every country on
the planet, affected people’s
personal hygiene practices.
People began to wash their
hands more frequently and
more carefully. They also
used alcohol to disinfect
their hand often. They
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wore face masks to protect

themselves and others.
To enter into some
Listen to a doctor talk about good personal hygiene habits. She makes
five important points. Write them down and include some details for stores like supermarkets,
each one. people were sprayed with
disinfectant to kill any
Habit Details possible virus. They even
took off their shoes before
entering the house to not
bring the virus inside.
Personal hygiene became
extremely important.

Discuss these questions in small groups after the listening activity.

1. Can you think of any more good hygiene habits?
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Do you practice them?

2. Why do you think some people do not practice good hygiene?

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3. How can hygiene practices affect a community?

23
Communication and Cultural Awareness
Social Studies

Do you know of any habits typical of other countries?

Interesting Habits Around the World

Culture
Traveling gives a person the opportunity to experience lifestyles
Our world is a unique
in different places. Sometimes people in other countries have habits that are
tapestry of different colors
distinct from the ones we are used to at home. But this is what makes our
and textures. We speak
world so beautiful! Here are some unique habits from around the world.
different languages, practice
different religions, and United States: People who visit a restaurant in the U.S. have the
eat different foods. This habit of leaving a tip of between 15-20% of the total bill. If you don’t,
diversity makes planet Earth this can be considered a personal insult to the person who served you.
an amazing place. And the
fact of the matter is that the Japan: Instead of making turkey or ham for Christmas dinner,
more we look for differences the Japanese often go to the local KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) for
between each other, the a festive dinner.
more we find that we actually United Kingdom: While in the U.S. it is customary to say “Hey”
have a lot in common! or “Hello” to greet someone, in the UK people say, “Are you okay?”
This doesn’t mean something is wrong with you, it just means “hi”.
France: Some people in France have the habit of drinking their tea
in a bowl instead of in a mug.
China: It is common to see the Chinese habit of spitting in many
places: on the street, on public transportation, and even in buildings.
India: It is common to see two men holding hands. It doesn’t
mean that they are in a relationship, but rather it is seen as a sign of
brotherhood.
Philippines: In many countries, like the Philippines, pointing with
your index finger is considered rude. Instead, Filipinos pucker their lips
and point them in a direction.
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Habits and customs are different all around the world. It is important
for us to respect the way people live in other places, just like we expect
Vocabulary others to respect us.

tapestry. large piece Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2Ys4Mvg

of material or fabric

tip. money that is left to Imagine that a foreign tourist came to visit Ecuador and stayed in your
a person who provides city or town. What do you think he or she would notice about the
a service habits of your culture? Write them here.
spitting. emitting saliva

brotherhood. fraternity
or friendship between men
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pointing. signaling with

Now discuss your ideas in small groups or as a class. Do you agree?
the index finger
Do you think these habits are unique to your town or city?
pucker. to tightly contract Your region? Your country?

24
 Oral Communication
Biology

Why do some young people smoke?

The Dangers of Smoking

Grammar Note

In small groups, discuss all of the dangers of smoking that you In the conversation between
already know. Make a list. Are there any benefits of smoking? If the the friends, you hear them
drawbacks outweigh the benefits, why do you think people still say “I wish…”
smoke?
I wish I hadn’t started.
I wish you would quit.
Listen to two friends having a conversation about the dangers of We use wish to talk about
smoking. Fill in the missing information below.
something we would like to
be true but isn’t, in the past
The Dangers Of Smoking or present. When we use it
to talk about events in the
Smoking is the cause of about _______% of deaths
past, the second verb is in
by lung cancer.
the past perfect.
Not only does smoking cause lung cancer, it also causes
I wish I hadn’t started
____________, ___________, and _________cancers.
smoking. (but I did)
People who smoke are ________ as likely to suffer
She wishes her best friend
from a _________ ____________. hadn’t moved to a different
You don’t need to smoke a lot to suffer town. (but she did)
from __________ problems. If we use wish to talk about
a situation in the present,
the second verb is in the
simple past.
I wish I had more time to
After hearing the dialogue and reading the grammar note relax. (but I don’t have any)
about “wish”, read these sentences and decide if you Agree (A),
Disagree (D), or are Not Sure (NS). Then discuss your answers Jen wishes she had a sister.
in small groups or as a class. Do you mostly agree with each other? (but she doesn’t have one)
1. I wish I lived in a different region of the country. If we use wish to talk about
A D NS something we would like
for someone else, we use
2. I wish school wouldn’t start so early in the morning. would + V.
A D NS I wish you would quit.
3. My parents wish I would study more. Our teacher wishes
we would study more.
A D NS
4. Our teachers wish we would pay more attention.
Vocabulary
A D NS
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drawbacks. negative aspects

5. We wish cellphones would be cheaper.
outweigh. weigh more,
A D NS are more important

25
Reading
Value: Psychosocial development

What habits of yours would you like to change?

Habit Formation
Psychologists have studied
In small groups, generate
habit formation for decades. Habit
some ideas about how you
think that people can break formation is when certain behaviors
bad habits. Are some habits become automatic. Sometimes this
easier to break than others? is involuntary and sometimes it is
How can you start a good voluntary. Habits are born through
habit? Do you think it takes
repetition. If there is a habit that
a long time to establish a new
habit? you want to start, like brushing
your teeth three times a day, you
can consciously train yourself to do
it. Usually a particular activity takes
about 66 days to become a habit.
Many people have trouble breaking bad habits, like smoking,
drinking, or overeating. But experts can offer us some tips to stop the
vicious cycle and break the habit once and for all. The key lies in our
Interesting Facts brains. They are powerful organs that control much of what our body
does. We must be aware of what we are doing at any given moment.
Habits are found in a specific
For example, if our bad habit is overeating, or eating junk food, when
area of your brain called
we go to get those cookies out of the cabinet, we have to stop ourselves
the basal ganglia. The more
and say, “Am I really hungry? Do I need to eat those cookies? Why do
you do a certain action or
I want them?” Sometimes this is not easy to do, because our minds think
behave in a certain way, the
about many things that don’t have to do with our current actions.
more that action or behavior
becomes programmed We can also play a trick on our brains to break a bad habit. We can
in your brain. Neuronal see our actions as a test. Will you pass the test, or will you fail? In other
connections are formed words, in the case of the cookies: if you eat the cookies, you fail the test.
based on repeated behaviors. The brain hates failure and the emotions associated with it like guilt.
These connections At the same time, the brain loves feeling successful. So your brain can
strengthen to form habits. help you to make the best decision to break the habit based on how it
will feel if you pass or fail the test. In any case, it is mind of matter:
Source: https://bit.ly/2YvIIA2
if you make yourself believe you can break your bad habit, you will do it!
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2YsOTog

Based on the advice given in the reading, respond to each of these

people who want to break bad habits or start good ones.
Write a sentence telling them what to do.

1. “I wish I could stop eating junk food.” __________________________

______________________________________________________________
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2. “I wish I could get in the habit of exercising every day.” ___________

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______________________________________________________________

3. “I wish I could stop biting my nails all the time.” _________________

______________________________________________________________

26
 Writing
Do you take advice from your peers?

A Letter to Your Peers

Tip
As a class, make a list of bad habits that teens your age have, and
good habits that they should have. Write them down in your notebook In this module, we have
as you talk about them.
seen the zero and first
conditional, which are both
used for situations that
Imagine that you are the president of the student council at your are reality or possible
school. It is January, and you want to encourage your fellow in the present.
classmates to start the new year by breaking bad habits and starting
good ones. The second conditional
You are going to write a letter to your peers that will be passed out
is used for hypothetical
to all high school students. Start by introducing yourself and telling situations in the present
them the purpose of you writing the letter. Then, using some of the and is formed by using the
information we have seen in this module about habit formation, give simple past in the “if” clause
them some suggestions about how to break some of their bad habits and a modal (would/could
and start good ones. Finally, finish your letter by wishing them
a happy new year and luck with their resolutions.
+ verb) in the other clause.

You should use at least one zero conditional, one first conditional, • If we had more time, we
and one second conditional. Write your letter (80-100 words) in the would read more. (but we
space below. don’t have time)
• We wouldn’t be successful
if we didn’t have the
support of our families.
(but we are successful
because we have their
support)
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27
Language Through the Arts
Art

Do you know a type of art done just with paper?

Start an Origami Habit Today!

Culture
Origami is an excellent hobby to start. It is accessible anytime and
The word “origami” comes
anywhere; all you need is a sheet of paper. Not only is it a cheap activity,
from two Japanese words:
but it has many benefits for a person’s emotional well-being. Studies
oru, which means “to fold”,
have shown that origami helps people to focus and to be aware of what
and kami, which means
is happening in the moment. It is a peaceful hobby that can become
“paper”. People are not sure
a form of meditation. When done with others, it provides a wonderful
of its exact origins, but it
opportunity to connect. And the result is a beautiful figure that you can
seems like origami began
display anywhere you’d like!
around the year 6 BC (before
Christ) with Buddhist Source: https://bit.ly/2EpOjAC
monks. They used this paper
art for ceremonies. Since It’s time to make your own origami! Take a blank piece of paper and
then, it has spread around follow the instructions below. If you have internet access, you can
the world and become the find other instructions to make a different figure. When you finish,
intricate art of paper folding talk with your class about how you felt while you were doing origami.
Was it relaxing or stressful? Why?
that we know today.

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28
 Oral Communication

How much water do you drink per day?

Drink More Water!

Interesting Facts

Listen to a nutritionist talk about the importance of making drinking Sometimes we don’t
water part of your daily habits. Circle the items that are true according appreciate how incredibly
to what the nutritionist says. important water is. Here are
Water is easier to drink than Coke. some fun facts about H2O.

Water carries oxygen to your entire body. • Our bodies are about 60%
water and our blood is
Water makes your skin lighter. about 90% water.
Your brain functions better if you drink more water. • Almost 80% of our brain
tissue is water.
Water helps regulate your body temperature.
• Water is necessary for the
Water increases your blood pressure.
kidneys and other organs.
Water can help you lose weight if you drink it with soda.
• The average person can
One of the symptoms of dehydration is a bad headache. survive only for about one
week without water, but
one month without food.

In groups of 3 students, create a poster promoting drinking more

water. Use some of the facts that you heard in the recording and write
at least 5 sentences for your poster using the zero or first conditional.
Sketch your poster here, then draw it on a poster board at home.

60%
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29
Assessment

Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity

1 Listen to a psychologist talk about the bad habit of interrupting and how to stop
it. Answer the questions based on what you hear.
1. Who interrupts more, men or women? ______________________________
2. How do many societies see interrupting? _____________________________
3. What is the first step to break a bad habit? ____________________________
4. What should you make your objective in a conversation? _________________
5. What will help you to stay present in the conversation? __________________

Achievement Level - Grammar

Individual activity

2 Complete each one of these sentences in an original way.

1. If I don’t sleep well the night before an exam, _________________________.
2. If _____________________________ , my parents will be angry.
3. I wish that my best friend ________________________________________.
4. I wish I ______________________________________________________.
5. If I feel sad, I __________________________________________________.

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

3 Read the following text about the bad habit of biting your nails and decide if each
of the sentences that follow are True (T), False (F), or Not Mentioned (NM).
According to recent studies, approximately half of teenagers bite their nails.
It seems that if your parents bite their nails, you are more likely to bite yours
too. Scientists say that nail biting is associated with emotional or mental
trouble – people who are nervous, anxious, or depressed tend to bite their nails.
This is a bad habit because it can make you sick, or make your nails grow strangely.
But don’t worry, there are several techniques you can use to try to break this
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habit. You can cut your nails short so there is nothing to bite. You can paint them
with nail polish. There is even a special one for people who bite their nails that

30
 Assessment Are you proud of your habits?

tastes really awful! You can wear gloves to cover your fingers. You should also find
something to keep your hands and mouth busy. This could be a stress ball, a pen…
and for your mouth, a piece of gum.
No matter what technique you use, you need to find what makes you bite your
nails in the first place. Are you nervous? Anxious? Depressed? Usually the best
way to break a bad habit is to get to the root of the problem and solve that. Then
you will notice that the habit is no longer a habit.
Adapted from: https://wb.md/3aXVIn2

1. About 25% of teens bite their nails.

T F NM
2. People with addictions bite their nails.
T F NM
3. One of the consequences of biting your nails is getting sick.
T F NM
4. A technique to stop biting your nails is to keep your hands occupied.
T F NM
5. Even if you find the cause of a habit, it won’t help you to break it.
T F NM

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

4 Work with a partner. One person is Student A and the other person is Student
B. Student A is a teenager and Student B is a parent (mother or father). Student B
is trying to convince student A to establish good habits. Create a dialogue with
8-10 lines per student and at least two first conditionals and perform it.

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Use zero and first conditional

Talk about wishes

Give advice on breaking bad habits

31
 Project 2

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Self-Improvement Talk Show
Tip We have spent this module talking about good and bad habits. For this
final project, you are going to work in groups of 4-5 students to create
Sometimes talk shows are a talk show.
spontaneous, with a lot
of emotion displayed by
There are many talk shows on television that deal with different
the participants. Instead
issues: families, relationships, gossip, and other topics. The talk
of just memorizing your show that you are going to create is for self-improvement.
lines in the dialogue, Follow the steps below.
try to really speak them,
Step 1
feel them, pretend you are
really participating in Form groups of 4-5 students. Decide who is going to be the host
a live show. Don’t worry of the talk show and who are going to be the guests.
about memorizing Step 2
word-for-word, just speak
Determine the role of each guest. Who are the people who are
English naturally if you
looking for help? Are the rest of the guests family members, friends…?
forget your lines! Determine the problem. Determine if you need any props (items that
will help your talk show come to life).

Step 3
Notes Develop a dialogue among the participants. You need to use every
element from the left side of the triangle on the first page at least once
in your talk show. Each participant should have between 8-10 lines
(“hi” does NOT count as a line!)

Step 4

Perform your talk show in front of the class. The class can be the live
studio audience, so they can ask questions or make comments
to the participants.
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Step 5

When all groups have performed, discuss the experience as a class.

Did you have a lot of topics in common among the groups?
Who was the most entertaining?

32
 English What makes a house
Pedagogical Module 5 a home?
Curricular Threads: Communication and Cultural Awareness,
Oral Commmunication, Reading, Writing, Language Through the Arts

Third Course BGU

Superlatives review 5

Houses
6

So
around the world

ci
4

a
Comparatives review

lS
tu
d
ie
s
7 House designs
Second conditional
3

Ar
review

t
ish

La
gl

Home

ng
En

2 Untranslatable

ua
Phrasal verbs
Sweet 8

ge
words

an
Home

d
Li
te
In and around the

ra
1
t
house vocabulary

ur
e
Values

11 Solidarity 10 Ecological
solutions
9 Interculturality

You have probably heard these two common

English words before: “house” and “home”.
But do you know the difference between
the two? “House” refers to the physical structure
where a person lives: it has walls, windows,
a door, a roof, and other parts. “Home” is much
more abstract. It can refer to a building but
also any place that a person considers that they
belong. Your home can be a city, a country,
a park, school…anywhere you feel comfortable
and welcome. As the famous American writer
Ralph Waldo Emerson once said: “A house
is made with walls and beams; a home is built
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with love and dreams.”

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Where is your house? Where is your home?

1
Communication and Cultural Awareness
Social Studies
Value: Interculturality

How would you describe a typical house in your region?

Houses Around the World

Culture
Talo, maison, dom, casa, house… Like languages, houses vary a lot
Here are some ways to say
in different parts of the world. Depending on the climate of the region,
the word “house” in different
materials that inhabitants have available, and tradition, a house can take
languages:
on very different forms around the world.
Arabic [manzil]
For example, in Turkey you can find rock houses, which are made
Swahili nyumba from the rock left from ancient volcanic eruptions. In Central Asia,
some people live in yurts, which are moveable circular houses usually
Filipino bahay covered by animal skin that are mostly used by nomads. Houseboats
Swedish hus can be found in London and Amsterdam, but the ones in Kerala, India
are probably the most elegant.
Kichwa wasi
Across the United States you can find many different types
Chinese [wū] of houses. In the Southwest, there are traditional Native American
homes made from adobe. Their thick walls protect against the heat.
German Haus
On the other hand, in the US state of Alaska and in Canada, you can find
Italian casa igloos, which are houses made out of snow and ice.
French maison Houses can tell us a lot about the history and culture of people from
different places. They are a world treasure!
Polish dom
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2FXC9jf
Lithuanian namas
Greek σπίτι [spíti]
Finnish talo
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Vocabulary

inhabitants. people who live

in a place

moveable. able to be moved,

mobile
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Discuss the following questions in small groups.

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1. Which of the houses described would you like to spend a night

in? Why?

2. What are some typical materials used to build houses in Ecuador?

2
 Oral Communication

What do all houses have in common?

My Home Is Your Home

Culture

As a class, brainstorm all of the words that you can think of that have In the United States,
to do with houses. Think of parts of the house, rooms, furniture. you will hear many English
See how many words you can come up with as a class. speakers say: “Mi casa es su
casa.” This is a phrase that
North Americans adopted
from the Spanish language
Listen to two friends talk about their houses. Based on what to express to a guest: “I want
they say, decide who would say each of the following sentences: you to feel comfortable
Andy, Meghan, both, or neither.
and welcome at my house.”
1. I just moved to a new house. ________________________________ The English translation
would be: “My home is your
2. My house has two floors. ___________________________________ home”, but it doesn’t have
the same warmth as it does
3. My house has three bedrooms. ______________________________ in Spanish!

4. I live across from a park. ____________________________________

Hey Meghan!
5. My house has a study. ______________________________________ Oh fine...
How’s it going?

6. My garden is not big. _______________________________________

7. I have fruit trees in my garden. ______________________________

8. I have a big garage. ________________________________________

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Interesting Facts

In the United States and many other English-speaking countries, In small groups, discuss
the ground floor is the same as the first floor, and the next level where you would like to live
in the future. Consider these
is called the second floor.
questions:
• Would you like to stay in
your city or town, or move
to another one? Why?

• Would you consider moving

to another country? Why or
why not?

• Would you like to live in

the mountains or near the
Second Floor ocean?
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• Is it important for you to

First Floor
have green space around
your house, or are your
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happy with cement?

3
Reading
What do you think an architect does?

Architects

As a class, make a list of all the people who are involved in building
a house, from the plans to the final touches of the interior. Do you know
any people who do these jobs? Would you like to have one of them?

Many people think that architects are simply responsible for

designing a house or building. But there is much more that goes
into being an architect. They also must pay attention to public safety
while the construction is taking place and oversee the project. They
are involved in every phase of the construction, from the idea of the
building to the completed structure.
The work of an architect can be divided into three main components:
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design, documentation, and construction. First, the architect has to

draw the design of the building. Sometimes the client has particular
ideas in mind, and sometimes the architect can work alone with
his imagination. In the documentation phase, a lot needs to be written
on paper. This can include redrawing, redesigning, writing budgets,
and finally making the construction documents. In the construction
phase, the architect must constantly visit the site where the building
is being built so that he or she can approve of the work being done
and solve any problems that may arise.
Vocabulary
Being an architect can be challenging and competitive. You can study
goes into. is involved in
at the university to become an architect, but much of what an architect
oversee. supervise knows about the field is learned on the job through experience. If you
arise. come up, appear
have a good imagination, a good sense of space and structure, and like
to design new buildings, maybe this career path is for you!
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/3grgZXm

Answer the following questions based on what you read.

1. Name and describe in your own words the three components

of being an architect.

2. What characteristics should you have to be an architect?

Do you think you would be a good one?
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4
 Writing
What is special about your house?

A Descriptive Paragraph

In groups of 4-5 students, make a list of the words you need

to describe a house. Organize the words in the chart below.

Adjectives
Rooms Exterior Furniture (descriptive
words)

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Using the words above, you are going to write a descriptive Tip
paragraph about the place where you live. Think of a logical way
to organize your description. You can start with the outside, then go
inside, or vice-versa. You can start with a general description and then
In a descriptive paragraph,
describe every room. It’s your decision; just be sure that it’s logical. it is important to use a lot
of adjectives to make your
Be sure to include a topic sentence at the beginning to catch your
description better. We can
reader’s attention and a concluding sentence at the end. Use a lot of
descriptive adjectives to give your reader a better idea of your house. use adverbs to intensify
Write 90-100 words. the adjectives.
My house is extremely old.
The second floor gets
incredibly hot when
it is sunny.

Exchange your paragraph

with a partner. Read their
paragraph. On a blank piece
of paper, try to draw their
house the way it is described
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in the paragraph. Then give

your drawing to your partner
to check and see how well
you did!

5
Language Through the Arts
Art

Do you know what a blueprint is?

Blueprints
You probably recognize two words in the word “blueprint”: blue and
print. Can you guess what blueprints are? They are the drawings that
architects do to design a building. But the name “blueprint” isn’t being
used much anymore. These drawings are now referred to as construction
documents, drawings, or plans. But originally, when they were first
invented in 1842, they were blue because of the chemicals that were
used in the special paper. When it was exposed to light, the paper turned
blue and the lines on the paper were white. Now that there are modern
printing methods, architects don’t need to use blueprints anymore
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and can work with computer programs to do their designs.

Source: https://bit.ly/3hslMJq

After reading the text, answer the questions in complete sentences.

1. What is a blueprint? (in your own words) _____________________

__________________________________________________________

2. How did blueprints get their name? __________________________

__________________________________________________________

3. Do architects still use blueprints? ____________________________

___________________________________________________________

Now it’s your turn to be an architect for a moment and draw your own
design for a house or building. Use the space below. When you have
finished, explain to the class your idea. Whose is the most creative?

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6
 Oral Communication

Where is “home” for you?

Home Is Where the Heart Is

Interesting Facts
Think about your home; not your house necessarily, but where you really English has a word
feel at home. It can be a specific place, a city, somewhere outdoors… to describe the feeling
In small groups, discuss these places. Describe why they are special.
Ask each other questions for more details. of missing a place that you
consider home: homesick.
If you are far from the place
you call home,
you can feel homesick
or have homesickness.
Janine sometimes feels
homesick for Chicago.
People have homesickness
when they feel nostalgic

Daniel Almeida
for a place that they call home.
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Chicago Quito

Listen to the recording and answer the questions according to what

you hear.

1. What two cities does the author consider “home”? ____________

and ____________

2. What are some things the author likes about the first city?
____________, ____________, ____________

3. When did she move to her second home? ____________

4. What are some things she appreciates about her second home?
____________, ____________, ____________

5. Why does she consider herself to be fortunate? ________________

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__________________________________________________________

Discuss the following questions in small groups.

• Do you consider yourself to have two homes? Explain. Vocabulary

• Do you know anyone who is originally from your hometown countless. a lot, too many
but has lived somewhere else for some years? How do they feel? to count

• About people who have many homes, Miriam Adeney once said: adoptive. a person or place
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“You will never be completely at home again, because part of your that receives someone
heart always will be elsewhere. That is the price you pay for the
richness of loving and knowing people in more than one place.” elsewhere. somewhere else,
What do you think about this? in a different place

7
Communication and Cultural Awareness
Value: Interculturality

Do you know anything about interior design?

Feng Shui
Culture
Feng shui is an ancient technique used to create harmony in a space.
The concept of feng shui
It promotes good health, prosperity, and well-being based on energy
(pronounced “fung shway”)
flow through a house, room, building, or garden. This energy is known
comes from China. Literally
as qi, pronounced “chee”.
translated into English,
it means “wind and water”. Three important components of feng shui can be broken down into
It was actually developed the yin yang, the five elements, and the cardinal directions. In the yin
thousands of years ago. yang, yin represents feminine and passive energy, while yang represents
At first, it was a secret in masculine energy which is hot. The five elements – earth, wind, fire,
China, known only by the water, and wood – are also crucial in establishing harmony. Finally, the
most important scientists. 8 cardinal directions – north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest,
However, recently in the southeast, and southwest – also take on an important role in establishing
past decades it has become a harmonious environment.
a popular way of arranging
houses in many places all There are many tips to arrange your house using feng shui. Sharp
over the world. edges can slow energy down, so there should be plants around them.
You should cut back on having too many things, because this also
interrupts energy flow. Busy streets and intersections create too
much energy; using a fountain or a mirror near your front door can
help keep it from entering. The bathroom is the most yin room in the
Grammar Note house because it has water, so you can set up yang elements like candles
Notice the words in the text or bright colors in there.
in light blue. These are called There are many other tips to make a house harmonious according
phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs to feng shui. The internet has plenty of other resources if you believe
are phrases that indicate in this practice!
action, composed of a main
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/3aUcWS2
verb and a particle, which
is usually a preposition.
Some phrasal verbs are In small groups, discuss your opinion about feng shui. Do you want
to try it at your house? Why or why not?
separable, meaning that an
object can be placed between
the verb and particle,
and some are inseparable, Draw part of a house according to the recommendations of feng shui.
meaning that nothing can be You may need to look for more information on the internet to make
your drawing.
placed between the verb and
particle. There is no general
rule for this, you must see
how each phrasal verb
functions in context in order
to know if it is separable
or inseparable.
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Can you guess the meanings

of the phrasal verbs in the
text by using the context?
Your teacher will help you.

8
 Oral Communication
Value: Ecological solutions

What do you do at home to help the environment?

Being Eco-Friendly in Your Own House

Interesting Facts

Do you think that the efforts of one person can make a positive Not only can you make your
or negative difference in the environment? Why? How? Discuss house more eco-friendly,
this as a class. you can also make your trip
to and from your house easier
on the environment!
How? Use a bike! More
and more big cities in the
world are using bikes as their
main means of transportation
to get from one place
to another. In Quito,
for example, there are special
lanes designed for bikes on
busy streets, and parts of the
city close to cars on Sundays
to allow bike riders to have
the whole street!
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Listen to a person give tips on how to make your house more

environmentally friendly. Fill in the blanks with one word.
1. It’s better to wash your clothes in ___________ water.

2. It’s more eco-friendly to let your clothes dry outside instead

of using a ______________.

3. ___________ bulbs are much more energy-efficient than regular

light bulbs.

4. It’s important to ____________ plastics, paper, glass, and metal.

5. Natural cleaning products don’t have _________ that can hurt you.
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Listen to the recording again. In small groups, discuss the following

questions.

• What tips do you think you can apply in your house starting today?
Vocabulary
• Are there any tips that the person didn’t mention? Can you think of
others that you already do at home or that you could do in the future? dryer. a machine used to dry
your clothes
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light bulb. a glass object

that gives light
Go home and try to implement one of the tips your heard in the
listening during the next week. Take a picture of your effort and bring hang. to suspend in the air,
it to class to explain it. usually from something

9
Language Through the Arts
Art

Do you like to be creative with home decorations?

Interior Designers
Did you know that in some
places, there are professionals
who are dedicated to designing the
inside of houses? They are called
interior designers. They help
people to decide on all the aspects
of the inside of their house. For
example, if the house is unfinished,
the designer can advise the owner
about what floor goes best in
what spaces, combined with what
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paint color, and what the best light fixtures would be for the space.
They can also give advice about what couches go with different rooms,
what window treatments to use, what coffee tables, chairs, and end
tables go in the family room, what table to put in the dining room
or kitchen, and even how to arrange your study. They are creative,
artistic professionals with a lot of vision!

Imagine you are an interior designer and have to design the inside
of this house. Label each of the rooms and include furniture
and details about floors and lights. Use your imagination, but be sure
it matches well!
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Vocabulary

light fixture. type of lamp

couches. sofas

window treatments. curtains

or something else to cover
windows

coffee tables. main table

in a family or living room

end table. small table in

a family or living room

study. a room in the house

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usually used for studying

or working

matches. combines or goes

together well

10
 Oral Communication

Have you ever heard the word “Neverland”?

Neverland Ranch

Culture
As a class, discuss the following questions. Michael Jackson was
1. Where do you think most famous people live? an American pop singer
who was popular during
2. What are famous people’s houses like?
the 1980s, 1990s, and early
3. Would you like to be famous and have an enormous house? 2000s. He was one of ten
Why or why not? children, and nine of them
were in the music industry.
His nickname was the King
Listen to the recording about Neverland Ranch and decide if each
of Pop. Some of his most
of the following sentences are True (T) or False (F) based on what favorite songs were “Black
you hear. or White”, “Billie Jean”,
and “Heal the World”.
1. Neverland Ranch is in the state of California. T F He died unexpectedly at the
2. Neverland mansion has 9 bedrooms and 6 bathrooms.
age of 50 in 2009.

T F

3. There are two movie theaters. T F

4. Neverland has a lake and a pool. T F

5. Neverland costs millions of dollars. T F

Listen to the audio again and try to draw what you imagine Neverland
Ranch looks like below. Then compare your drawings with your
classmates. Whose seems the most accurate?
Wikipedia
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Freepik

11
Reading
Do you know the name of any famous architects?

Frank Lloyd Wright

Interesting Facts

Frank Lloyd Wright was What do you think makes an architect famous?
known for his “Design for
Democracy”. This means ______________________________________________________________
that he would always try ______________________________________________________________
to create environments that
were not just functional but
Frank Lloyd Wright was born in the state of Wisconsin in the
also “eloquent and humane”.
United States on June 8, 1867. His father was a musician and his mother
He tried to please everyone
was a teacher. His parents got divorced when he was 18 years old,
and listen to the masses
so he decided to get a job to earn money for his family while he studied
to shape his designs.
at the university to study architecture. In 1887, he moved to Chicago
where he worked for a prestigious architectural partnership of Adler
and Sullivan for six years.
That was the beginning of a very successful career. Over the next
years, he established what is known as the Prairie Style, which was
a characteristic style of the flatlands of the midwestern part of the
United States. He also developed the Usonian style, which is a result
of the Great Depression and the need to provide affordable housing.
He traveled the world presenting his masterpieces. Some of his most
known works are in and around the Chicago area. One of the most
Wikipedia / Fallingwater

famous ones is in the state of Pennsylvania. It’s called “Falling Water”.

It is unique in that water runs through the house. In Wright’s later
years, he wrote and lectured a lot. He left his mark on architecture for
being avant-garde and ahead of his time.
Falling water by Frank Lloyd Wright
Source: https://bit.ly/2QqD51m

Look on the internet for After reading the text, answer the following questions.
another building that Frank
Lloyd Wright designed. 1. Why did Wright decide to get a job? __________________________
Choose one that you think is
interesting. Take some notes 2. Where did Wright move to from Wisconsin? ___________________
about it and print a picture. 3. What helped Wright to start his successful career? _____________
Describe it to your classmates.
Why did you choose it? __________________________________________________________

4. Name and describe the two architectural styles that Wright

Vocabulary is credited for.
__________________________________________________________
to please. to make people
happy __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
partnership. group of two
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people working together 5. What is one of his most famous masterpieces? Why is it famous?
professionally
__________________________________________________________
avant-garde. very modern,
__________________________________________________________
unique

12
 Writing
Have you ever been disappointed with the job someone has done?

A Letter of Complaint

Tip
Think about all the situations that have to do with a house that require
a service. If your shower is leaking, you need to call a plumber. If your When you write
electricity is broken, you need to call an electrician. If you are not happy a business letter,
with your house, you have to talk to the architect or interior designer. you should use formal
Brainstorm and make a list. language. Remember
to be polite, even though
you are complaining.
We can use the conditional
You are going to write a letter of complaint, which is a way to formally with “would” to make our
report poor service or a job that was not well done. Follow the steps
below.
requests more polite.

Step 1 I would like to explain

to you the situation.
From the list that you made, think of a situation that could cause
you to have a complaint. Write it here. I would like you to solve
the problem.
______________________________________________________________

Step 2

Imagine some details about the situation. Write them here.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Step 3

Write your letter in your notebook. Begin your letter with “To whom
it may concern:”. This is the way we usually start a formal letter.
Introduce yourself and describe the service that you are writing
to complain about. Give details about the problem. Finally, conclude
the letter by asking for a resolution that you think is appropriate
(your money returned, a new product, etc.)

Step 4

Exchange your draft with a classmate. Read each other’s letters

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and answer these questions:

• Does the letter make sense? Is it convincing?

• It is well organized?

• Does it have any grammar or vocabulary mistakes?

• Is the resolution realistic?

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Step 5

Take into consideration your partner’s comments and write a final

version for your teacher.

13
Assessment

Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity

1 Listen to someone talk about her childhood home and decide if each of the
following sentences are True (T) or False (F) based on what you hear.

1. The house has three floors. T F

2. The kitchen has a glass door with a beautiful view. T F
3. The dining room and the living room are connected. T F
4. The stairs are next to the kitchen. T F
5. The piano in the living room is new. T F
6. All of the bedrooms are carpeted. T F
7. One of the two bathrooms has a shower. T F

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

2 Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.

People have different living options. In big cities, it is common for people to live in
apartments. Cities are crowded places, so apartments are good living arrangements
to save space. Apartment buildings can be a few stories, or they can be several
stories high. They can be suites, for one person or a couple, or they can have two,
three, or four bedrooms. They usually have a parking garage for people’s cars,
and in some cases even a gym or a pool. People can rent or buy apartments.
In places where there is more space, people often live in houses. They can be one,
two, or three floors. Most of the time they have a private space outside, either
a garden or a patio. People can rent houses, paying a monthly price to the owner.
People can also own houses by paying a mortgage, a monthly payment that is
made usually for 10-30 years until the price of the house is completely paid off.
The benefit of owning a house is that later you can pass the house down to the
next generation, or eventually sell it and receive money.

1. Why are apartments common in cities?

____________________________________________________________
2. Who are apartments for?
____________________________________________________________
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3. What other things can be in apartment buildings?

____________________________________________________________

14
 Assessment What makes a house a home?

4. What do houses have that apartments don’t?

____________________________________________________________
5. What is the advantage to buying a house?
____________________________________________________________

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

3 With a partner, talk about your childhood home. Mention where it is, the design,
the interior, the furniture, and any special characteristics about it. Ask each other
specific questions and answer them.

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

4 From the phrasal verbs seen on page 8 of this module, choose three and use them
to write a paragraph about a topic you have seen in the module. Write 80-90 words.

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Use and understand house vocabulary

Understand some phrasal verbs

Write a letter of complaint

15
 Project 1

Design Your Dream House

Tip

Remember all of the

vocabulary you know for
furniture and parts of the
house. Review the first half
of the module if you need
to. You should also talk
about the materials,
like wood, tile, fabric,
cement, brick, glass,
and others that are used
in your house.

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You have the chance to become an architect and interior designer for
a day. Money is no object, and you have the chance to create your dream
house! This is an individual project because every person has their own
unique tastes. Follow the steps below.

Step 1
Notes
The first step is to become an architect. You are going to design the
physical structure of your house. How many floors would you like it to
be? What rooms will be on each floor? Will it have a garden? A pool?
On a blank piece of paper, draw each one of the floors with the rooms,
as well as the outdoor area. Label each part.

Step 2

Now become an interior designer. Decide on the details of the interior

of your house, like furniture, walls, floors, lights, cabinets, closets, window
treatments… You can use pictures from newspapers, magazines, or the
internet for inspiration. Paste these pictures or draw your ideas on a few
sheets of blank paper.

Step 3

Prepare a brief presentation for the class about your design. Describe its
characteristics and why it is your dream house. Show them your drawings
and pictures.
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Step 4

As a class, comment on each other’s houses. Which ones are the most
extravagant? The most creative? The most modern? The most unique?

16
 Let’s Review

Grammar / Vocabulary

From these phrasal verbs from the first half of the module, choose four to use in original
sentences. Make sure that they show that you understand the meaning, and also pay
attention to the placement of the object if there is one.

cut back on slow down keep from

set up break down into fill in

Reading Writing

Review the readings that were in the first half of Your teacher will give you a picture of a house.
the module. Which one was the most interesting Describe it the best you can using the vocabulary
to you? Why? you learned in the first half of this module.
Write 50-60 words.
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17
Communication and Cultural Awareness
Language
Value: Interculturality

Can you think of a word in English that is difficult to translate into Spanish?

Untranslatable Words About Home

Culture
There are many words that have to do with homes that are not easily
Translation is the art translatable into other languages. Here is a list of ten of them:
of changing a text from
one language to another.
But sometimes there are
some words that don’t have
an exact equivalent
in another language.
Fjaka (Croatian) – Relaxing your mind and body
Why does this happen?
at home, enjoying not doing anything.
Sometimes there are words
that are specific to a certain Gezellig (Dutch) – The warm feeling you get from
culture because there is a hanging out with special people in a cozy home.
concept or an item that exists
in that culture that doesn’t Gluggaveður (Icelandic) – Literally translated,
exist in others. This is why this means “window weather”; weather that is nice
a language can tell us so to watch from inside your house, but not nice to go
much about a culture! outside.
Kanso (Japanese) – Keeping your house simple
by getting rid of clutter.
Grammar Note
Morgenfrisk (Danish) – The feeling of waking
The words that appear in
up after having slept well.
purple in the text are more
examples of phrasal verbs. Peiskos (Norwegian) – The warmth you feel sitting
They consist of two or three at home in front of a fire.
words and represent actions.
Remember that they can Philoxenía (Greek) – Welcoming strangers in your
be separable or inseparable, home in a loving and respectful way.
referring to where the Retrouvailles (French) – Meeting up with people
adverb or object can be you love after a long time apart.
placed. Of the phrasal verbs
in the text, only “talk over” Sambo (Swedish) – A couple sharing life together
can be separable when the in the same house without being married or engaged.
object is a pronoun.
Talanoa (Hindi) – Sharing stories and talking
We should really talk it over. over problems to build and fix relationships
between people.

Taken from: https://bit.ly/32u9Gce

Vocabulary
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get rid of. throw away Discuss these questions in small groups or as a class.
clutter. garbage, extra things Can you think of any words in English that are similar to any of these?
you don’t need that make
a mess Which one(s) of these words do you think are the most useful?

18
 Oral Communication

What is the tallest building you know?

The Willis Tower

Grammar Note
As you listen to the
recording, pay attention to
the superlatives. These are
used to describe the #1 in a
specific category. Remember
that they are formed by using

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the (adjective)+est (noun)
when the adjective is short,
and the most (adjective)
In small groups, think about some of the tallest buildings you have
noun if the adjective is long.
seen or studied and discuss them. In what countries are they?
How many stories do they have? What do you think they are made of? The Willis Tower was
What more do you know about them?
the tallest building in the
world until 1998.

Listen to a person talk about the Willis Tower and fill in the spaces
The Willis Tower is the
in the Facts Sheet below. most popular tourist
attraction in Chicago.
• Sears Roebuck Company thought of the idea of the
tower in ____________.

• Construction began in ________ and took ___________

to finish.

• Until 1998, it was ____________ building in the world.

• It has _______ stories and is ________ meters tall.

• The lowest floor of the building is ____________ below

the level of the street.

• The ____________ are some of the fastest in the world.

• You can go up to the ______ floor to see amazing views.

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• The Willis Tower is the most _____________ tourist

destination in Chicago.

Vocabulary

skyscraper. extremely tall

Listen to the recording again. Draw a picture of what you imagine building in a city
the Willis Tower looks like. Compare your drawings in small groups.
Whose is the most accurate? stories. in this context, floors
of a building

elevators. electric boxes

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that carry you up and down

Choose another skyscraper from any part of the world to research. in buildings
Make a list of fun facts like the ones in the activity about the building
you choose and present them to your class. Which of the buildings neighboring. surrounding,
you learn about would you most like to visit? Why? next to, around

19
Reading
Where does the President live?

Two Presidential Houses

The place where a president lives in any country is a famous
As a class, make a list
of the facts you know about
landmark. The case is no different for Ecuador and the United States.
The White House in The Ecuadorian President’s residence is called Carondelet Palace
Washington, D.C. and the and is located in Ecuador’s capital city, Quito. It is in the Plaza de la
Presidential House in Quito. Independencia near the Cathedral in the middle of Quito’s historic district.
Do the two houses have It is more than 300 years old and has had very few renovations. It is
a lot in common? an architectural masterpiece on the outside, and a design masterpiece
on the inside. There are many different pieces of art, including a mural
done by Oswaldo Guayasamín. The third floor is where the President
lives. Visitors can only see the first floor.
Wikipedia / MartínGonzález

The White House is on Pennsylvania Avenue in the capital city

of the United States, Washington, D.C. The first President of
the United States, George Washington, decided on its location.
The construction was finished in 1800. However, many renovations
were done in the 1900s to make the house bigger. It was first known
Carondelet Palace as the President’s Place, but in 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt
renamed it The White House for the color of its exterior. It is the home
of the U.S. President and his family as well as a museum. There are
132 rooms, 35 bathrooms, and 6 floors in the house.
Wikipedia / MattWade

These two presidential homes have a lot in common, but they are
also very different. Both of them are worth visiting sometime!
https://bit.ly/2FQn1E8 - https://bit.ly/31sAkTF
The White House

Grammar Note After reading the text, decide if the following statements describe
Carondelet, The White House, both, or neither.
On this page, you
will recognize some 1. Of the two presidential residences, this one is older. ____________
comparatives. These 2. This house is in the capital city. _____________
are expressions used to
talk about two things 3. Of the two houses, this one is more renovated. ______________
in relationship to each 4. This house suffered a major fire. ______________
other. Remember that
5. Of the two houses, this one is bigger. ________________
comparatives are formed
by using (adjective)+er than 6. There is an important mural. ______________
when it is a short adjective
7. This is the official home of the President. ___________
and more (adjective) than
when it is a long adjective. 8. There is a museum. _______________

Vocabulary
Do more research on these two important landmarks. What else can
you discover? Compare the two houses by writing sentences using
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landmark. a special building

or statue that is famous comparatives.

renovations. work done to a The White House is more famous than Carondelet.
building to improve it Carondelet is closer to my house than The White House.

20
 Writing
Do you like to write for fun?

A Haiku
A haiku is a type of poem originally from Japan. It is characterized Tip
by being three lines long and having a total of 17 syllables. The first line
has 5 syllables, the second line has 7, and the third line has 5. They are A syllable is part of a word
usually written about topics dealing with nature, but they can be about that usually has a vowel
anything. Here is an example: sound and it can have
consonants too. Syllables
The Windy City My sweet childhood home are sometimes called
the “beats” of a word.
Chicago, you have my heart It is a magical place To determine the syllables
that a word has, you can try
City of wonder I’ll never forget two techniques. You can
say the word slowly and
clap with each “beat” that
You are going to write two of your own haikus. One should be about
you feel. Or you can put
your town or city, and the other should be about a house you have lived
in. Follow these steps. your palm in front of your
mouth and feel the bursts
Step 1 of air with each syllable.
Think of some characteristics that are most important to you about Try it with this word:
your town or city and your house. Write them here. determination.
My town/city My house It has 5 syllables.

____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
Step 2

Begin to arrange these words. Haikus do not need to have complete

sentences or perfectly follow grammar rules. The most important
thing to remember is to respect the 5-7-5 syllable structure. Freepik

Step 3 de-ter-mi-na-tion
When you are satisfied with your two poems, write them here.
My town/city My house
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
Step 4
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If you want, you can create an illustration to accompany your poems.

de-ter-mi-na-tion
Step 5
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Share your haikus. You can hang them around the room, pass
them around the class, or read them out loud. Comment on your
classmates’ creations!

21
Language Through the Arts

Do you know of any songs that talk about home?

“93 Million Miles”

Interesting Facts
There are many songs about home in different languages. They are
Jason Mraz was born in 1977
often nostalgic, reflecting homesickness and a longing for a place where
in the state of Virginia in the
someone feels at home. One of these songs is called “93 Million Miles”
United States.
by Jason Mraz. You can read the lyrics below.
He was a cheerleader in high
school. He later moved to
San Diego, California where 93 Million Miles
he began to get involved
in music. He recorded 93 million miles from the sun
his first album in 2002 People get ready, get ready
and has been very successful ‘Cause here it comes, it’s a light
A beautiful light, over the horizon into our eyes
since then. His music
combines elements of
Oh, my, my how beautiful
country, rock, and folk
Oh, my beautiful mother
music.
She told me, “Son, in life you’re gonna go far
Source: https://bit.ly/3j9fsXq
If you do it right, you’ll love where you are
Just know… wherever you go
You can always come home.”

240 thousand miles from the moon

We’ve come a long way to belong here
To share this view of the night, a glorious night
Over the horizon is another bright sky

Oh, my, my, how beautiful

Oh, my irrefutable father
Wikipedia / Marisa Gesualdi

He told me, “Son, sometimes it may seem dark

But the absence of the light is a necessary part
Just know you’re never alone
You can always come back home.”

Jason Mraz Every road is a slippery slope

There is always a hand that you can hold on to
Looking deeper through the telescope
In small groups, discuss the You can see that your home’s inside of you
meaning of the song. Don’t Just know that wherever you go
focus on each individual word No, you’re never alone
but rather the general ideas in
You will always get back home…
the song. What emotions does
the song bring out? What does
“home” represent here? 93 million miles from the sun
People get ready, get ready
‘Cause here it comes it’s a light, a beautiful light
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Vocabulary Over the horizon into our eyes…

Source: Musixmatch
slippery slope. a path than Songwriters: Mraz Jason / Natter Michael / Daly Mike
can lead to a bad situation 93 Million Miles lyrics © Great Hooks Music, Psywar Music Ltd.

22
 Oral Communication

Would you want to stay in one place for your whole life?

Mobile Homes

A mobile home is a home

on wheels; one that has
no foundation and that you
can pick up and easily move
to a different place.
Can you think of the possible
advantages
and disadvantages of living
in a mobile home? Make a list
as a class.

Freepik
Grammar Note
Listen to a person talk about the advantages and disadvantages
of mobile homes. Decide if the following statements are True (T), In the recording, you hear
False (F), or Not Mentioned (NM) based on what you hear. the person talking about
the possibility of living in a
1. Mobile homes cost more than regular homes. mobile home. When we talk
T F NM about hypothetical situations
in the present, we use the
2. It takes longer to build a mobile home than a regular home. second conditional. It is
T F NM formed by two clauses:
If + simple past, conditional
3. Mobile homes are more resistant than regular homes.
(with would/could)
T F NM
If I lived in a mobile home,
4. If you live in a mobile home, you can move it when you want. I would spend one month
T F NM in a place.
5. An advantage of a mobile home is that it is more I would be helping the
environmentally friendly. T F NM environment if I lived
in a mobile home.
6. Mobile homes are more dangerous than regular homes.

T F NM

7. Mobile homes are not very big.

T F NM

8. All mobile homes have their own gardens.

T F NM

After hearing about some information about mobile homes, do you

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think that you would like to live in one? Why or why not? Discuss your
opinions as a class. You can also do this as a debate with two sides:
those who would like to live in mobile homes and those who would not.
Present your arguments and counterarguments.

23
Communication and Cultural Awareness
Value: Interculturality

What types of houses have you seen in Ecuador?

Indigenous Houses of Ecuador

Culture
The interdisciplinary
research program called
Oralidad Modernidad has been
dedicated to investigating
and preserving indigenous
languages and cultures across
the countries. The different

Marleen Haboud

Marleen Haboud
components of the project
include mapping language
use and loss of indigenous
Tsachila House Saraguro House
languages, passing on
ancestral knowledge to new In the different regions of Ecuador, there are various types of houses.
generations, documenting In the big cities like Quito and Guayaquil, we can see single-family
uses of medicinal plants, homes, condominiums, and even tall, modern apartment buildings.
and creating audiovisual
and printed material in In the rural regions of the country, there are indigenous communities
indigenous languages. that have distinctive homes. For example, in the Tsa’chila community,
some houses are built with bamboo cane and palm leaves for the roof.
Source: https://bit.ly/2FoRqtg
The houses are about five meters tall and takes about a month to finish.
To build a house in this community, there should be an elder present
who knows about construction. These houses can last up to 30 years,
but the roof needs to be changed every five years. However, recently
these houses have been replaced by ones built with cement with zinc
rooves. These are not built collectively, nor do they use materials from
nature.
In Loja, the Saraguro people build houses with material that is native
to the region. The houses are typically in the shape of a rectangle.
They use clay and straw for the walls, and clay tiles for the roof.
This keeps the house warm. These houses usually only have one window
with a view of the mountains. Right outside of the house, people
usually grow some crops and have space for small animals like chickens
and sheep.
Houses may look different across the country, but they are all unique.
Wikipedia / Cayambe

They say something about the land and the people who live there.
Source: Haboud, Marleen. (Forthcoming). Estudio sociolingüístico georreferenciado de la lengua Tsa’fiki (2010).
Quito: Abya-Yala.

Cañari House Haboud, M. (2013-2014). Estudio Sociolingüístico georreferenciado del Kichwa de Saraguro. Quito: PUCE (Internal report).

In groups of 3-4 students, discuss some common characteristics

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that houses in your area have. Do they resemble either of the

houses in the reading? Do you think they are typical of your country?
Why or why not? Do you think there could be a better way to build
houses in your community? What would it be?

24
 Oral Communication
Value: Solidarity

Are there people who don’t have a home in your community?

Homelessness

Tip
Have a class discussion about homelessness. Discuss the following
questions: When you are presented
• Does Ecuador have a lot of homelessness? Do you think it is more with words you don’t know
concentrated in the big cities or the rural areas? in English, and you don’t
have a dictionary close
• Where in the world do you think the most cases of homelessness
are? Why do you think that?
by, try to use different
strategies to figure the
• Why do you think homelessness exists? Do you think we as a society words out. You can use
can do anything to reduce it? What about governments?
context, which is the
language and situation
that surrounds the word
you don’t know. You can
Listen to an expert talk about homelessness. Fill in the facts sheet
below with the missing information. also break the word into
pieces. For example, if you
don’t recognize the word
• Number of homeless people around the world: “homelessness”, break it
_____________________ into pieces you do know.
Home = house, -less =
• South Africa: main causes are _________________ without, -ness = noun.
and unemployment at ____%

• India: about _______ million homeless people, _____%

in urban areas

• Philippines & Japan: In _________, millions became

homeless after natural disasters like ____________

• Europe: rates of homelessness have _________ in the

past years

• United States: more than __________________ people

are homeless

• Colombia: approximately ____________ million people

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are homeless because of _____________

Vocabulary
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figure out. discover, resolve.

In the statistics provided by the United Nations on homelessness,
(phrasal verb)
Ecuador is not included. Look on the internet and see if you can find
some data on homelessness in Ecuador from other reliable sources. break into. separate. (phrasal
Bring it to class and talk about it together. verb)

25
Reading
Social Studies

Have you ever seen a strange house?

The World’s Strangest Houses

There are many unique houses around the world. Here are some
Here is a preview of some of
of them.
the houses you will find in
this reading. What do you The River House: There is a house built on top of a rock in the
think their characteristics are?
Discuss them as a class or in middle of a river in Serbia. It was built in 1968 by a group of young men
small groups. who thought that it was an ideal place for a small shelter.
River House – Toilet House – The Toilet House: In Seoul, South Korea, a group of sanitation
Airplane House – Heliodome - activists constructed the first toilet-shaped home in 2007. It is called
Soccer Ball House
Haewoojae in Korean, which means “satisfying one’s anxiety”. It is
known for having many large bathrooms.
The Airplane House: In Lebanon, there is a house that is built like
a big airplane, in the model of an Airbus A380. The town of Miziara
is known for strange houses built like Egyptian ruins or Greek temples.
The Heliodome: This is a solar panel house in France. It is designed
based on a three-dimensional sundial that is strategically placed
according to the location of the sun. During the summer months,
there is shade on the house to keep it cool. And during the winter
months, the sun hits the solar panels to warm the house.
The Soccer Ball House: There is a house shaped like a soccer ball
in Japan. It was built in 2005. The 32-sided house floats and is resistant
to earthquakes. It is priced at less than $15,000.
Source: https://bit.ly/3lfMRBH
wikipedia / Rasevic

Write the name of the house that each sentence describes.

1. This is a house shaped as a means of transportation.

The River House ______________________________

2. This house is based on a piece of sports equipment.

______________________________

3. This house was built on a body of water. ______________________

There are many other unique
houses in different parts 4. This house is based on a part of our solar system. ______________
of the world. As homework,
go on the internet and find 5. This house is based on something we have in the bathroom.
another one. If you can, print ___________________
a picture of it or draw it in
your notebook. Take some
notes on its characteristics
to present to the class. Now use your imagination. Design your own unique house!
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When all students have Draw it and write a brief description about it (40-50 words).
presented, discuss which of Think of something really different!
the houses you would like to
live in and why. My house is called ___________. On the outside….. On the inside…

26
 Writing
Do you enjoy writing creatively?

Creative Writing

Creative writing is just as its name says: writing in a creative way. Tip
This is your opportunity to allow your creative juices to flow. It’s time for
you to tell a story in which the main focus is a house or home. Follow
these steps. Creative writing is a genre
that is not as formal
Step 1
as academic writing.
Start brainstorming ideas. Do you want a house (a building) to be So this means you don’t
the center of the story, or the concept of home? Will the story need to always use
be fictional, or based on something from real life? Will the house formal vocabulary,
have human characteristics? In other words, will it be personified?
Write some notes here.
but you should still follow
grammar rules. Try to
______________________________________________________________ use some of the structures
you have reviewed in this
______________________________________________________________
module, like comparatives,
______________________________________________________________ superlatives, and second
Step 2 conditional.

Think of a good first sentence that will capture your reader’s attention
right away. Make it intriguing. It can be a question, something shocking,
a quote, anything that gets your reader interested in what you are
writing. Write it here.

______________________________________________________________

Step 3

Start organizing your ideas. Decide if the story is going to be

in the past, present, or future. Who will be the main character?
What will be the series of events leading to the climax? What will be
the resolution? Write your ideas here.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Step 4

Put your story together in your notebook. Pay attention to your

grammar, spelling, word use, and punctuation. Write 100-120 words.
Step 5
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Share your stories with your classmates. You can read them out loud
or pass them around the room. You can vote on the funniest story, the
most emotional story, the most creative story… Think of more categories
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as a class!

27
Language Through the Arts

Do you have a favorite saying about home?

Homemade Home Signs

Tip

Whenever you are using

a quote for anything - in
a paper, on social media,
or in an art project - it
is always a good idea to
include the name of the
person who said it.
You should give credit
to the one who originally
thought of the idea and not
try to make it seem like it
was your own.

Daniel Almeida
In many homes, you will see decorations on the wall. Sometimes
they are pictures of family and friends, or religious figures, or paintings
of landscapes, or sayings. It is your turn to make one for your wall.
You will need:
• A piece of paper
• A pencil
• Colored pencils or markers
• Your favorite phrase about home
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Search for some famous phrases or quotes about home. Here are
some you can use, but you should also look for others that you might
like better.
“There is nothing like staying home for real comfort.” - Jane Austin
“Home isn’t a place, it’s a feeling.” – Cecelia Ahern
“Home is where the heart is.” – Pliny the Elder
Write the quote you choose on your piece of paper, first in pencil
in case you make any mistakes. Choose a letter style that you think
is best for the message. You can include a few small images, but the
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focus here is the saying. Color your phrase in colors that go well with
your room.
Daniel Almeida

Optional: This can also be done on a piece of wood with paint

if it is available.
28
 Oral Communication

Have you ever played games involving houses?

A Classic Board Game

Have you ever played

Monopoly? If you have, explain
the rules. If you haven’t,
imagine how the board game
is played. Discuss this as a
class or in small groups.

Culture

Wikipedia / Horst Frank

The original version of
the Monopoly game is the
most well-known around
the world. However, there
are dozens of other unique
versions that have been
Listen to a person talk about the history of the board game Monopoly.
Decide if each of the statements below are True (T) or False (F) based
created. There is a junior
on what you hear. If it is false, correct it to make it true. edition, which is meant for
younger children. There is a
1. Charles Darrow sold his game to Parker Brothers in the 1920s.
Star Wars edition, a Game
T F of Thrones edition, a Star
__________________________________________________________ Trek edition, a Pokemon
2. Lizzie Magie got a patent for her Landlord Game in 1904.
edition, a Disney edition...
even a Simpsons edition!
T F In many U.S. cities, you
__________________________________________________________ can find an edition that is
3. In the Landlord Game, there were spaces like Jail and Park. especially made for that city.
T F
__________________________________________________________

4. Magie’s intention with her game was to show the economic Imagine you were going to
create your own Monopoly
opportunity in the US. T F
game based on your own town
__________________________________________________________ or city. What places would you
include on the game board?
5. Magie sold her patent to Parker Brothers for $5000. Talk about it in groups of 3-4
T F students, and if possible,
draw a picture of how your
__________________________________________________________ game board would look.
6. Monopoly sold 278,000 copies in its first year. T F
__________________________________________________________
Vocabulary
7. Monopoly was a critique of American greed. T F
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landlord. owner of a building

__________________________________________________________
that rents to other people
8. Monopoly can be played on a cell phone. T F
bankruptcy. the condition
__________________________________________________________ of losing all of your money

29
Assessment

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

1 Read the following text and answer the questions that follow.

Andean Housewarming Party

In many Andean communities, it is common to celebrate a wasipichay, a type
of housewarming party. But the roots of this celebration are actually different
than what is has come to represent today. Originally, a wasipichay was a gathering
of neighbors and friends in a new house to help the owners clean it and “cure”
it from any bad spirits. Historically, there was the custom of placing different
items like corn, beans, wood, and other symbolic things on the middle of the roof
to bring good fortune to the family and the home. Traditionally, there were also
theatrical representations of everyday situations, sometimes with a bit of humor.
In the main hall of the house, people would roast dried corn for the smoke to fill
the house. The smoke had two functions: to cleanse the home and also to bring
prosperity to it. In Quichua it is said that a house is nourished by the arrival of a
friend or family member, so all the people who attend the party should be happy
and free of negative thoughts. Today, the meaning of wasipichay has changed
and adapted to a new society, but it remains the idea of celebrating with family
and friends having moved to a new house.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/2D3GbWg

1. How can you explain the word “wasipichay” in English?

____________________________________________________________
2. Why would people place beans, corn, and other items on the roof
of a new house?
____________________________________________________________
3. Was there any entertainment at the party? Explain.
____________________________________________________________
4. What two purposes did roasting dried corn have?
____________________________________________________________
5. How should people be when they attend a wasipichay?
____________________________________________________________

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

2 In pairs, pretend that one student is a landlord and the other wants to rent an apartment
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that the landlord is offering. Take turns asking and answering questions in a dialogue.
Think about what a landlord would want to know about someone who wants to rent
his apartment, and what a renter would want to know about the apartment.

30
 Assessment What makes a house a home?

Achievement Level - Grammar

Individual activity

3 Complete the following sentences in an original way. Pay attention to which

conditional you should use.
1. If I could live anywhere in the world, _______________________________
2. In the future, if I want to buy a house but I am missing $1000 for the down
payment (money you pay to reserve the house), I _______________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________ if I had the opportunity.
4. I would move to another province if _______________________________
5. _______________________________ if I were economically independent.

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

4 Predict how houses will look in 100 years. Will they be the same as they are now?
How will they look different on the inside? On the outside? Write a paragraph
of 50-65 words.

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Use comparatives and superlatives

Work with some phrasal verbs

Use second conditional

31
 Project 2

Before After

Freepik / microone
A Home Improvement Reality Show
Nowadays, on TV we can see many different types of reality shows.
There are some that based on home improvement. These shows go to
houses that are falling apart and suggest renovations for them to make
them look better.

For this project, you are going to create your own home improvement
show. Follow the steps below.

Step 1
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Form groups of 4-5 students and brainstorm some ideas about your
show. Where will it take place? What will the house look like before
the renovation? After the renovation? Who are the people who own
the house?
Notes
Step 2
Look for pictures of a house before renovations and one after.
The two pictures should look similar in that the houses should
be a similar type. With your group, determine what renovations
needed to be done in order to make the house look like the final version.

Step 3
Create a script in which 2-3 members of your group are the home
renovators and 2-3 members are the owners of the house. Write
a conversation between the members of your group. Start when
the renovators first meet the homeowners, then somewhere in the
middle of the renovation, then at the end.

Step 4
Record your show or perform it in front of the class. Remember
to show the pictures of before and after the renovation. Try to show
emotion when you perform: sadness, excitement, surprise, etc.
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Step 5
Discuss the home renovation shows you saw. Who did the best
renovation? Who did the best acting? Who was the most entertaining?

32
 English Are you internet savvy?
Pedagogical Module 6
Curricular Threads: Communication and Cultural Awareness,
Oral Commmunication, Reading, Writing, Language Through the Arts

Third Course BGU

Writing electronically 4 5 Statistics

M
at
h
6 The birth of the internet

Hi
3

st
Future continuous

or
7

y
Internet art

Ar
t
ish

Phrasal verbs 2
gl

The

La
ng
En

8 Internet slang

ua
Online

ge
World

an
d
Internet vocabulary 1

Li
te
ra
tur
e
Values

10 Internet safety 9 Freedom of expression

As teenagers today, it is difficult for you to

imagine a world without internet. It has existed
since you were born. But for your grandparents
- or even your parents – internet was not always
a part of their daily lives. You now enjoy the
advantage of having an infinite amount of
information at your fingertips. You can answer
any question you may have in a matter of seconds.
You can call and see your friends and family
around the world on the computer screen. You
can play games in groups, watch movies, even
order food or go shopping online. When you
connect with others on the internet, suddenly
they don’t seem so far away. As Bill Gates once
said: “The internet is becoming the town square
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for the global village of tomorrow.”

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How do you interpret what Bill Gates said? Do you agree with him?

1
Communication and Cultural Awareness
Math

Where do you think people use internet the most in the world? And the least?

Internet Use Around the World

Culture

Can you guess what Before you read the text, try to estimate what percentage of the
language the majority population in different countries around the world use the internet.
As a class, do you agree?
of websites are in? If you
guessed English, you China _______% Somalia _______%
are correct! According United States _______% Japan _______%
to Statista, as of January
2020, about 26% of all the France _______% Ecuador _______%
webpages on the internet are
in English. This is followed Even though we are in the 21st century and the
by about 19% in Chinese, internet has existed for decades, not all parts
8% in Spanish, and 5% in of the world enjoy the same access.
Arabic. There are also small According to the most recent statistics
percentages of webpages from the International Telecommunication
in Indonesian, Portuguese, Union, 53.6% of the world’s population uses the
French, Japanese, Russian, internet. In the developing world, this number
and German. is slightly lower at 47%, and in the developed
Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2FbXMMP
world it is 86.6% By region, this translates to Africa
with 28.2%, the Americas at 77.2%, Asia at 48.4%,
the Arab States at 51.6%, and Europe with 82.5%
By country, we can analyze the raw numbers of percentages
of the population. Looking at individual internet users, China has
the most with over 900 million people using the internet. However,
this represents only 63% of the population. In the United States, about
325 million people use the internet, but this constitutes over 96%
of the population of the country. Japan has over 116 million internet
users, which is over 90% of the population. In France, just over 80%
of the population uses the internet. In many African countries, like
Ethiopia, the percentage is much lower. In Somalia, for example,
only 2% of the population uses the internet. And here in Ecuador, more
than 9.5 million use the internet on a regular basis, which represents
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almost 58% of the national population.

Source: https://bit.ly/2FjO36U

After reading about internet use around the world, discuss these
questions in small groups.
Vocabulary
1. Do any of these statistics surprise you? Why or why not?
slightly. a little
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2. What factors do you think influence the percentage of people

raw numbers. actual numbers; that use the internet around the world?
here representing individuals
3. Why do you think that in some cases, looking at percentages
constitutes. forms, composes instead of raw numbers can be much more important?

2
 Oral Communication

What do you think was the first social media ever?

The History of Social Media

Interesting Facts

Before listening to the recording, discuss the different social media Social media is defined
networks you know. Do you know who created them and when? as websites and mobile
Why do you think social media networks were created? applications that
help facilitate online
communication between
friends and family through
Listen to a person talk about the history of social media. Fill in the
being able to share different
blanks in the notes below.
content and fosters social
networking. It is estimated
How Social Media Was Born that 2.6 billion people in the
world use social networks
• The first social media network was ____________
today.
and it was created in ______________. You could
Source: https://bit.ly/3kaaev4
_________________ and _______________ on that
website.

• In _________, a new network called _____________

appeared. The name was a mix of two words:
______________ and ______________. There, you
could form a network with friends and share
______________________________.

• Later that same year, a new site appeared called

_______________. Two extra things that you could
do on the platform were __________________ and
__________________. It was the most popular social
media site from _________ to __________.

• In 2006, _____________ was created.

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Vocabulary
As a class, discuss how social media networks have evolved since the
first one in 1997. What can you do now on social media? Do you think facilitate. to make something
social media is more popular now than it was back then? Why or why easier
not? Write some of your observations below.
foster. to promote
______________________________________________________________ or encourage

______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3
Reading
History

Do you know when and where the internet first started?

The Birth of the Internet

Interesting Facts

The word “internet” In small groups, discuss what you know about the internet.
has been directly adopted Consider issues like when it began, how it has changed over
in hundreds of languages the years, and how it works.
all over the world.
The word itself was It was October 29, 1969, 10:30 at night. A student programmer
introduced in 1984 named Charley Kline at the University of California at Los Angeles sent
in English. It is a two letters – “l” and “o” to a computer at Stanford Research Institute over
combination of “inter”, 350 miles away. The two letters stood for “login”. After the computer
meaning between and “net”, received those letters, it crashed, but that was the birth of the internet.
which is a shortened form
of the word network. The primitive version of what we know today as the internet was
called ARPANET. It was funded by the United States military. At the
time, computers were hard to find. Computer scientists needed to
schedule an appointment to work with one of the few computers that
were available in the country. Since computer scientists worked far away
from each other, they needed a way to communicate quickly through
computers across long distances. Electronic messages were the solution.
Wikipedia / Bundesarchiv

In 1972, the first form of email was created by Ray Tomlinson.

His inspiration? Colleagues who didn’t answer his phone calls. He was
the first to use the “at” symbol (@) for names of senders and recipients.
However, unfortunately there is no record of what the first email said
because Tomlinson doesn’t remember.
Vocabulary
In 1983, the DNS (Domain Name System) created .edu, .gov, .com,
stood (stand) for. to represent .mil, .org, .net, and .int as part of the names of websites. In 1989,
webcam. a camera in the first ISP (internet service provider) appeared. It was called The
or attached to a computer World. In 1991, the first webcam transmission happened. It was a very
used to transmit images boring video, since it simply showed a coffee pot and the University
through the internet of Cambridge. The following year, broadband was born. Then,
broadband. a transmission in 1993, Mosaic became the first widespread internet browser. In 1998,
technique that allows many the search engine Google appeared on the scene and revolutionized
messages to be transmitted the way we searched for information on the internet. Since then,
simultaneously
the internet has evolved with each passing year.
Adapted from: https://bit.ly/3mnxis8

Skim the reading to find the important information for each year. Just write notes,
don’t copy complete sentences from the text.
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1969 1972 1983 1989 1991 1992 1993 1998

4
 Writing
What do you think the first e-mail in history said?

The First E-mail Ever

As you learned in the reading on page 4 of this module, no one is sure

what the first e-mail said in 1972. Now is your opportunity to pretend
you have the chance to write the first e-mail ever.

You are able to travel back to the past. Imagine you are Tip
Ray Tomlinson. The year is 1972. You are about to send the first
e-mail ever to the world. What are you going to write? Think about In this writing, since
what you now know about the internet, social media, and electronic
you will be talking about
communication. You can let people know what they will see
50 years later. the future, you can use the
future with will.
Compose an e-mail to the world. Think about the importance of
your message, and how it will revolutionize communication. Write In 50 years, you will be able
60-70 words. to talk to each other with video.
You can also use the future
continuous to talk about
things that will be happening
(continuously, over time)
Dear world, in the future.
In the future, you will be
__________________________________
texting with your family
__________________________________ and friends daily.
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Interesting Facts
__________________________________
Nowadays, there are
__________________________________
hundreds of e-mail servers
__________________________________ available for public use.
__________________________________ The most common ones
are Yahoo, Gmail, and
Hotmail. Anyone can
open an e-mail account
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for free with those servers.

There are also private
servers used by schools,
universities, businesses,
and the government. There
are even e-mail servers
like accountant.com and
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technie.com for accountants

and computer lovers
respectively!

5
Language Through the Arts

Do you like to use stickers in your messages?

Social Media Stickers

Interesting Facts
A few decades ago, when someone said the word “sticker”, everyone
Stickers in instant messaging would immediately think of a small piece of paper with a drawing on
were born in 2011 in Japan. one side and a sticky surface on the other side that you could use to
However, they were actually decorate your notebooks or letters. Now, however, stickers have taken
created by a Korean internet on another form. They are electronic images that can be sent in chats
company called Naver. They to replace words.
started developing a part
of their company called Some of these stickers are free, while others cost money. They are
“Line” in Japan because the available in apps like Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp. Facebook
market in Korea was too has a large collection of stickers with images from famous cartoon
competitive. They were the characters to short words or phrases.
first service to offer stickers
It is possible to create your own stickers using different apps that
to their users and they were
are available, including one called “Sticker Maker”. You can take photos
an instant success.
and turn them into stickers, add words, change shapes, and other tricks.

You are going to create your own stickers for WhatsApp.

You will start by drawing them here. If you have the application
“Sticker Maker”, you can use it to actually create your stickers
so you can send them.

Think of three different stickers you can create: one you would send
to your family, one for your friends, and one for your teacher. In order
to do this, you have to think of the typical interactions you have with
them. Think about the messages you would want to send and the
images that could be used to convey those messages.

For each of the stickers you create, draw them and write a short
explanation about why you created that particular sticker.

For my family For my teacher For my friends

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6
 Oral Communication

Do you think Facebook is popular?

Facebook: A Social Media Giant

Freepik
Freepik
In groups of 3-4 students, describe the characteristics of the
social media site called Facebook. What color do you think of?
What symbols do you associate with it? What are some of the things
you can do on the page?

Listen to a person talk about the history of the social media platform
Facebook and decide if the statements below are True (T) or False (F).

1. Facebook was founded in 2005. T F

2. One person created Facebook. T F

3. At the beginning, only high school students could use the page.
T F

4. In 2005, you could tag people in your photos on Facebook.

T F

5. Facebook was the most popular social media network

in the world by 2007. T F

6. The company makes money from all of its members. T F

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7. You can play video games with friends through Facebook.

T F
Vocabulary
8. You can go shopping on Facebook. T F
to post. to publish something
on an online platform

tagging. to name people in

In the audio, it is mentioned that Facebook is among the most popular
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your posts so that it appears

social media sites in history. As a class, discuss this. Why do you think
in their profile
this is the case? What does Facebook have that has allowed it to
survive the competition of other social media platforms? Is Facebook features. characteristics,
also your personal favorite? components

7
Communication and Cultural Awareness

What percentage of Ecuadorians do you think have internet?

Internet in Ecuador
Culture
Internet access is an important
Between the first world and
issue for many countries around
developing countries, there
the world, and Ecuador is no
is a big difference in the
exception. The government
access to the internet. This is
collects statistics on internet use
often times referred to as the
in the country in order to see
“digital divide”. Because
if there is improvement over
of a lack of resources,
the years, and to compare the
not as many people living
figures obtained here to the rest
in developing countries
of the countries in the region
can enjoy internet in their
and in the world.
homes. What do you
think are some possible According to the National
consequences of this? Institute of Statistics and Censuses
(INEC), in 2019 just over 45% of homes
in Ecuador had internet service. This was an increase from 37.2%
in the previous year. Nearly 60% use internet on a daily basis.
Around 77% of the population of Ecuador has a smartphone.
And 11.4% of the population suffers from digital illiteracy. This
refers to people between 15 and 49 years old who don’t have
an active cell phone and who haven’t used a computer or the
internet in the past 12 months. The most popular social networks
are WhatsApp and Facebook.
The amount of people using the internet in Ecuador is expected
to increase with each passing year in both the urban and rural areas.
The question is whether it will reach a level of some of the developed
nations soon, helping to bridge – even just a little – the digital divide.
Source: https://bit.ly/3c598y8

Tip
In small groups, review the statistics presented about the use
of technology in Ecuador. Do any of the numbers surprise you?
Notice how percentages Which ones? Take notes on what your group says.
are written in the text.
Unlike Spanish, English
does not use an article
before the number.
Percentages are simply
said, for example, “twenty
percent”.
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What do you think can be done to reduce the digital divide?

What responsibility does the government have, if any? Debate
this topic as a class. Do you and your classmates agree?

8
 Oral Communication

Have you heard of Instagram?

Instagram

Before you listen to the recording, talk as a class. Take a small survey
about social media. You can ask some of these questions, and others
that you might think of together.
• How many total social media apps do you use?

• Which one(s)?

• How many hours a day do you think you spend on social media?

• Do you think people can be addicted to social media?

• How does social media help us? How does it hurt us?

Analyze the results of your class. What general tendencies can you

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observe?

Vocabulary
Listen to a person talk about the social media app called Instagram.
Fill in the facts sheet about this social media network. instant messaging. tool
to send and receive messages
on a phone or computer
immediately
• Started in _______________ in ____________, USA.
downloadable. able to be
• Creators: Kevin Systrom, a _________ ___________
downloaded to your phone
• Mike Krieger, a _________ _____________ or computer

• Name “Instagram” based on combination

of _________________ and ______________

• At first, the app was only downloadable for.

_______________

• By 2011, ____________ were available on the app.

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• By 2012, Instagram had over ________ million users

and could be downloaded for __________ too.

• Users could make mobile photo pages, photo Some people claim that social
maps, and ________ _____________ media preferences depend
on your age. For example,
• In 2013, the app began to provide an __________ it is said that Facebook is more
____________ component for your parents’ generation,
while the younger people
• Today, Instagram has over ________ million active prefer apps like Instagram
or Snapchat. Do you agree
users who share about _______ billion photos with this? Do your parents use
daily. on talk about the social media app called any social media networks?
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Instagram. Fill in the facts sheet about this social Which one(s)? How do you
media network. feel about this? Discuss these
questions as a class. Do you
seem to agree with each other?

9
Language Through the Arts

What applications offer filters?

Snapchat Filters

Filters are a relatively recent addition to social media. What do you

think about them? Discuss these questions in small groups.
• Do you like using filters? Why or why not?

• Why do you think people use filters?

• Do you think filters are appropriate for any age group? Explain.

• Do you have a favorite filter?

Filters are special features available in some social media apps that
allow you to put different designs and pictures on your face. Snapchat
is the app that is the most famous for them. But how did filters start?
Freepik

They actually originated in the Ukraine with a company called

Looksery. Snapchat bought the company in 2015 and started adding
filters to their app, although Snapchat calls them “lenses”. These filters,
Vocabulary or lenses, are part of a field called “computer vision”, which uses camera
data like pixels to identify objects and interpret 3D space.
features. characteristics,
special functions How do these filters work? It is a process. The first step is detection.
The camera has to know what part of an image is a face. This is done
lens. normally, a piece of glass
by looking for contrasts in shades and colors in the images using
through which you can see
things better an algorithm. This works best when you are facing front, not when you
turn your head. Then, the app detects the features of the face. It does
pixel. small area of this by using an active shape model; which is a statistical model of a face
illumination on a screen, many
together compose an image
shape made by people manually marking thousands of face images with
the nose, mouth, and eyes. This provides a template for your image so it
algorithm. a process to be can locate your lips, ears, or any other feature on your face. There is also
followed to do a calculation,
an animation feature that allows the filter to follow your face as you move
usually by a computer
and, for example, make a tongue come out when you open your mouth!
Snapchat is now working with 3D lenses with a British company called
Seene, so very soon you will be able to have even more fun with filters!
Source: https://bit.ly/35RataI
Summarize the process of how
filters work in your own words
in three sentences. Now it’s time for you to create your own filters! Draw two different
filters that you have not seen before. Then, explain why you chose
to create these particular filters.
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
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___________________________
___________________________
___________________________

10
 Oral Communication

What app do you use most to communicate with your friends?

History of WhatsApp

Grammar Note
In the previous modules
you have seen phrasal verbs.
They are composed of a verb
and one or two particles.

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These can be separable
or inseparable, meaning
that you can put the object
In small groups, discuss these questions. between the two words,
like stick [something] out
• How often do you use WhatsApp to communicate?
or not put the object
• Who do you use it with? between the words, like
reach out to [someone].
• What do you think are the pros of the app? And the cons?
There is no real rule
to follow, you just have
to learn the phrasal verbs
Listen to a person talk about the history of the app WhatsApp in context and observe
and decide if each of the following sentences is True (T), False (F),
or Not Mentioned (NM).
if they are separable
or inseparable.
1. WhatsApp was born in 2008. T F NM

2. The creators liked texting. T F NM

3. The app was not an immediate success. T F NM Vocabulary

4. Facebook bought WhatsApp. T F NM SMS. short message service;

used to send text messages
5. WhatsApp doesn’t include any ads. T F NM
MMS. multimedia messaging
6. WhatsApp is available in all countries. T F NM service; used to send texts,
audios, photos, and videos
7. Teachers have taught using WhatsApp. T F NM gimmick. trick

Listen again and pay attention to the phrasal verbs in the recording.
Match them with their meanings using context.

fell through to make contact with

run out failed, didn’t work

stick it out not give up, not quit

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make good on finished, had none left

reach out to to maintain

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11
Reading
What are some fun things to do on the internet?

Ten Fun Things to Do on the Internet

When You’re Bored
We all have days when we are bored with
In small groups, discuss the
following questions.
nothing to do. If you have an internet
connection, consider doing one of these
• Besides social media, fun activities to pass the time.
what do you like to do on
the internet? 1. Google yourself. You might be
• Do you think you do healthy surprised what you’ll discover! This is
activities on the internet? also a good way to check if someone is
Explain. stealing your identity.
• Can the internet be 2. Tour another city or country
dangerous? How? using Google Street View. You can type in
addresses almost anywhere in the world and
Google will take you down to street level and you
can pretend you are there and see all your surroundings.
Interesting Facts
3. Create your own personal memes. Using programs like Img Flip
There are approximately Meme Generator or Make a Meme, you can personalize your own
7.77 billion people in the memes to send to your friends.
world as of the year 2020.
Of these people, around 4. Become a YouTuber. Do you have something interesting to show
4.5 billion are active the world? All you need is a camera and internet and you can create
internet users. your own channel and share your thoughts with the world.
5. Rank things. You can go to ranker.com and put many different
things in order from your most favorite to your least favorite,
like bands, cartoons, foods, and more.
6. Make a new recipe. You can Google any type of cuisine from
Which of the three options American to Thai and find a new recipe that you want to try.
of fun things to do on
the internet are the most 7. Learn about your family history. Websites like ancestry.com
interesting for you? Why? or Family Search can tell you about where your ancestors come from,
sometimes with surprising results!
• _________________________
8. Learn a new skill. Some websites like Lynda.com or Codeacademy
___________________________ can help you to develop new skills like digital photography or even
___________________________ marketing!
• _________________________ 9. Get involved with a good cause. There are a lot of social movements
___________________________ on the internet. At Change.org, you can join one of them that touches
your heart.
___________________________
• _________________________ 10. Create your own music. Sites like Soundtrap let even the most
inexperienced people create their own songs!
___________________________
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___________________________ As you can see, there is a world of possibilities beyond social media
that you can explore on the world wide web!

Source: https://bit.ly/2RJKrO8

12
 Writing
Do you have a favorite webpage?

Create Your Own Webpage

With all this talk about the internet, it’s time for you to create your
own webpage. First, you will follow these steps to design it in your
notebook or in a Word document. Then, if possible, you can actually
put it on the internet.

Tip
Step 1

As a class, brainstorm some ideas about what to create a webpage It is very important that all
about. It could be for a charity, or a particular interest, or to teach the material you create for
something, or to sell some product… the options are endless!
your webpage be original.
Step 2 You can have problems
Of the ideas you generated with your class, write down two or three with plagiarism if you copy
that would be most interesting to you. the exact words of other
people. Also, with the
Step 3
graphics, you should look
In small groups, discuss your ideas and receive feedback from your for some that do not have
classmates. What idea do your classmates think is the best? watermarks.
Step 4

Once you have your idea, write some details about your webpage.
Who will it be for? What will be the main purpose? Write your ideas here.
Vocabulary

plagiarism. illegally copying

Name of webpage: _________________________________ another person’s work as your
own
Audience: ________________________________________
watermark. a faint word
Purpose: __________________________________________ or design that is visible in
a picture, often to show who
Graphics: _________________________________________ it belongs to

Content: __________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Step 5

Now put your webpage together, either on paper or in a Word

document. Use graphics and text. Be sure that everything you
write is your original work; nothing can be copied and pasted from
the internet.

Step 6

Use wix.com or any other website you know to put your webpage
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online after your teacher has checked it.

Step 7
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Share your webpages with the class.

13
Assessment

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

1 Write a paragraph of 70-80 words in which you discuss the pros and cons of the
internet. Be sure to use an introduction sentence and a concluding sentence.

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

2 In groups of 2-3 students, discuss how your lives would be different without
the internet. Since this is a hypothetical situation in the present, you will use
some second conditionals.

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

3 Read the following text about the platform called Discord and answer
the questions that follow in your own words.

Discord was started in 2015 originally as a space for gamers to interact.

But since then, it has gained popularity and expanded to other communities
on the internet. It is available as an app for most smartphones as well as computers.
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The basic version costs nothing, but DiscordNitro, the premium version,
has a cost of $9.99 per month or $99.99 per year.

14
 Assessment Are you internet savvy?

On this app, users can create communities that are called “servers”.
Each server has different channels that are dedicated to different topics and can
have different rules. It is free to join and start servers. You can voice or video
chat with other users. You can also link Discord to other apps like YouTube
or Spotify. The app also gives you the opportunity to play games while texting
or talking. It is among the best applications that exist because it is so user-friendly
and efficient. You can make new friends around the world with similar interests
as yours. Just connect to Discord!
Source: https://bit.ly/3mOodsX

1. What was Discord’s original purpose? ______________________________

____________________________________________________________
2. Is Discord always free? ___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. What are servers? ______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. What things can you do on Discord? ________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. What makes Discord one of the best apps today? _______________________
____________________________________________________________

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Understand basic statistics in English

Use vocabulary related to the internet

Work with some phrasal verbs

15
 Project 1

Statistics Project On Internet Use

Tip

When you present

numbers or percentages
in your findings, you are
working with quantitative
data. If you are presenting
phrases or explanations,
you are working with
qualitative data. A good
study combines both
to make the results more
solid and credible.

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In the first half of this module, you learned about some statistics about
internet use. Now it’s your turn to find this type of information in your
own community.

Step 1

In groups of 4-5 students, start brainstorming ideas of what you would

like to know about internet use in your community. Consider issues such
as smartphones, apps, internet access, etc.

Step 2
Notes
Develop a list of questions for a survey. These can be closed questions
(with different options for answers) or open questions (ones that require
explanations). You should include 10 questions on your survey.

Step 3 (after class)

Each person in the group must administer the survey to 10 people.

If the people know English, ask the questions in English. If not, you can ask
them in Spanish.

Step 4 (next day)

Compile your results as a group. Do you notice some similarities?

Step 5

Create graphs for the quantitative data. Find patterns in the open question
responses. Create a poster or PowerPoint presentation of 10 minutes
to present your findings to the class.
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Step 6

Put your results together as a class. What can you conclude about internet
use in your community?

16
 Let’s Review

Vocabulary/Grammar Reading

Remember that you saw some phrasal verbs in the Without looking back at the first half of the
first half of this module. Create original sentences module, talk with a partner. What are some things
with these phrasal verbs in which you clearly show you remember about what you read? Write five
that you know what they mean. things here.

reach out (to someone)

stick (something) out

fall through

Speaking/Vocabulary

With a partner, take turns explaining each of these vocabulary words.

SMS MMS broadband

watermark pixel
downloadable
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17
Communication and Cultural Awareness

How often do you use the internet to socialize?

Websites to Make New Friends

Interesting Facts

Have you ever wondered As a class or in small groups, share stories about different friendships
what the letters “www” you have made online. What website did you use? Where are your
represent at the beginning friends from? What do you have in common?
of a web address, If you have not met people online, discuss what you think are the best
like www.google.com? ways to make new friends in the 21st century.
They stand for “world wide
web”; just a reminder that
As our daily dependence on the internet grows, it is having an
we humans are connected
effect on how we establish and maintain our social relationships.
with people from all over
Here are eight websites that can help you make new friends.
the world thanks to the
internet. 1. Meetup. This website matches people
based on their interests. This means
anything from gardeners to heavy
metal fanatics. It is free and you
can search by demographics.
2. Nextdoor. This is a free
website that helps you to
connect with your neighbors
and other people who live
near you. It keeps you updated
on events in your community.
3. Meet My Dog. Here, you can
meet with other dog lovers and make
friends through your common love
for your pet!
4. Peanut. This page is meant for parents who have lost their social
life due to taking care of their children. It connects parents with each
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other to share stories.

5. Realu. This is an app and also a webpage. It matches friends based
on common interests and it’s free.

Discuss these websites and 6. Hey! Vina. This app was created to empower women through
apps in small groups. Which other female friends. The app even helps to select a place to meet.
one would you be most It costs $6 per week.
interested in using? Why? Find
out more information about 7. Friender. This app helps you find friends based on mutual interest.
one of them. This matches men and women, and sometimes the friendships develop
Are any of these websites into relationships.
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used in your country? Do you

8. Atleto. This is a free app that matches athletic people with others
know of any others that young
people use? How do you make who also have a passion for sports.
new friends?
Source: https://bit.ly/32VAy6m

18
 Oral Communication
Value: Freedom of expression

Do you think that there is freedom of speech in your country?

Freedom of Expression on the Internet

Interesting Facts

One of the pillars of a strong

democracy is the freedom
of speech. This means that
you have the right to express
your opinion without the
fear of punishment or
retaliation. However, a good
citizen is respectful to others
when expressing their ideas,
even if they strongly disagree

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with the other person.

In small groups, discuss what freedom of speech means to you.

Do you think it exists in all contexts? Is there freedom of speech in the
media? In newspapers? On the internet? Explain your opinion.

Vocabulary
Listen to a conversation between two friends about freedom
of expression on the internet. Decide who would say each of these thread. a chain of comments
sentences: Beth, Mark, or Neither. on a social media or internet
1. I’m responding to a thread on Facebook. post

unfriend. to delete someone

Beth Mark Neither
as your friend on social media
2. I’d like to know the argument of those who are against freedom
of expression.

Beth Mark Neither

3. I think there should be strict censorship on the internet.

Beth Mark Neither

4. I disagree with censorship, that’s why I’m responding to the post.

Beth Mark Neither In small groups, debate the

idea of censorship and freedom
5. I’ve seen people offend others with their comments online. of expression. Should the
internet be censored? Why
Beth Mark Neither or why not? To what extent?
Discuss this topic with 3-4
6. It’s good to have a smart debate about relevant topics. students and take notes
on what you say. Then join
Beth Mark Neither together as a class. Do you
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all seem to share a similar

7. It’s important to agree with everything you read online. opinion? What are some of the
arguments presented by your
Beth Mark Neither
classmates that convince you?

19
Reading
Value: Internet safety

Do you think the internet can be a dangerous place?

Internet Safety

Look at the list of activities below. For each one, determine how safe

$ or dangerous you think it is on a scale of 1 to 10: 1 is extremely safe

and 10 is extremely dangerous. Then, discuss your answers with your
classmates. Do you all agree? Which is the most dangerous? And the
least?
Chatting with friends _______ Dating websites _______
Chatting with strangers _______ Doing research _______
Message

Playing video games _______ Attending class _______

Shopping _______ Using Facebook _______

WARNING
The Do’s and Don’ts of Using the Internet
DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE?

YES NO

As teens, most of you cannot imagine a world without the internet.

But it is important to keep in mind some essential guidelines to follow
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so you can be safe while surfing.

Do keep your online identity a secret. You should not reveal very
personal information in any of your online profiles because this can
make you vulnerable to predators or people who want to steal your
identity.
Vocabulary
Don’t share your username or password. You may trust your friends,
guidelines. rules, tips but what if they write something online that gets you in trouble
surfing. exploring the internet or does not represent who you are, even if they meant it as a joke?
Keep this information private.
offline. not online, not on the
internet Do remember that the internet has a memory. If you ever post any
inappropriate material or pictures anywhere, even if you erase them,
don’t think they disappear. They are always stored somewhere.
Don’t meet anyone in person that you met online, at least not by
yourself. You may think that a person is one way, but that could just
In small groups, create
be the image they project on the internet. In person they could be
a poster for internet safety dangerous.
including some of the ideas
you saw in the reading in your Do behave online, just like you would offline. It is not a good idea
own words, as well as some to write hate mail or post anything that you could regret later.
of your own thoughts. Present Take care of your personal image. Your digital footprint may come
the posters to the class back to haunt you someday.
and hang them around
the room to remind your Don’t believe everything you see or read online. Anyone can
classmates and other students invent a social media profile that is someone that they are not. It is
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about the importance of being

safe on the internet.
a fantasy land in which anyone can become whoever they want.
Be careful and don’t trust everything you see.
Source: https://wb.md/3mQ8WrA

20
 Writing
Why do people have social media profiles?

A Social Media Profile

Interesting Facts
As a class, think of the reasons why people have social media profiles.
Write a list on the board. Then, think of the rules that exist for different Do you know what your
social media platforms. Can you think of others that you would add? “digital footprint” is? It is
the evidence you leave
of your presence online.
You are going to create a generic social media profile by filling in
Every time you comment
the spaces below in the format. Remember that you should be aware
on a post, write something
of your digital footprint, so only include information and images
on a webpage, or post
that are representative of your best self and could not be considered
a picture, you are leaving
embarrassing or degrading.
a trail of what you are doing
online. As you get ready
to enter the professional
--- PROFILE --- world, it is important
to pay close attention
Name
to this, because some people
like future employers may
School be able to see things online
that you wouldn’t like
them to see!
Birthday Interests

Family members
Likes

Favorite photo and description:

Password

Acept all the terms

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CREATE ACCOUNT
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21
Language Through the Arts
Art

What is internet art?

Internet Art

Do you know what internet art is? If you have never heard of it, can you
guess from the name? As a class, talk about what you know about
the topic. If you have access to the internet, Google it and discuss a few
examples you find.

Interesting Facts
Internet art is anything that involves making art on the internet;
Making art on the computer from creating the programs that make the art to the images and art
doesn’t always involve itself. It began to emerge in the 1990s when artists realized that the
pixelating images and fancy internet was a useful tool to help promote their art to large audiences
computerized designs. Some very easily.
of the common, everyday
programs you use like Within internet art, there is also browser art, software art,
Microsoft Word and Adobe and telematic art. Browser art transforms the codes that computers
have draw tools, which allow use to communicate into visual masterpieces. It makes the programmed
users to create free forms structures of websites visible. Software art reconfigures or parodies
or geometric shapes within computer programs that already exist. Telematic art uses the internet,
their documents. And some e-mail, and cellphones to create art based on the human desire
teleconferencing apps like to communicate through these means.
Zoom and Microsoft Teams
Internet art has become so popular in the past decades that now
also have drawing features
there are exhibitions and awards worldwide for this genre. As long
built into them. So draw
as we have the internet, we will surely have internet art!
away!
Source: https://bit.ly/3czr97K

After class, look on the internet for examples of this type of art. Print
out a picture, bring it to class the next day, and talk about why this
particular image caught your attention. Explain the picture and mention
some details about the artist.
Wikipedia / Scott Snibbe

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Wikipedia
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Browser art Software art Telematic art

22
 Oral Communication

How often do you use Google?

Google
Interesting Facts

Can you imagine your life without Google? Think about everything Do you know why Google
you use it for. Make a list with your class about the uses of Google is called “Google”? It is
in everyday life.
named after “googol”,
which is a mathematical
term for the number
1 plus 100 zeros. It was
chosen to represent the
fact that Google would give
people access to a lot of
information. When
the creators searched
for the name as a domain,
they mistyped it as “google”
and found nothing in the
search, so the name stayed!
Source: https://bit.ly/3392Avr

Listen to a person talk about Google and select the best answer
for each question.

1. Google is a 4. Google uses a secret

a. search engine a. formula

b. browser b. algorithm Vocabulary

c. internet provider c. storage search engine. a program

that searches for keywords
2. Google started in 5. PageRank gives the search
in a database on the internet
results
a. 1994
crawlers. computer programs
a. a relevancy score
b. 1995 that automatically search
b. a date documents on the internet
c. 1996
c. a safety guarantee
3. Google’s first name was
6. Google now offers all
a. Backup of these EXCEPT:
b. Backwards a. e-mail
c. Backrub b. a game store
If you have internet access,
c. restaurant menus open the Google webpage
and explore all of the extra
services it offers. In small
groups, choose one of the
Role play. Form groups of two students. Student A is a high school services to explain to the class
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student from your school, and Student B is a visitor from somewhere and give a demonstration
that has never heard of Google. Student B asks questions about of how it works. You can do
Google and Student A explains how Google works. Each student this on a computer or on a
should have 7-8 lines in the dialogue. poster using illustrations.

23
Communication and Cultural Awareness
Language

Can you communicate in code?

Texting has become such a

Internet Slang
common part of our everyday
Internet slang, or the language we use specifically for online
lives that you probably don’t
even think about it. But take communication or texting, has become well known to many young
a moment and reflect on the people today. Most of the slang we use in our messages comes from
words, letters, and symbols abbreviations of English words or phrases. We often use them to be
you use in texting that you able to write more quickly. Here are some of them:
wouldn’t use in a written paper.
List some of them on the board • SMH = Shaking my head. This is when we are disappointed about
as a class. Does everyone know something or in someone and we shake our head in disbelief.
what each of them mean?
Jenny broke up with her boyfriend for the third time. Smh.
Interesting Facts • TBH = To be honest. We use this phrase when we want to tell
When we talk about slang, the truth, but we think that what we are going to say the other
we are talking about a person may not like.
linguistic term called
I don’t really like his attitude, tbh.
“register”. We use different
registers every day to • WBU = What about you? We use this to ask the other person’s
communicate in different opinion on the same topic.
situations. We don’t talk
to our teacher in the same I like the new restaurant that opened by school. Wbu?
way we talk to our friend • YOLO = You only live once. This is used as a justification
or cousin. We don’t write for doing something that may not be acceptable for everyone.
a text message in the same
way we write a formal essay. I’m just going to break my diet and eat chocolate cake today. YOLO.

The American linguist • HMU = Hit me up. This can be used to tell someone to text you,
Ana Celia Zentella used call you, or go out.
a metaphor about clothes Hey, we haven’t talked in a long time! Hmu!
to help people understand this.
What clothes do you wear to Internet language is constantly changing and developing around
the beach? Swimsuits, sandals, the world. It even has an impact on our spoken language. But we have
shorts, etc. What clothes do to understand that language is a living thing that is constantly adapting
you wear to a wedding? Ladies to society, and we have no choice but to accept it, tbh!
wear dresses or skirts, men
wear suits and ties. What
Write a text message to a friend using some of the slang listed here
happens if you go to the
and others you know or can find on the internet. Then, show how you
wedding in beach clothes, would write it in a more formal way.
or to the beach in wedding
clothes? It’s inappropriate. Text message Formal version
They are still clothes,
but they are not the correct
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ones for the event. Language

works in a similar way.
We should use the appropriate
register for the event.

24
 Oral Communication

Can you predict the future?

Our Future with the Internet

Grammar Note
In the dialogue and the
listening activity, you will
find many examples of the
future continuous. It is
formed by will + be + V-ing.
It is used for something

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that will happen in the
future and will probably
continue for a while.
In small groups, discuss all the ways the internet has made our lives
easier. In what ways does the internet affect our everyday activities? In 20 years, we’ll be paying
Does technology always make our lives easier, or can you think for everything on the internet.
of ways in which it makes our lives more complicated? Write some
notes on what you talk about below. People will be traveling
the world more from
How technology makes How technology makes the comfort of their own home.
life easier life more difficult
We won’t be going to the bank
as often.

Listen to a conversation between two friends about their predictions

about the future. Decide which of the participants would say each
of the following sentences: Carrie, Patrick, both, or neither.
1. I’m looking for a vet on the internet.

2. We’ll be paying for most things on the internet.

3. We’ll still be going to the bank a lot in 20 years.

4. We’ll be using cash to pay for most things in the future.

5. People will be ordering food from restaurants entirely online.

6. New programs will allow us to visit faraway places.

7. We’ll be doing most of our shopping online.

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8. We’ll be using the internet to do even more activities.

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Listen to the conversation again. Do you agree with what Carrie

and Patrick predict? Talk with a partner and share your opinions.

25
Reading
Value: Internet safety

Why do people bully others?

Cyberbulling

stop
$%&/(

Cyber STOP
CYBERBULLYING
bullying
*
!!! @#$

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HA
TE
!

In groups of 4-5 students, have a conversation about bullying.

What makes people bully others? How do people feel when they are
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bullied? How can we stop bullying?

Cyberbullying is a type of bullying that happens on digital devices

like cellphones, computers, or tablets. It can be done through text
messages, videos, posts, emails, webpages, or social media platforms.
It includes sending, posting, or sharing negative material about someone
From the information in the
else with the intent of doing harm. If it becomes severe or constant,
reading, in groups of 4-5 it can cross the line and the offender can break the law.
students, design a poster
to help stop cyberbullying. There are many concerns about cyberbullying. Sometimes is it hard
Be creative in your design. to detect, meaning that the victim of the bullying could be suffering
Use the ideas from the reading without others noticing it. For the person doing the bullying,
but be sure to put them in your the material posted or shared becomes part of their digital footprint
own words.
and can negatively affect them in the future. It can be constant:
the internet works 24 hours a day, seven days a week, which means
that the victim of cyberbullying may not find any relief. In a 2019
survey, it was found that approximately 16% of high school students
have experienced cyberbullying. And in some extreme cases, the victim
has even committed suicide because of it.
Vocabulary
Fortunately, there are some measures we can take in order to stop
devices. a thing made cyberbullying. First, it is very important to recognize the warning
for a specific purpose signs. When someone displays irregular behavior online, like spending
concerns. preoccupations, a lot more or a lot less time online suddenly, hiding their screen from
worries others, showing negative emotions while online, or closing social
media accounts, it may be a cause for concern. Once you observe these
relief. rest, alleviation
from pain warning signs, it is essential to talk to the person about the situation.
Any evidence of the cyberbullying must be documented with
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displays. shows, manifests evidence and reported to the webpages or apps where it appears.
curb. restrain, stop It is recommended to provide support to the victim until the problem
has been resolved. Together we can curb cyberbullying.
Source: https://bit.ly/3cytIqS

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 Writing
Are you good at making predictions?

Our Future with Technology

Tip
Recall the activity you did on page 25 in which you talked about
the different areas of our lives that are affected by technology,
in both positive and negative ways. Now you are going to use those
When you write an essay,
ideas to write a short essay. it is preferable to avoid
phrases like “I’m going
to write about” or “In
this paper, I’m going to
You are going to write a short essay in which you predict the role
that the internet and technology will have in our lives in the future. tell you about”. Instead,
Take the ideas from the activity you completed on page 25 and develop simply preview the main
them into a four-paragraph essay of 110-125 words. ideas of your essay in your
• In your first paragraph, you should introduce the topic. Start with
introduction.
a topic sentence and mention what you will be writing about.
Technology will be very
• In your second paragraph, write how technology will help us influential in our lives in
in the future. both positive and negative
• In your third paragraph, write how technology will hurt us ways in the future…
in the future.
Remember to avoid the
• In your fourth paragraph, write a conclusion in which you restate excessive use of the first
what you wrote in your introduction in a different way. person “I” and phrases
Use at least four verbs in the future continuous form in your essay. like “I think”, “I believe”,
or “in my opinion”
Write your rough draft in your notebook. Then exchange it with
and instead state your
a partner. Read each other’s writing and check for content, organization,
grammar, and vocabulary. Make some comments for improvement opinion directly.
on your partner’s paper. Read their comments on yours and write
a final draft on a clean piece of paper.
I think Technology will
have positive and negative
effects in the future.
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Language Through the Arts

What are things you can make art out of?

Cintascotch
Interesting Facts

Many artists have found In small groups, discuss the following questions:
social media spaces like
• Have you ever posted any of your art on your social media?
Instagram, Facebook,
and Twitter to be wonderful • Do you follow any artists on social media? Who?
resources to promote their
art, and for free. Painters, Have you ever looked at a paperclip and seen a trumpet? No?
drawers, sculptors, poets, Well, then you should check out the Instagram account called
musicians, and other artists Cintascotch. It belongs to Javier Pérez, an Ecuadorian artist from
take pictures or record Guayaquil. He takes everyday items and turns them into art, then
videos to post on social he takes pictures of his work and posts them on his Instagram account.
media. Since these are often
shared by the people that like Pérez says that he is more aware of his surroundings than most people
them, their art can go viral and pays very close attention to life’s little details that go unnoticed
and reach millions around by so many people. He looks at artists’ work every day and gets inspired
the world! by them. Sometimes the ideas for his artwork come to him while he is
on the bus, or exercising, or eating lunch.
Seeing the world through Pérez’s eyes makes everything from
a stapler to a pencil take on a different image. Follow him on Instagram
for a magical ride through everyday life!
Source: https://bit.ly/3cytIqS

Look at the pictures of Pérez’s work. Do you like them? Can you think
of any other ideas of something to draw using the same objects?
Discuss these questions as a class.

Choose an everyday item that you have and create a piece of art with
it, inspired by Javier Pérez’s work. Take a picture of it and share it with
©️Javier Pérez

the class. Explain how the idea came to you and what you felt about
the experience of creating this type of art.
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©️Javier Pérez

©️Javier Pérez

©️Javier Pérez

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 Oral Communication

Do you use YouTube?

YouTube
Interesting Facts

Have you heard of the

term “YouTuber”? This
word actually appears in
dictionaries now. It refers to
a person who has a YouTube
channel and regularly
streams videos on YouTube,
usually about a specific topic.
According to a recent study,
the most popular YouTuber
in Ecuador in 2020 was Doc
Tops. Other popular names

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include Kike Jav, Anthony
Swag, and El Brandon.
Source: https://bit.ly/2EHiXGf
In small groups, talk about what you and your friends do on YouTube.
What kind of videos do you like to watch? Do you have a favorite
YouTuber?

Listen to a person talk about the history of YouTube and fill in the Vocabulary
timeline with the missing information.
upload. to put something
on the internet

February April October June launched. started, premiered

2005 2005 2006 2007
released. gave to the public

August December April August

2007 2010 2011 2015
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After class, research more information about YouTube. What are some
other facts about the webpage? Bring them to class and put a list
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together of fun YouTube facts.

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Assessment

Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity

1 Listen to a conversation between two friends about Spotify and decide if each
of the following sentences are True (T), False (F), or Not Mentioned (NM).
1. On Spotify, you can have playlists. T F NM
2. You can listen to podcasts or music. T F NM
3. You don’t choose any music, Spotify does it for you. T F NM
4. All versions of Spotify cost money. T F NM
5. You can get news about new artists through Spotify. T F NM
6. On Spotify you can share music with your friends. T F NM
7. Spotify tells you the most popular music in your country. T F NM
8. Google Play is a music app. T F NM

Achievement Level - Speaking

Group activity

2 With a partner, talk about your online practices. What apps or websites do you
use the most? What do you use them for? Do you spend too much time online?
Do you think you are addicted? Do you feel safe online?

Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity

3 Think about your digital footprint. Write a paragraph of 70-80 words in which
you analyze your own digital footprint. Are you proud of your internet behavior?
After completing this module, will you make any changes in your internet practices?
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 Assessment Are you internet savvy?

Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity

4 Read the following text about Netflix and answer the questions that follow
in complete sentences.

Netflix is the first name that many people around the world think of when
they are asked about an app that lets them watch movies and TV shows. Before
Netflix, in different countries around the world, there were stores where
you could rent movies for a few days and return them. But now, Netflix has
replaced most of those stores as the preferred way to enjoy a movie or TV show.
You don’t have to go anywhere; you just need an internet connection.
How does Netflix work? It’s very user-friendly. You sign up and pay a monthly
fee, and you have unlimited access to all of the shows and movies that Netflix
has on its site. You can use it on your cellphone, your tablet, your computer,
or even your television. Each member of your family can have their own username.
This way, if you start watching a movie but you can’t finish it, you can go to your
username next time and continue where you had stopped. Netflix also constantly
provides you with recommendations for movies or TV shows based on the ones
you have viewed before. This way, you will be sure that you get recommendations
that are meant for teens, and not cartoons for your 4-year-old brother!

1. What did people do before Netflix when they wanted to rent a movie?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What do you need in order to use Netflix?
_____________________________________________________________
3. How often do you have to pay for Netflix?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What devices does Netflix work on?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What are the benefits of having your own username?
_____________________________________________________________

I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.

Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me

I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
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Know how and when to use internet slang

Understand and use the future continuous

Talk about my digital footprint

31
 Project 2

Robert Laura Daniel Karen

My friends and I

Adriana Antonio Nicole

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Your Class Yearbook

Notes You have reached the end of your high school studies and are ready
for the future. It’s time for you to create something in English
that you can treasure for the rest of your lives: your class yearbook!

The class will be divided into 5 groups. This project will be completed
by the entire class, but each group will be assigned a particular task.

Group 1

Collect and arrange photos of your classmates with names.

Group 2
Congratulations Put together a list of each person’s best characteristic.

on making it to the Group 3

end of your high
school studies Compile the class’s best memories together.
and to the end of the Group 4
series of the English
modules. This is a great Ask your classmates for advice for students just starting Bachillerato.
accomplishment. Now
go out and use English Group 5
in the world: to make
Ask each of your classmates their plans after high school. Use the
new friends, to get
future continuous to talk about them.
a good job, to travel,
to study, to sell In 5 years, Maria will be studying to be a doctor.
products to tourists,
or just to enjoy music, Each group will develop their task. If possible, write the information
books, or movies in a document on a computer so that you can easily join the files
in their original version. together later.
Knowing another
If you can, as a class work with https://www.flipsnack.com/yearbook-
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language opens more

doors for you in all maker or any other free online yearbook maker to put all of your
aspects of life! information together in a nice design. If not, you can work with
Word or any other programs you have available. If you cannot use
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a computer, put the yearbook together by hand.

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