Automatic Water Pump Control System

A synopsis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the 3rd semester
of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
AMAN KUMAR (23001008005)
ARJUN CHITRA (23001008006)
ASHOK KUMAR (23001008008)
DEEPAK (23001008011)
HITESH (23001008021)
Under the Supervision of
Mrs. POULMI

Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and

Technology
J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, Haryana-
121006
Dec, 2024
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CONTENT

S NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 SYSTEM DESIGN 4

3 PCB FABRICATION 7

4 SYSTEM TESTING AND CALIBRATION 8

5 FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS 9

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1. Introduction
1.1 Background Water is a precious resource, and efficient water
management is crucial. This project aims to develop an automated water
pump control system that can efficiently manage water usage.
1.2 Problem Statement Traditional manual water pump control systems
often lead to wastage and inefficient utilization of water. This project
addresses this issue by automating the pump control process.
1.3 Project Objectives
1. Power Supply Design: Design and implement a reliable and efficient
power supply circuit using a 12V 1A step-down transformer to
provide regulated 12V and 5V DC power.
2. Pump Control Circuit Design: Develop a 555 timer-based circuit to
control the pump's on/off cycles.
3. Water Level Sensing: Integrate a simple water level sensing
mechanism using wires immersed in water.
4. PCB Fabrication: Fabricate a custom PCB using copper plate to
house the electronic components.
5. System Testing and Calibration: Test and calibrate the system to
ensure optimal performance and reliability.

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2. System Design
2.1 Power Supply Circuit

Components:
 12V 1A Step-down Transformer: Reduces the AC input voltage to a
lower AC voltage.
 Bridge Rectifier: Converts the AC voltage to pulsating DC voltage.
 Filter Capacitors: Smooth out the ripples in the pulsating DC voltage
to produce a steady DC voltage.
 7812 Voltage Regulator: Regulates the DC voltage to 12V for
powering the electronic components.
 7805 Voltage Regulator: Regulates the DC voltage to 5V for powering
the pump.
 LED Indicators: Indicate the status of the power supply, such as
power on and voltage regulation.
Functionality:
1. AC to DC Conversion: The 12V AC input is stepped down by the
transformer and then rectified by the bridge rectifier to produce
pulsating DC voltage.

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 2. Filtering: The filter capacitors smooth out the ripples in the pulsating
DC voltage to produce a steady DC voltage.
3. Voltage Regulation: The 7812 and 7805 voltage regulators provide
regulated 12V and 5V DC outputs, respectively, for powering the
electronic components and the pump.
4. LED Indicators: The LEDs indicate the status of the power supply,
such as power on and voltage regulation.
2.2 Pump Control Circuit

Components:
 555 Timer IC: Generates a square wave signal.
 Resistors and Capacitors: Determine the frequency and duty cycle of
the square wave.
 Transistor: Acts as a switch to control the relay.
 Relay: Switches the power supply to the pump.
 Wires Immersed in Water: Act as a simple water level sensor.

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Functionality:
1. 555 Timer Oscillator: The 555 timer is configured as an astable
multivibrator to generate a square wave signal.
2. Transistor Switch: The square wave signal from the 555 timer
controls a transistor, which acts as a switch to turn the relay on and
off.
3. Relay Control: The relay, when activated, switches the power supply
to the pump, turning it on.
4. Water Level Sensing: The wires immersed in water act as a simple
level sensor. When the water level reaches a certain point, it
completes the circuit, triggering the 555 timer to change its state,
thus controlling the pump.

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3. PCB Fabrication

3.1 Design:
 Circuit Layout: The circuit layout is designed using software like
Eagle CAD or Fritzing.
 Component Placement: Components are strategically placed to
optimize circuit performance and ease of fabrication.
 Trace Routing: Traces are routed to connect the components,
considering factors like trace width, spacing, and signal integrity.
3.2 Fabrication Process:
1. Copper Plate Preparation: The copper plate is cleaned to remove
oxidation and impurities.

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 2. Transferring the Design: The circuit design is transferred to the
copper plate using transfer paper and heat.
3. Etching: The copper plate is immersed in an etching solution (e.g.,
ferric chloride) to remove the unprotected copper, leaving the desired
circuit pattern.
4. Drilling: Holes are drilled in the copper plate to mount components
and connect wires.
5. Component Mounting: Components are soldered to the PCB,
ensuring proper orientation and secure connections.

4. System Testing and Calibration

4.1 Power Supply Testing:
 Measure the output voltages of the 7812 and 7805 regulators using a
multimeter.
 Verify the output voltage stability under varying load conditions.
 Check for any voltage drop or ripple in the output voltage.
4.2 555 Timer Circuit Testing:
 Use an oscilloscope to measure the frequency and duty cycle of the
square wave output.
 Adjust the values of the resistors and capacitors to fine-tune the
timing.
 Verify the reliability of the 555 timer circuit under different
environmental conditions.
4.3 Relay Testing:
 Test the relay's switching capability and contact resistance.
 Ensure the relay can handle the load current of the pump.
4.4 Water Level Sensing Testing:

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  Manually adjust the water level and observe the pump's response.
 Calibrate the water level sensing mechanism to achieve the desired
water level thresholds.
 Test the system's reliability under different water conditions.
5. Future Improvements
 Enhanced Water Level Sensing: Implement a more accurate and
reliable water level sensor, such as an ultrasonic or capacitive sensor.
 Remote Monitoring and Control: Incorporate wireless
communication modules (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or GSM) for remote
monitoring and control of the system.
 Solar Power Integration: Add a solar power system to provide a
sustainable power source for the system, reducing reliance on grid
power.
 Data Logging: Implement a data logging system to record pump
operation time, water level, and power consumption.
 AI and Machine Learning: Utilize AI and machine learning techniques
for predictive maintenance and optimized water usage.
 User Interface: Develop a user-friendly interface, such as an LCD
display or a mobile app, to monitor and control the system.

 Summary

 This project report details the design, implementation, and testing of

an automated water pump control system. The system utilizes a 555
timer-based circuit to control the pump's on/off cycles, and a simple
water level sensing mechanism to trigger the pump's operation.
 The power supply circuit, consisting of a step-down transformer,
bridge rectifier, filter capacitors, and voltage regulators, provides the
necessary power for the system. The PCB fabrication process

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 involves designing the circuit layout, transferring the design to a
copper plate, etching, drilling, and component mounting.
 The system has been thoroughly tested to ensure its functionality
and reliability. Future improvements include incorporating a more
accurate water level sensor, implementing remote monitoring and
control, integrating solar power, and utilizing AI and machine learning
techniques for optimized water usage.

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