Key Concepts in Physics
1. Motion
o Types of Motion: Linear, rotational, periodic.
o Key Quantities:
Displacement: Change in position (vector).
Velocity: Speed with direction (v=dtv = \frac{d}{t}).
Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity (a=Δvta = \frac{\
Delta v}{t}).
o Newton's Laws of Motion:
1. An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted
upon by a net force.
2. F=maF = ma: Force equals mass times acceleration.
3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
2. Forces
o Types: Gravitational, frictional, normal, tension, applied.
o Friction:
Static vs. Kinetic.
Depends on the nature of surfaces and normal force (f=μNf
= \mu N).
3. Energy
o Types: Kinetic (KE=12mv2KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2), Potential
(PE=mghPE = mgh).
o Conservation of Energy:
Total energy remains constant in an isolated system.
o Work (W=FdcosθW = Fd \cos\theta) and Power (P=WtP = \
frac{W}{t}).
4. Waves
o Types: Mechanical (e.g., sound), Electromagnetic (e.g., light).
o Key Terms:
Wavelength (λ\lambda), Frequency (ff), Amplitude.
Wave speed: v=fλv = f\lambda.
5. Electricity and Magnetism
o Ohm’s Law: V=IRV = IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance).
o Electric Power: P=VIP = VI.
o Magnetic fields and forces: Created by moving charges or
magnets.
6. Thermodynamics
o Laws:
1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
2. Heat flows from hot to cold objects.
3. Absolute zero cannot be reached.
7. Modern Physics
o Quantum Mechanics: Behavior of particles at atomic scales.
o Relativity (Einstein):
E=mc2E = mc^2: Energy-mass equivalence.
Key Formulas
1. Kinematics:
o v=u+atv = u + at (final velocity).
o s=ut+12at2s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 (displacement).
2. Force and Momentum:
o Momentum: p=mvp = mv.
o Impulse: J=Ft=ΔpJ = Ft = \Delta p.
3. Energy:
o Total Mechanical Energy: TME=KE+PETME = KE + PE.
4. Waves:
o Frequency: f=1Tf = \frac{1}{T} (inverse of perio
