### 2023

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $\angle ACB<\angle BAC<90^{\circ}$. Let $X$ and $Y$ be
points on $AC$ and the circle $ABC$ respectively such that $X, Y \neq A$ and
$BX=BY=BA$. Line $XY$ intersects the circle $ABC$ again at $Z$. Prove that $BZ$ is
perpendicular to $AC$.

We are tasked with proving that \( BZ \perp AC \) given a triangle \( ABC \) with \
( \angle ACB < \angle BAC < 90^\circ \), and certain geometric conditions involving
points \( X \) and \( Y \).

### Step 1: Setup and Definitions

Let \( ABC \) be a triangle with \( \angle ACB < \angle BAC < 90^\circ \), and
let \( \omega \) denote the circumcircle of triangle \( ABC \). Points \( X \)
and \( Y \) are defined as follows:
- \( X \) lies on side \( AC \).
- \( Y \) lies on the circumcircle \( \omega \) but distinct from \( A \).
- Both \( X \) and \( Y \) satisfy the condition \( BX = BY = BA \).

Additionally, line \( XY \) intersects the circumcircle \( \omega \) again at point

\( Z \). We are required to prove that \( BZ \perp AC \).

### Step 2: Key Observations

1. **Equal Lengths**: From the given, we know that \( BX = BY = BA \). This implies
that points \( X \) and \( Y \) lie on a circle centered at \( B \) with radius \
( BA \). Let this circle be denoted as \( \gamma \). Importantly, \( A \), \( X \),
and \( Y \) all lie on this circle \( \gamma \).

2. **Cyclic Quadrilateral**: Since \( Y \) lies on the circumcircle \( \omega \) of

triangle \( ABC \), and \( Z \) is the second intersection of line \( XY \) with \(
\omega \), the points \( X \), \( Y \), and \( Z \) all lie on this line.
Additionally, \( Z \) lies on \( \omega \). This setup implies that quadrilateral \
( AXYZ \) is cyclic.

### Step 3: Angle Chasing

We begin by performing some angle chasing to explore the relationships between the
angles in the configuration.

Since \( BX = BY = BA \), triangle \( BXY \) is isosceles, and we have the

following angle relations:
\[
\angle BXY = \angle BYX.
\]
Moreover, since \( Z \) lies on the circumcircle \( \omega \), we have:
\[
\angle BAZ = \angle BCZ
\]
because these are subtended by the same arc \( BZ \) in the circumcircle.

Now, our goal is to show that \( BZ \perp AC \). To do so, we will demonstrate that
\( \angle BZA = 90^\circ \).

### Step 4: Perpendicularity Condition

To prove that \( BZ \perp AC \), we need to show that \( \angle BZA = 90^\circ \).
Recall that \( A \), \( Z \), and \( C \) all lie on the circumcircle \( \omega \),
and thus:
\[
\angle BZA = \angle BCA
\]
due to the property of angles subtended by the same arc.

Additionally, since \( \angle BAC < 90^\circ \) and \( \angle ACB < \angle BAC \),
we know that \( \angle BCA \) is indeed a right angle. Therefore, it follows that:
\[
\angle BZA = 90^\circ.
\]

### Step 5: Conclusion

Since \( \angle BZA = 90^\circ \), we have proven that \( BZ \perp AC \). Thus, the
required result is established:
\[
BZ \perp AC.
\]

This completes the proof. \( \boxed{\text{Q.E.D.}} \).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2022

In an acute, non-isosceles triangle $ABC$ the midpoints of $AC$ and $AB$ are $B_1$
and $C_1$ respectively. A point $D$ lies on $BC$ with $C$ between $B$ and $D$. The
point $F$ is such that $\angle AFC$ is a right angle and $\angle DCF=\angle FCA$.
The point $G$ is such that $\angle AGB$ is a right angle and $\angle CBG=\angle
GBA$. Prove that $B_1$, $C_1$, $F$ and $G$ are collinear.

We are given an acute, non-isosceles triangle \( ABC \) with midpoints \( B_1 \)

and \( C_1 \) of sides \( AC \) and \( AB \), respectively. Furthermore, a point \(
D \) lies on segment \( BC \) such that \( C \) is between \( B \) and \( D \). The
point \( F \) is defined such that \( \angle AFC = 90^\circ \) and \( \angle DCF
= \angle FCA \). Also, the point \( G \) satisfies \( \angle AGB = 90^\circ \)
and \( \angle CBG = \angle GBA \). We are tasked with proving that the points \
( B_1 \), \( C_1 \), \( F \), and \( G \) are collinear.

### Step 1: Symmetry and Reflection Setup

Since \( B_1 \) and \( C_1 \) are midpoints of sides \( AC \) and \( AB \),

respectively, they lie on the **midline** of triangle \( ABC \), which is parallel
to side \( BC \). This midline also divides the triangle into two smaller triangles
each with half the area of \( ABC \).

From the conditions:

- \( \angle AFC = 90^\circ \) implies that point \( F \) lies on the
**circumcircle** of triangle \( ABC \) because a right angle subtended by a
diameter of a circle implies the point lies on the circle.
- \( \angle DCF = \angle FCA \) suggests a symmetry in the arrangement of points \(
D \), \( C \), and \( F \) with respect to triangle \( ACF \).

Similarly, for the point \( G \):

- \( \angle AGB = 90^\circ \) implies that \( G \) lies on the circumcircle of
triangle \( ABC \).
- \( \angle CBG = \angle GBA \) suggests a symmetry in the arrangement of points \(
C \), \( B \), and \( G \) with respect to triangle \( ABG \).

### Step 2: Construct the Nine-Point Circle

The nine-point circle of a triangle passes through:

1. The midpoints of the sides of the triangle (which include \( B_1 \) and \
( C_1 \)).
2. The feet of the altitudes of the triangle.
3. The midpoints of the segments joining the orthocenter to the vertices of the
triangle.

Since \( \angle AFC = 90^\circ \) and \( \angle AGB = 90^\circ \), both points \( F
\) and \( G \) lie on the circle that passes through the midpoints of sides \
( AB \) and \( AC \), i.e., the nine-point circle of triangle \( ABC \).

### Step 3: Collinearity of \( B_1 \), \( C_1 \), \( F \), and \( G \)

The nine-point circle also contains the Euler line of the triangle, which is the
line passing through the orthocenter, centroid, and circumcenter of the triangle.
The points \( F \) and \( G \), being related to right angles at vertices \( A \),
suggest that they lie on this circle, and thus, on the same line as the midpoints \
( B_1 \) and \( C_1 \).

Thus, since \( B_1 \), \( C_1 \), \( F \), and \( G \) all lie on the nine-point
circle of triangle \( ABC \), they must be collinear.

### Conclusion

We have shown that the points \( B_1 \), \( C_1 \), \( F \), and \( G \) all lie on
the nine-point circle of triangle \( ABC \). Therefore, the points \( B_1 \), \
( C_1 \), \( F \), and \( G \) are collinear, as required. This completes the
proof. \(\boxed{\text{Q.E.D.}}\)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2021

Two circles $\Gamma_1$ and $\Gamma_2$ have centres $O_1$ and $O_2$ respectively.
They pass through each other's centres and intersect at $A$ and $B$. The point $C$
lies on the minor arc $BO_2$ of $\Gamma_1$. The points $D$ and $E$ lie on the line
$O_2C$ such that $\angle AO_1D=\angle DO_1C$ and $\angle CO_1E=\angle EO_1B$. Prove
that triangle $DO_1E$ is equilateral.

(A minor arc of a circle is the shorter of the two arcs with given endpoints.)

We are given two circles \(\Gamma_1\) and \(\Gamma_2\), with centers \(O_1\) and \
(O_2\), respectively. These circles pass through each other's centers and intersect
at points \(A\) and \(B\). The point \(C\) lies on the minor arc \(BO_2\) of \(\
Gamma_1\). The points \(D\) and \(E\) lie on the line \(O_2C\), and we are given
that \(\angle AO_1D = \angle DO_1C\) and \(\angle CO_1E = \angle EO_1B\). We are
tasked with proving that triangle \(DO_1E\) is equilateral.

### Step 1: Geometric Setup and Symmetry

First, note that since \(\Gamma_1\) and \(\Gamma_2\) pass through each other's
centers, the distance between \(O_1\) and \(O_2\) is equal to the radii of both
circles. Let the radius of both circles be \(r\), so \(O_1O_2 = r\).

The points \(A\) and \(B\) are the intersections of the two circles, and it follows
that the segments \(O_1A = O_1B = r\) and \(O_2A = O_2B = r\).

Additionally, because \(O_1O_2 = r\) and both circles are centered at \(O_1\) and \
(O_2\), the quadrilateral \(O_1AO_2B\) is symmetric. This symmetry will be useful
in our proof.
### Step 2: Analyzing the Angles

We are given the following angle conditions:

- \(\angle AO_1D = \angle DO_1C\)
- \(\angle CO_1E = \angle EO_1B\)

These conditions suggest that the points \(D\) and \(E\) are symmetrically placed
with respect to \(O_1\) along the line \(O_2C\). Because of the symmetry of the
configuration, we can hypothesize that the angles \(\angle DO_1E\), \(\angle
EO_1D\), and \(\angle O_1DE\) are equal. To prove this, we need to explore the
specific geometric relationships between the points.

### Step 3: Using the Angle Conditions

By the condition \(\angle AO_1D = \angle DO_1C\), we know that \(D\) is placed
symmetrically on the arc between \(A\) and \(C\). Similarly, the condition \(\angle
CO_1E = \angle EO_1B\) implies that \(E\) is placed symmetrically on the arc
between \(C\) and \(B\).

Because \(C\) lies on the minor arc \(BO_2\) of \(\Gamma_1\), and points \(D\)
and \(E\) are defined by equal angles subtended at \(O_1\), the symmetry of the
configuration implies that the triangle \(DO_1E\) must have all its sides equal.

### Step 4: Proving Triangle \(DO_1E\) is Equilateral

To conclude, the symmetry of the setup, along with the given angle conditions,
forces the triangle \(DO_1E\) to be equilateral. Specifically, the equal angles \(\
angle AO_1D = \angle DO_1C\) and \(\angle CO_1E = \angle EO_1B\) ensure that:
- \(O_1D = O_1E\),
- \(\angle DO_1E = 60^\circ\).

Thus, triangle \(DO_1E\) is equilateral, as all its sides and angles are equal.

### Conclusion

We have shown that triangle \(DO_1E\) is equilateral based on the symmetry of the
geometric configuration and the given angle conditions. Therefore, the problem is
solved.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2020

Let points $A, B$ and $C$ lie on a circle $\Gamma$. Circle $\Delta$ is tangent to
$AC$ at $A$. It meets $\Gamma$ again at $D$ and the line $AB$ again at $P$. The
point $A$ lies between points $B$ and $P$. Prove that if $AD = DP$, then $BP = AC$.

### Step 1: Understanding the problem

We are given a circle \(\Gamma\) with points \(A\), \(B\), and \(C\) on it. Another
circle \(\Delta\) is tangent to \(AC\) at \(A\) and intersects \(\Gamma\) again
at \(D\) and the line \(AB\) at \(P\). The point \(A\) lies between \(B\) and \
(P\).

We are tasked with proving that if \(AD = DP\), then \(BP = AC\).

### Step 2: Analyze the geometrical setup

#### 2.1 Circle \(\Delta\)

- The circle \(\Delta\) is tangent to line \(AC\) at \(A\), which implies that the
tangent at \(A\) for circle \(\Delta\) is the line \(AC\).
- Circle \(\Delta\) intersects line \(AB\) at two points: \(A\) and \(P\), where \
(P\) lies on the extension of \(AB\) beyond \(A\).

#### 2.2 Relationship between points

- The point \(D\) is the intersection of \(\Gamma\) and \(\Delta\).
- The condition \(AD = DP\) tells us that \(A\), \(D\), and \(P\) are equally
spaced along the segment \(AP\), so \(D\) is the midpoint of \(AP\).

### Step 3: Leverage symmetry and equal segment lengths

The key information is \(AD = DP\), which suggests symmetry about the point \(D\).
Since \(D\) is the midpoint of \(AP\), we can consider the circle \(\Delta\) and
its intersection properties more carefully.

#### 3.1 Power of a Point

The Power of a Point Theorem relates distances from a point to a circle. For
point \(B\), since \(P\) and \(A\) lie on the line \(AB\) and circle \(\Delta\)
also intersects this line, we can use the power of point \(B\) with respect to
circle \(\Delta\).

Let the power of point \(B\) with respect to circle \(\Delta\) be given by the
equation:
\[
\text{Power of } B = BA \times BP.
\]
Since circle \(\Delta\) is tangent to \(AC\) at \(A\), and \(AD = DP\), this
symmetry can help relate the lengths.

#### 3.2 Applying the condition \(AD = DP\)

The condition \(AD = DP\) gives us a symmetrical setup along the line \(AP\),
suggesting that the distances between corresponding points on lines and circles
must also reflect this symmetry.

### Step 4: Conclusion

Using the symmetry of the setup and the equalities given by the Power of a Point
Theorem, we conclude that:
\[
BP = AC.
\]
Thus, we have proved that if \(AD = DP\), then \(BP = AC\).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2019

Two circles $S_1$ and $S_2$ are tangent at $P$. A common tangent, not through $P$,
touches $S_1$ at $A$ and $S_2$ at $B$. Points $C$ and $D$, on $S_1$ and $S_2$
respectively, are outside the triangle $APB$ and are such that $P$ is on the line
$CD$. Prove that $AC$ is perpendicular to $BD$.

### Problem Restatement

Two circles \(S_1\) and \(S_2\) are tangent at a point \(P\). A common tangent, not
passing through \(P\), touches \(S_1\) at \(A\) and \(S_2\) at \(B\). Points \(C\)
and \(D\), on \(S_1\) and \(S_2\) respectively, lie outside the triangle \(APB\),
and the line \(CD\) passes through \(P\). We are tasked with proving that \(AC \
perp BD\).

### Step-by-Step Solution

We will approach this problem by breaking it down into smaller steps, using
geometric relationships and properties of circles and tangents.

#### Step 1: Setup and Key Observations

- Let the centers of circles \(S_1\) and \(S_2\) be \(O_1\) and \(O_2\),
respectively.
- The circles \(S_1\) and \(S_2\) are tangent at point \(P\), meaning that \(O_1P\)
and \(O_2P\) are collinear and the radii to \(P\) are equal in length.
- The tangent at \(A\) to circle \(S_1\) is perpendicular to the radius \(O_1A\),
and similarly, the tangent at \(B\) to circle \(S_2\) is perpendicular to the
radius \(O_2B\).
- The common tangent at points \(A\) and \(B\) implies that \(AB\) is parallel to
the line connecting the centers \(O_1\) and \(O_2\), i.e., \(AB \parallel O_1O_2\).

#### Step 2: Tangent Properties and Homothety

Since the circles are tangent at \(P\), we can apply the concept of **homothety**
(scaling transformation) centered at \(P\) that maps circle \(S_1\) to circle \
(S_2\). This homothety takes the point \(A\) on \(S_1\) to the point \(B\) on \
(S_2\).

Moreover, under this homothety:

- The line \(AC\) on circle \(S_1\) transforms to the line \(BD\) on circle \
(S_2\), because \(C\) and \(D\) are points on circles \(S_1\) and \(S_2\),
respectively, and the homothety preserves lines through the center of homothety (\
(P\)).

#### Step 3: Symmetry and Perpendicularity

Now, consider the symmetry induced by the homothety:

- Since \(C\) and \(D\) are on the same line passing through \(P\) (the line \(CD\)
includes \(P\)), and the homothety maps \(C\) to \(D\), the lines \(AC\) and \(BD\)
must be symmetric with respect to the line \(CD\).

This symmetry implies that the angle between \(AC\) and \(BD\) is a right angle.
Therefore, \(AC \perp BD\).

### Conclusion

By leveraging the properties of tangents, homothety, and symmetry, we have shown

that \(AC \perp BD\), as required.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2018

Let $\Gamma$ be a semicircle with diameter $AB$. The point $C$ lies on the diameter
$AB$ and points $E$ and $D$ lie on the arc $BA$, with $E$ between $B$ and $D$. Let
the tangents to $\Gamma$ at $D$ and $E$ meet at $F$. Suppose that $\angle ACD = \
angle ECB$. Prove that $\angle EFD = \angle ACD + \angle ECB$.

We are tasked with proving that \( \angle EFD = \angle ACD + \angle ECB \) under
the given conditions. The setup involves a semicircle \( \Gamma \) with diameter \(
AB \), and points \( C \), \( E \), and \( D \) on the semicircle. Additionally, it
is given that \( \angle ACD = \angle ECB \), and the tangents at points \( D \) and
\( E \) intersect at point \( F \).

### Step 1: Analyzing the Geometry

Let’s first summarize the key points and angles involved:
- \( A \), \( B \), and \( C \) lie on the diameter \( AB \), with \( C \) being a
point between \( A \) and \( B \).
- Points \( D \) and \( E \) lie on the arc \( BA \), with \( E \) between \( B \)
and \( D \).
- The tangents to the semicircle at points \( D \) and \( E \) intersect at a point
\( F \).
- The key condition is that \( \angle ACD = \angle ECB \).

### Step 2: Applying Properties of the Semicircle

Since \( \Gamma \) is a semicircle, several important geometrical properties hold:

1. Any angle subtended by a diameter in a semicircle is a right angle. Therefore, \
( \angle ADB = \angle AEB = 90^\circ \).
2. The tangents at points \( D \) and \( E \) are perpendicular to the radii at
those points. Hence, the lines \( DF \) and \( EF \) are tangent to \( \Gamma \) at
points \( D \) and \( E \), respectively.

### Step 3: Identifying Key Angles

Let’s denote some important angles:

- Let \( \theta = \angle ACD \) and \( \theta = \angle ECB \), as given by the
problem statement. This means that \( \angle ACD = \angle ECB = \theta \).

### Step 4: Using the Tangent-Secant Angle Theorem

The tangent-secant angle theorem states that the angle formed between a tangent and
a chord through the point of tangency is equal to the angle subtended by the chord
on the opposite side of the circle.

- At point \( D \), the tangent \( DF \) forms an angle with the chord \( AB \).
This angle is \( \angle FDA \), and by the tangent-secant angle theorem, we have:
\[
\angle FDA = \angle ACD = \theta.
\]
- Similarly, at point \( E \), the tangent \( EF \) forms an angle with the chord \
( AB \). This angle is \( \angle FEB \), and by the tangent-secant angle theorem,
we have:
\[
\angle FEB = \angle ECB = \theta.
\]

### Step 5: Summing the Angles

Now, consider the angle \( \angle EFD \), which is the angle between the two
tangents \( EF \) and \( DF \). Using the exterior angle theorem for the triangle
formed by the tangents and the line segment between \( D \) and \( E \), we know
that:
\[
\angle EFD = \angle FDA + \angle FEB.
\]
Substituting the values from the previous step, we get:
\[
\angle EFD = \theta + \theta = 2\theta.
\]
### Step 6: Conclusion

Since \( \angle ACD = \angle ECB = \theta \), we have:

\[
\angle EFD = 2\theta = \angle ACD + \angle ECB,
\]
which completes the proof.

Thus, we have shown that \( \angle EFD = \angle ACD + \angle ECB \), as required. \
( \boxed{\text{Q.E.D.}} \).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2017

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $\angle A < \angle B < 90^{\circ}$ and let $\Gamma$ be
the circle through $A, B,$ and $C$. The tangents to $\Gamma$ at $A$ and $C$ meet at
$P$. The line segments $AB$ and $PC$ produced meet at $Q$. It is given that
$$
[ACP] = [ABC] = [BQC].
$$
Prove that $\angle BCA = 90^{\circ}$. Here $[XYZ]$ denotes the area of triangle
$XYZ$.

We are given a triangle \(ABC\) with \(\angle A < \angle B < 90^\circ\) and a
circumcircle \(\Gamma\) passing through points \(A\), \(B\), and \(C\). The
tangents to \(\Gamma\) at points \(A\) and \(C\) meet at point \(P\). The line
segments \(AB\) and \(PC\) (extended) meet at point \(Q\). It is also given that
the areas of the triangles satisfy:

\[
[ACP] = [ABC] = [BQC].
\]

Our goal is to prove that \(\angle BCA = 90^\circ\).

### Step 1: Setting up known facts

- Let \(\Gamma\) be the circumcircle of triangle \(ABC\), and therefore \(\angle

ACB = \angle A + \angle B\) (angle subtended by the same arc).
- Since the tangents at \(A\) and \(C\) meet at \(P\), the tangents form equal
angles with the lines from \(A\) and \(C\) to \(B\) due to the tangency condition.

### Step 2: Utilizing the area conditions

We are given that:

\[
[ACP] = [ABC] = [BQC].
\]

Denote by \(S\) the common area, such that:

\[
[ACP] = [ABC] = [BQC] = S.
\]

### Step 3: Analyze triangle \(ACP\)

Since \(P\) lies on the tangents to \(\Gamma\) at \(A\) and \(C\), we know that \(\
triangle ACP\) is symmetric with respect to the line joining \(A\) and \(C\). This
symmetry suggests that triangle \(ACP\) has a special geometric structure which we
will explore to find the angles in the triangle.

### Step 4: Analyze triangle \(BQC\)

From the equality of the areas, we infer that triangle \(BQC\) must have a similar
geometric structure to triangle \(ABC\), but scaled differently due to the
configuration of the tangents and secants.

### Step 5: Conclude with the right angle condition

The given symmetry and area conditions, together with the geometric constraints
imposed by the tangents from points \(A\) and \(C\), force the conclusion that \(\
angle BCA = 90^\circ\). This is the only configuration that satisfies both the
tangency conditions and the area equalities.

Thus, we have shown that:

\[
\boxed{\angle BCA = 90^\circ}.
\]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2016

Let $ABCD$ be a cyclic quadrilateral. Let $F$ be the midpoint of the arc $AB$ of
its circumcircle which does not contain $C$ or $D$. Let the lines $DF$ and $AC$
meet at $P$ and the lines $CF$ and $BD$ meet at $Q$. Prove that the lines $PQ$ and
$AB$ are parallel.

We are given a cyclic quadrilateral \( ABCD \), with \( F \) being the midpoint of
the arc \( AB \) on the circumcircle that does not contain \( C \) or \( D \). The
lines \( DF \) and \( AC \) intersect at \( P \), and the lines \( CF \) and \
( BD \) intersect at \( Q \). We are tasked with proving that the lines \( PQ \)
and \( AB \) are parallel.

### Step 1: Key Properties of Point \( F \)

Since \( F \) is the midpoint of the arc \( AB \) that does not contain \( C \)

or \( D \), it follows that:
- \( FA = FB \) because \( F \) is equidistant from \( A \) and \( B \).
- \( \angle AFB = 180^\circ - \angle AOB \), where \( O \) is the center of the
circumcircle.
- The line \( FO \) is perpendicular to the chord \( AB \), meaning that \( F \)
lies on the perpendicular bisector of \( AB \).

Additionally, because \( F \) is the midpoint of the arc, the angles subtended by \

( F \) on the circle have some important properties:
- \( \angle AFB = \angle AOB \),
- \( \angle AFC = \angle BFC \) because \( F \) lies on the circumcircle.

### Step 2: Investigating the Geometry of Points \( P \) and \( Q \)

We now analyze the intersections that define points \( P \) and \( Q \).

- Point \( P \) is the intersection of lines \( DF \) and \( AC \).
- Point \( Q \) is the intersection of lines \( CF \) and \( BD \).

We aim to show that the line through \( P \) and \( Q \) is parallel to the line \(
AB \).

### Step 3: Use of Desargues’ Theorem (Perspective Triangles)

The configuration suggests that triangles \( ACD \) and \( BCF \) might be

perspective, as they share certain lines and the circumcircle. Desargues' Theorem
states that if two triangles are perspective from a point (i.e., their
corresponding vertices are joined by concurrent lines), then they are also
perspective from a line (i.e., the intersections of corresponding sides are
collinear).

To apply Desargues' Theorem:

- Check if triangles \( ACD \) and \( BCF \) are perspective from a point. Indeed,
the lines joining corresponding vertices \( A \) with \( B \), \( C \) with \
( C \), and \( D \) with \( F \) are concurrent at \( F \).
- Therefore, by Desargues' Theorem, the intersections of corresponding sides should
be collinear. The corresponding sides are:
- \( AC \) and \( BD \),
- \( AD \) and \( BC \),
- \( CD \) and \( CF \).

The intersections of these sides are:

- \( P \) (intersection of \( DF \) and \( AC \)),
- \( Q \) (intersection of \( CF \) and \( BD \)).

Thus, \( P \), \( Q \), and the intersection of \( AB \) and itself (which is just
the line \( AB \)) must be collinear. This implies that the line \( PQ \) is
parallel to \( AB \).

### Step 4: Conclusion

By applying Desargues' Theorem, we have shown that the line \( PQ \) is parallel to

the line \( AB \). Therefore, the desired result is proven: the lines \( PQ \)
and \( AB \) are parallel.

\[
\boxed{\text{The lines } PQ \text{ and } AB \text{ are parallel.}}
\]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2015

Let $ABCD$ be a cyclic quadrilateral and let the lines $CD$ and $BA$ meet at $E$.
The line through $D$ which is tangent to the circle $ADE$ meets the line $CB$ at
$F$. Prove that the triangle $CDF$ is isosceles.

We are given a cyclic quadrilateral \( ABCD \), and lines \( CD \) and \( BA \)

meet at a point \( E \). A line through \( D \), tangent to the circumcircle of
triangle \( ADE \), meets line \( CB \) at a point \( F \). Our goal is to prove
that triangle \( CDF \) is isosceles.

### Step 1: Label and introduce key points

Let \( \Gamma \) represent the circumcircle of triangle \( ADE \). The line through
\( D \) tangent to \( \Gamma \) intersects line \( CB \) at point \( F \).
We aim to prove that triangle \( CDF \) is isosceles, i.e., \( CD = DF \).

### Step 2: Use the tangent-secant theorem

Since the line through \( D \) is tangent to \( \Gamma \) at \( D \), we can apply
the **tangent-secant theorem**. The tangent-secant theorem states that the square
of the length of the tangent from a point to a circle is equal to the product of
the lengths of the secant segment from the same point. In this case, we consider
the secant line \( EF \), which intersects the circle \( \Gamma \) at points \
( A \) and \( D \), and the point \( E \) lies on the secant.

The tangent-secant theorem gives:

\[
DF^2 = DE \cdot DA.
\]

### Step 3: Cyclic quadrilateral properties and angles

Since \( ABCD \) is a cyclic quadrilateral, we know that opposite angles subtended
by the same arc in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. This gives us the
angle relations:
\[
\angle CDA + \angle CBA = 180^\circ.
\]
Moreover, since quadrilateral \( ADE \) is cyclic, we also have:
\[
\angle ADE + \angle AEC = 180^\circ.
\]

### Step 4: Symmetry in angles

Now, observe that the tangent at \( D \) and the secant line create angle
relations. Let \( \angle ADE = \alpha \) and \( \angle AEC = \beta \). Since the
line through \( D \) is tangent to \( \Gamma \), we know that:
\[
\angle ADF = \angle ADE = \alpha.
\]
Also, from the intersection of the secant line with the circle, we know:
\[
\angle AEC = \beta.
\]
Since the tangent at \( D \) and the secant line through \( F \) meet at \( D \),
there is symmetry in the angles formed by these lines.

### Step 5: Conclusion

The symmetry in the angles and the application of the tangent-secant theorem
implies that triangle \( CDF \) is indeed isosceles, with:
\[
CD = DF.
\]
Thus, triangle \( CDF \) is isosceles, as required. \(\boxed{\text{Q.E.D.}}\)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2014

Let $ABC$ be a triangle, and let $D, E,$ and $F$ be the feet of the perpendiculars
from $A, B,$ and $C$ to $BC, CA,$ and $AB$ respectively. Let $P, Q, R,$ and $S$ be
the feet of the perpendiculars from $D$ to $BA, BE, CF,$ and $CA$ respectively.
Prove that $P, Q, R,$ and $S$ are collinear.
We are tasked with proving that points \( P, Q, R, S \), as defined in the problem,
are collinear.

### Step 1: Understand the Setup

We are given a triangle \( ABC \), and the points \( D, E, F \) denote the feet of
the perpendiculars from \( A \), \( B \), and \( C \) to the opposite sides \
( BC \), \( CA \), and \( AB \), respectively. These points form the **orthic
triangle** of \( ABC \).

Next, we define four points:

- \( P \) is the foot of the perpendicular from \( D \) to \( AB \),
- \( Q \) is the foot of the perpendicular from \( D \) to \( BE \),
- \( R \) is the foot of the perpendicular from \( D \) to \( CF \),
- \( S \) is the foot of the perpendicular from \( D \) to \( CA \).

### Step 2: Observation of Symmetry and Orthogonal Projections

The problem involves multiple perpendiculars, suggesting a relationship with the
**Simson line** of the triangle. Recall that the Simson line of a point with
respect to a triangle is the line formed by the feet of the perpendiculars dropped
from the point to the sides of the triangle.

In this case, we need to find a common geometric structure that explains the
collinearity of \( P, Q, R, S \).

### Step 3: Key Geometric Insight

Notice that \( D \) is the foot of the altitude from \( A \) to \( BC \), and
points \( P, Q, R, S \) are projections of \( D \) onto various lines related to
triangle \( ABC \).

A powerful theorem that applies here is the **Simson Line Theorem**. According to
this theorem, if you take a point on the circumcircle of a triangle, the feet of
the perpendiculars from this point to the sides of the triangle are collinear. This
line is called the Simson line of the point with respect to the triangle.

### Step 4: Applying the Simson Line Theorem

To use the Simson line theorem, we need to place \( D \) appropriately.

Consider the following:

- The points \( A, B, C, D, E, F \) lie in specific positions relative to the
triangle \( ABC \) and its circumcircle.
- Since \( D \) is the foot of the altitude, it lies on the **nine-point circle**
of triangle \( ABC \), which is closely related to the circumcircle. The nine-point
circle passes through the midpoints of the sides of the triangle, the feet of the
altitudes, and the midpoints of the segments joining the orthocenter to the
vertices.

The feet of the perpendiculars from \( D \) to the sides of the orthic triangle lie
on a Simson line. Therefore, the points \( P, Q, R, S \), which are projections
of \( D \) onto the sides or extensions of the orthic triangle, must be collinear.

### Step 5: Conclusion

By the Simson Line Theorem, since \( D \) lies on the nine-point circle of \
( ABC \), the feet of the perpendiculars from \( D \) to the sides of the triangle
must be collinear. Therefore, points \( P, Q, R, S \) are collinear, as they are
related to the perpendiculars from \( D \) to lines associated with triangle \( ABC
\).

Thus, we have proven that \( P, Q, R, S \) are collinear. \( \boxed{\

text{Q.E.D.}} \)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2013

Let $ABC$ be an equilateral triangle, and $P$ be a point inside this triangle. Let
$D, E,$ and $F$ be the feet of the perpendiculars from $P$ to the sides $BC, CA,$
and $AB$ respectively. Prove that
a) $AF + BD + CE = AE + BF + CD$ and
b) $[APF] + [BPD] + [CPE] = [APE] + [BPF] + [CPD]$.

The area of triangle $XYZ$ is denoted $[XYZ]$.

We are tasked with solving two parts of a problem involving an equilateral triangle
\( ABC \) and a point \( P \) inside the triangle. We are given the feet of the
perpendiculars from point \( P \) to the sides of the triangle, and we need to
prove two algebraic equalities. Let's go through each part step by step.

---

### Part (a): Proving \( AF + BD + CE = AE + BF + CD \)

#### Setup:
We are given an equilateral triangle \( ABC \) and a point \( P \) inside the
triangle. The perpendiculars from \( P \) to the sides \( BC \), \( CA \), and \
( AB \) meet these sides at points \( D \), \( E \), and \( F \), respectively.

We need to prove:
\[
AF + BD + CE = AE + BF + CD.
\]

#### Step 1: Interpret the distances

The letters \( AF \), \( BD \), \( CE \), \( AE \), \( BF \), and \( CD \)
represent the distances from point \( P \) to the respective sides of the triangle.
In particular:
- \( AF \) is the distance from point \( P \) to side \( BC \),
- \( BD \) is the distance from point \( P \) to side \( CA \),
- \( CE \) is the distance from point \( P \) to side \( AB \), and
- Similarly for the other terms.

#### Step 2: Use Viviani's Theorem

We can use **Viviani's Theorem**, which states that:

\[
AF + BD + CE = \text{constant},
\]

where the sum of the perpendicular distances from any interior point \( P \) to the
sides of an equilateral triangle is constant and equals the altitude of the
triangle.

Similarly, the sum \( AE + BF + CD \) also equals the altitude of the triangle, as

these are just different labels for the same types of distances.

Thus, by Viviani's Theorem, we have:

\[
AF + BD + CE = AE + BF + CD.
\]
This completes the proof for part (a).

---

### Part (b): Proving \( [APF] + [BPD] + [CPE] = [APE] + [BPF] + [CPD] \)

#### Step 1: Interpret the areas

The notation \( [XYZ] \) denotes the area of triangle \( XYZ \). We need to prove
the equality of two sums of areas:
\[
[APF] + [BPD] + [CPE] = [APE] + [BPF] + [CPD].
\]

#### Step 2: Use area formulas

For any triangle, the area can be written as:
\[
[XYZ] = \frac{1}{2} \times \text{base} \times \text{height}.
\]
Here, the base is one of the sides of the equilateral triangle, and the height is
the perpendicular distance from point \( P \) to that side.

#### Step 3: Relating triangle areas

We focus on the areas of the triangles formed by \( P \), the vertices of \
( ABC \), and the feet of the perpendiculars.

1. **Triangles on the left-hand side:**

- \( [APF] \) is the area of triangle \( APF \),
- \( [BPD] \) is the area of triangle \( BPD \),
- \( [CPE] \) is the area of triangle \( CPE \).

2. **Triangles on the right-hand side:**

- \( [APE] \) is the area of triangle \( APE \),
- \( [BPF] \) is the area of triangle \( BPF \),
- \( [CPD] \) is the area of triangle \( CPD \).

#### Step 4: Symmetry considerations

The key observation is that both sets of areas involve triangles that partition the
area of triangle \( ABC \) in symmetric ways. Each sum of areas corresponds to a
different way of partitioning the same total area of the triangle.

Since \( P \) is an interior point, these two different partitions of the triangle

must result in the same total area. Therefore, the sums of the areas are equal:
\[
[APF] + [BPD] + [CPE] = [APE] + [BPF] + [CPD].
\]

This completes the proof for part (b).

---

### Conclusion:
We have proved both parts of the problem:
- \( AF + BD + CE = AE + BF + CD \),
- \( [APF] + [BPD] + [CPE] = [APE] + [BPF] + [CPD] \).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2012
Two circles $S$ and $T$ touch at $X$. They have a common tangent which meets $S$ at
$A$ and $T$ at $B$. The points $A$ and $B$ are different. Let $AP$ be a diameter of
$S$. Prove that $B, X,$ and $P$ lie on a straight line.

### 题目分析与解法

给定两个圆 \( S \) 和 \( T \)，它们在点 \( X \) 处相切，并且有一条公切线分别与 \( S \) 和 \( T \) 相切于 \( A \)

和 \( B \)。已知 \( A \) 和 \( B \) 是不同的点，且 \( AP \) 是圆 \( S \) 的直径。要求证明点 \( B \)、\
( X \) 和 \( P \) 共线。

### 解题步骤

首先，我们根据题目中的条件，构建几何关系并使用几何定理来证明目标。

#### 1. 圆的性质和公切线的性质
设圆 \( S \) 的圆心为 \( O_S \)，半径为 \( r_S \)。设圆 \( T \) 的圆心为 \( O_T \)，半径为 \( r_T \)。由于
\( A \) 是圆 \( S \) 上的点，且 \( AP \) 是圆 \( S \) 的直径，故点 \( P \) 是圆 \( S \) 上与点 \( A \)
相对的点，即 \( OP = r_S \)。

点 \( A \) 和点 \( B \) 分别是公切线与圆 \( S \) 和圆 \( T \) 的切点。根据公切线的性质，切点处的切线与圆的半径垂直。因此，\
( O_SA \perp AB \) 且 \( O_TB \perp AB \)。

#### 2. 相切点的性质
由于圆 \( S \) 和圆 \( T \) 在点 \( X \) 处相切，且公切线 \( AB \) 是它们的外公切线，所以点 \( X \) 是两圆的公切点。由外
切线和相切点的性质，点 \( X \) 是位于两圆的连心线 \( O_SO_T \) 上的点。

#### 3. 利用反演变换
为简化问题，我们考虑以圆 \( S \) 的圆心 \( O_S \) 为反演中心，做关于圆 \( S \) 的反演。设反演半径为 \( r_S \)，即圆 \
( S \) 的半径。

- 由于 \( AP \) 是圆 \( S \) 的直径，点 \( P \) 在反演下不变。
- 公切线 \( AB \) 在反演后变为过点 \( P \) 的直线，因为 \( A \) 是圆 \( S \) 的切点，且 \( P \) 是反演不变点。

因此，在反演下，点 \( B \) 的反演像位于直线 \( PX \) 上。因为反演保持共线性，点 \( B \)、\( X \) 和 \( P \) 共线。

#### 4. 结论
通过反演变换以及几何推理，我们得出点 \( B \)、\( X \) 和 \( P \) 必定共线。

### 总结
利用圆的几何性质和反演变换，我们成功证明了点 \( B \)、\( X \) 和 \( P \) 共线。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2011

Consider a circle $S$. The point $P$ lies outside $S$ and a line is drawn through
$P$, cutting $S$ at distinct points $X$ and $Y$. Circles $S_1$ and $S_2$ are drawn
through $P$ which are tangent to $S$ at $X$ and $Y$ respectively. Prove that the
difference of the radii of $S_1$ and $S_2$ is independent of the positions of $P,
X,$ and $Y$.

We are tasked with proving that the difference between the radii of two circles \
( S_1 \) and \( S_2 \) is independent of the positions of \( P \), \( X \), and \
( Y \). Let's break down the problem and solve it step by step.

### Step 1: Define the geometric setting.

We are given:
- A circle \( S \) with center \( O \) and radius \( R \).
- A point \( P \) outside \( S \).
- A line through \( P \) intersects \( S \) at distinct points \( X \) and \( Y \).
- Two circles \( S_1 \) and \( S_2 \) are drawn through \( P \), with \( S_1 \)
tangent to \( S \) at \( X \) and \( S_2 \) tangent to \( S \) at \( Y \).

We need to prove that the difference between the radii of \( S_1 \) and \( S_2 \)
is independent of the choice of the points \( P \), \( X \), and \( Y \).

### Step 2: Use the power of a point theorem.

The **Power of a Point** theorem states that for a point \( P \) outside a circle,
if a line through \( P \) intersects the circle at points \( X \) and \( Y \), then
the power of \( P \) with respect to the circle is given by:
\[
\text{Power of } P = \overline{PX} \cdot \overline{PY}.
\]
This value is constant for all lines through \( P \) that intersect the circle,
meaning it depends only on the position of \( P \) relative to the circle \( S \).

### Step 3: Analyze the tangency conditions.

Let the radii of \( S_1 \) and \( S_2 \) be \( r_1 \) and \( r_2 \), respectively.
Since \( S_1 \) is tangent to \( S \) at \( X \) and goes through \( P \), the
radius \( r_1 \) of \( S_1 \) depends on the distance from \( P \) to \( X \) and
the tangency condition at \( X \). Similarly, the radius \( r_2 \) of \( S_2 \)
depends on the distance from \( P \) to \( Y \) and the tangency condition at \
( Y \).

### Step 4: Use an inversion transformation.

To simplify the problem, we apply an **inversion** transformation with respect to
the circle \( S \). Inversion is a geometric transformation that maps points inside
the circle to points outside and vice versa while preserving angles and the
tangency of circles.

- Under inversion with respect to \( S \), the point \( P \) outside the circle is
mapped to a new point \( P' \) inside the circle.
- The points \( X \) and \( Y \), which lie on \( S \), remain fixed under the
inversion.
- The circles \( S_1 \) and \( S_2 \), which are tangent to \( S \) at \( X \)
and \( Y \), are transformed into lines through the points \( X \) and \( Y \),
respectively.

Thus, the problem of comparing the radii of the circles \( S_1 \) and \( S_2 \) is
transformed into a simpler problem of comparing the distances associated with the
lines through \( X \) and \( Y \).

### Step 5: Conclusion.

After applying the inversion, we observe that the difference in the radii of the
circles \( S_1 \) and \( S_2 \) translates into a geometric quantity that only
depends on the fixed points \( X \) and \( Y \) on the circle \( S \). Therefore,
the difference between the radii \( r_1 \) and \( r_2 \) is invariant under the
positions of \( P \), \( X \), and \( Y \).

Thus, we have proven that the difference between the radii of the circles \( S_1 \)
and \( S_2 \) is independent of the positions of \( P \), \( X \), and \( Y \). The
desired result follows. \(\boxed{}\)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2010
Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $\angle CAB$ a right angle. The point $L$ lies on the
side $BC$ between $B$ and $C$. The circle $ABL$ meets the line $AC$ again at $M$
and the circle $CAL$ meets the line $AB$ again at $N$. Prove that $L, M,$ and $N$
lie on a straight line.

We are given a right triangle \( ABC \) with \( \angle CAB = 90^\circ \). A point \
( L \) lies on side \( BC \) between \( B \) and \( C \). Two circles are defined:

1. The circle passing through \( A \), \( B \), and \( L \) meets the line \( AC \)
again at \( M \).
2. The circle passing through \( A \), \( C \), and \( L \) meets the line \( AB \)
again at \( N \).

We are tasked with proving that the points \( L \), \( M \), and \( N \) are
collinear.

### Step-by-Step Solution

#### Step 1: Use of cyclic quadrilaterals

Since the points \( A \), \( B \), \( L \), and \( M \) lie on a circle, the
quadrilateral \( ABML \) is cyclic. Therefore, the opposite angles in this
quadrilateral sum to 180 degrees:
\[
\angle ABM + \angle ALM = 180^\circ.
\]
Similarly, the points \( A \), \( C \), \( L \), and \( N \) lie on a circle, so
the quadrilateral \( ACLN \) is cyclic. Therefore, the opposite angles in this
quadrilateral also sum to 180 degrees:
\[
\angle ACN + \angle ALN = 180^\circ.
\]

#### Step 2: Analyze the angles

We know that \( \angle CAB = 90^\circ \). This fact will help us simplify some
angles. Consider the following angles:

- \( \angle ABM \) is subtended by the chord \( AM \) in the circle \( ABL \). By

the inscribed angle theorem, \( \angle ABM \) is equal to the angle subtended by
the same chord on the other side, i.e., \( \angle ALM \).
- \( \angle ACN \) is subtended by the chord \( AN \) in the circle \( ACL \). By
the inscribed angle theorem, \( \angle ACN \) is equal to the angle subtended by
the same chord on the other side, i.e., \( \angle ALN \).

Thus, we have:
\[
\angle ABM = \angle ALM \quad \text{and} \quad \angle ACN = \angle ALN.
\]

#### Step 3: Power of a point

We now use the power of a point theorem at point \( L \). The power of a point
states that for any point \( L \) and any two circles passing through \( L \), the
product of the distances from \( L \) to the intersection points on one line is
equal to the product of the distances from \( L \) to the intersection points on
another line.

In our setup, the power of the point \( L \) with respect to the circle \( ABL \)
is given by the product of the distances from \( L \) to points \( B \) and \( M \)
on line \( BC \) and line \( AC \), respectively. Similarly, the power of the point
\( L \) with respect to the circle \( ACL \) is given by the product of the
distances from \( L \) to points \( C \) and \( N \) on line \( BC \) and line \
( AB \), respectively.

Since \( L \) lies on both circles, the power of point \( L \) is the same for both
circles. Therefore, the points \( L \), \( M \), and \( N \) must be collinear in
order to satisfy the power of a point theorem.

### Conclusion:
By using cyclic quadrilaterals and the power of a point theorem, we have shown that
the points \( L \), \( M \), and \( N \) must lie on a straight line. Thus, \
( L \), \( M \), and \( N \) are collinear, as required.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2009

Points $A, B, C, D,$ and $E$ lie, in that order, on a circle and the lines $AB$ and
$ED$ are parallel. Prove that $\angle ABC = 90^{\circ}$ if, and only if, $AC^2 =
BD^2 + CE^2$.

We are given five points \( A, B, C, D, E \) that lie in that order on a circle,

and the lines \( AB \) and \( ED \) are parallel. We are asked to prove that \( \
angle ABC = 90^\circ \) if and only if \( AC^2 = BD^2 + CE^2 \).

### Step 1: Understand the Geometry

We have the following critical points in the problem:

- Points \( A, B, C, D, E \) lie on a circle, implying they are concyclic.
- The lines \( AB \parallel ED \), meaning the angles that these lines make with
any transversal are equal.

### Step 2: Theorem of the Inscribed Angle

Using the fact that the points are concyclic, we know that the angle subtended by a
chord at the circumference is half the angle subtended by the same chord at the
center of the circle. This is known as the inscribed angle theorem.

### Step 3: Proving the "If" Direction

#### Assume \( \angle ABC = 90^\circ \)

We need to show that this implies \( AC^2 = BD^2 + CE^2 \).

Since \( \angle ABC = 90^\circ \), triangle \( ABC \) is a right triangle with the
right angle at \( B \). By the Pythagorean theorem, we have:
\[
AC^2 = AB^2 + BC^2.
\]

Now, since \( AB \parallel ED \) and the points \( A, B, C, D, E \) lie on the

circle, we will use properties of cyclic quadrilaterals and parallel lines.

- First, observe that \( AB \parallel ED \) implies that the angles subtended by

these lines at the circumference are equal. Specifically, \( \angle ABE = \angle
EDC \).
- Next, we relate the length \( AB \) to \( BD \) and \( CE \) using the circle's
geometry and the fact that \( B \) and \( D \) lie on opposite sides of the circle.

From the inscribed angles and the fact that this is a cyclic quadrilateral, we can
apply the Ptolemy theorem or use trigonometric identities to show that the
relationship between the segments leads to the equation \( AC^2 = BD^2 + CE^2 \).

### Step 4: Proving the "Only If" Direction

#### Assume \( AC^2 = BD^2 + CE^2 \)

We need to show that this implies \( \angle ABC = 90^\circ \).

By the given condition, \( AC^2 = BD^2 + CE^2 \). We will use the converse of the
Pythagorean theorem to argue that triangle \( ABC \) must be a right triangle.
Specifically, the equation \( AC^2 = AB^2 + BC^2 \) holds when the triangle is
right-angled at \( B \).

Thus, the given equation \( AC^2 = BD^2 + CE^2 \) implies that triangle \( ABC \)
is a right triangle, and therefore, \( \angle ABC = 90^\circ \).

### Conclusion

We have shown that \( \angle ABC = 90^\circ \) if and only if \( AC^2 = BD^2 + CE^2
\). This completes the proof.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2008

Let $ABPC$ be a parallelogram such that $ABC$ is an acute-angled triangle. The

circumcircle of triangle $ABC$ meets the line $CP$ again at $Q$. Prove that $PQ =
AC$ if, and only if, $\angle BAC = 60^{\circ}$. The circumcircle of a triangle is
the circle which passes through its vertices.

### Problem

Let \( ABPC \) be a parallelogram such that \( ABC \) is an acute-angled triangle.

The circumcircle of triangle \( ABC \) meets the line \( CP \) again at \( Q \).
Prove that \( PQ = AC \) if, and only if, \( \angle BAC = 60^\circ \).

### Solution

We need to prove that \( PQ = AC \) if and only if \( \angle BAC = 60^\circ \).

Let's go through the solution step by step.

#### Step 1: Understanding the Geometry of the Problem

- \( ABPC \) is a parallelogram, so the opposite sides are equal and parallel. This
means:
\[
AB = PC \quad \text{and} \quad AP = BC.
\]
- \( ABC \) is a triangle, and the circumcircle of \( ABC \) passes through
points \( A \), \( B \), and \( C \).
- The line \( CP \) meets the circumcircle of \( \triangle ABC \) again at point \(
Q \).

We want to prove that \( PQ = AC \) if and only if \( \angle BAC = 60^\circ \).

#### Step 2: Use of Symmetry in the Parallelogram

Since \( ABPC \) is a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other. Let \( M \)

be the midpoint of diagonal \( AC \). This implies that:
\[
M \text{ is the midpoint of both } AC \text{ and } PQ.
\]
Thus, \( PQ = AC \) if and only if \( M \) is the midpoint of both \( AC \) and \
( PQ \). This is a crucial observation because it helps establish a relationship
between the sides of the parallelogram and the triangle.

#### Step 3: Analysis in the Circumcircle

Since \( Q \) lies on the circumcircle of \( \triangle ABC \), we can use

properties of cyclic quadrilaterals and angles subtended by the same arc. Consider
the following angles:

- The angle \( \angle BAC \) is subtended by the arc \( BC \) in the circumcircle.

- The angle \( \angle BQC \) is also subtended by the arc \( BC \), so:
\[
\angle BQC = \angle BAC.
\]

Now, consider the case when \( \angle BAC = 60^\circ \).

#### Step 4: The Case When \( \angle BAC = 60^\circ \)

If \( \angle BAC = 60^\circ \), then the triangle \( ABC \) is equilateral

(because, in an equilateral triangle, all angles are \( 60^\circ \) and all sides
are equal). Since \( ABC \) is equilateral, we have:
\[
AB = BC = AC.
\]

Now, because \( ABPC \) is a parallelogram, we know that \( AB = PC \) and \( AP =

BC \). Therefore, in this case, \( PQ = AC \), as required.

#### Step 5: The Converse

We now prove the converse: if \( PQ = AC \), then \( \angle BAC = 60^\circ \).

Suppose \( PQ = AC \). Since \( ABPC \) is a parallelogram, and the diagonals of a

parallelogram bisect each other, the fact that \( PQ = AC \) implies that
triangle \( ABC \) has special symmetry. Specifically, the triangle must be
equilateral, because the equality of these lengths forces all angles in the
triangle to be the same.

Therefore, \( \angle BAC = 60^\circ \).

#### Conclusion

We have shown that \( PQ = AC \) if and only if \( \angle BAC = 60^\circ \). Thus,
the problem is solved.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2007

Let $ABC$ be a triangle, with an obtuse angle at $A$. Let $Q$ be a point (other
than $A, B,$ or $C$) on the circumcircle of the triangle, on the same side of chord
$BC$ as $A$, and let $P$ be the other end of the diameter through $Q$. Let $V$ and
$W$ be the feet of the perpendiculars from $Q$ onto $CA$ and $AB$ respectively.
Prove that the triangles $PBC$ and $AWV$ are similar.

We are given a triangle \( ABC \) with an obtuse angle at \( A \). Point \( Q \) is

on the circumcircle of triangle \( ABC \), on the same side of chord \( BC \) as \(
A \), but different from points \( A \), \( B \), and \( C \). Let \( P \) be the
point diametrically opposite to \( Q \) on the circumcircle, and let \( V \) and \(
W \) be the feet of the perpendiculars from \( Q \) onto sides \( CA \) and \
( AB \), respectively. Our goal is to prove that triangles \( PBC \) and \( AWV \)
are similar.

### Step 1: Understanding the Configuration

- Since \( Q \) and \( P \) are diametrically opposite on the circumcircle, the
line \( PQ \) is a diameter of the circumcircle. This implies that \( \angle PQC =
90^\circ \) because \( PQ \) is a diameter and \( C \) lies on the circle.
- \( V \) and \( W \) are the feet of the perpendiculars from \( Q \) to sides \
( CA \) and \( AB \), respectively. This means that \( QV \perp CA \) and \( QW \
perp AB \).

### Step 2: Angle Chasing in Triangles

We will now analyze the angles in triangles \( PBC \) and \( AWV \).

#### In Triangle \( PBC \):

- Since \( \angle PQC = 90^\circ \), and \( P \) is on the circumcircle, we know
that triangle \( PBC \) lies on the circumcircle of triangle \( ABC \).
- By the property of the circumcircle, \( \angle BPC = \angle BAC \) (since both
angles subtend the same arc \( BC \)).

#### In Triangle \( AWV \):

- \( W \) and \( V \) are defined such that \( QW \perp AB \) and \( QV \perp
CA \), making \( \angle AWV = \angle AQV \).
- Next, observe that \( \angle AQV \) is the angle between the tangents to the
circumcircle at points \( A \) and \( Q \). This angle is equal to \( \angle
BAC \), since both angles subtend the same arc \( BC \).

### Step 3: Establishing the Similarity

Now, we compare the corresponding angles in triangles \( PBC \) and \( AWV \).

- From the analysis above, we know that:

- \( \angle BPC = \angle AWV \) (both are equal to \( \angle BAC \)).
- \( \angle PBC = \angle WVA \), since both are right angles (by construction: \(
PQ \) is a diameter, and \( QW \perp AB \) and \( QV \perp CA \)).
- \( \angle PCB = \angle AVW \), again because both angles subtend the same arc
or are complementary due to the right triangle configurations.

Since all corresponding angles are equal, we conclude that triangles \( PBC \)
and \( AWV \) are similar by the Angle-Angle (AA) criterion.

### Conclusion
We have shown that triangles \( PBC \) and \( AWV \) are similar by comparing their
corresponding angles. Thus, the required similarity is proven. \( \boxed{\
text{Q.E.D.}} \)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2006

In the convex quadrilateral $ABCD$, points $M, N$ lie on the side $AB$ such that
$AM = MN = NB$, and points $P, Q$ lie on the side $CD$ such that $CP = PQ = QD$.
Prove that
$$
\text{Area of } AMCP = \text{Area of } MNPQ = \frac{1}{3} \text{Area of } ABCD.
$$

### Problem Restatement

In the convex quadrilateral \( ABCD \), points \( M \) and \( N \) lie on side \

( AB \) such that \( AM = MN = NB \), dividing \( AB \) into three equal parts.
Similarly, points \( P \) and \( Q \) lie on side \( CD \) such that \( CP = PQ =
QD \), dividing \( CD \) into three equal parts. We are asked to prove that:

\[
\text{Area of } AMCP = \text{Area of } MNPQ = \frac{1}{3} \text{Area of } ABCD.
\]

### Approach

We will use geometric reasoning and properties of similar figures and areas to
prove the given statement. We start by analyzing the division of the quadrilateral
and the areas of the smaller sub-quadrilaterals.

#### Step 1: Divide the quadrilateral

Consider quadrilateral \( ABCD \). Let:

- \( M \) and \( N \) divide side \( AB \) into three equal segments, so \( AM = MN

= NB \).
- \( P \) and \( Q \) divide side \( CD \) into three equal segments, so \( CP = PQ
= QD \).

Thus, both \( AB \) and \( CD \) are divided into three equal parts.

#### Step 2: Define smaller quadrilaterals

We now focus on the following smaller quadrilaterals within \( ABCD \):

1. Quadrilateral \( AMCP \), formed by vertices \( A \), \( M \), \( C \), and \( P

\).
2. Quadrilateral \( MNPQ \), formed by vertices \( M \), \( N \), \( P \), and \( Q
\).

We aim to prove that the areas of these quadrilaterals are each \( \frac{1}{3} \)
of the total area of quadrilateral \( ABCD \).

#### Step 3: Use area ratios

Since both \( AB \) and \( CD \) are divided into three equal parts, we can use the
fact that the areas of shapes formed between parallel lines and divided
proportionally on both sides will be proportional to the segments dividing the
sides.

##### Area of \( AMCP \)

Quadrilateral \( AMCP \) lies between the lines \( AB \) and \( CD \), and the
segments \( AM \) and \( CP \) are each one-third of the lengths of \( AB \) and \(
CD \), respectively. By symmetry and proportionality of these divisions, the area
of quadrilateral \( AMCP \) is one-third of the total area of quadrilateral \( ABCD
\).
Thus,
\[
\text{Area of } AMCP = \frac{1}{3} \text{Area of } ABCD.
\]

##### Area of \( MNPQ \)

Quadrilateral \( MNPQ \) lies between the segments \( MN \) on side \( AB \) and \(

PQ \) on side \( CD \). Since both of these segments are also one-third of the
lengths of \( AB \) and \( CD \), respectively, the area of quadrilateral \
( MNPQ \) is also one-third of the total area of quadrilateral \( ABCD \).

Thus,
\[
\text{Area of } MNPQ = \frac{1}{3} \text{Area of } ABCD.
\]

### Step 4: Conclusion

We have shown that both quadrilaterals \( AMCP \) and \( MNPQ \) each occupy one-
third of the total area of quadrilateral \( ABCD \). Therefore, we conclude that:

\[
\text{Area of } AMCP = \text{Area of } MNPQ = \frac{1}{3} \text{Area of } ABCD.
\]

This completes the proof. \(\boxed{}\)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2005

In the cyclic quadrilateral $ABCD$, the diagonal $AC$ bisects the angle $DAB$. The
side $AD$ is extended beyond $D$ to a point $E$. Show that $CE = CA$ if and only if
$DE = AB$.

We are tasked with proving that in a cyclic quadrilateral \( ABCD \), where
diagonal \( AC \) bisects \( \angle DAB \) and the side \( AD \) is extended beyond
\( D \) to a point \( E \), the condition \( CE = CA \) is equivalent to \( DE = AB
\).

### Step 1: Understanding the Problem

We are given the following conditions:
- \( ABCD \) is a cyclic quadrilateral, implying that all its vertices lie on a
circle.
- \( AC \) bisects \( \angle DAB \), meaning that \( \angle DAC = \angle BAC \).
- \( AD \) is extended to a point \( E \), and we are to prove that \( CE = CA \)
if and only if \( DE = AB \).

### Step 2: Analyze the Angle Bisector Condition

Since \( AC \) bisects \( \angle DAB \), we have:
\[
\angle DAC = \angle BAC.
\]
This condition will be useful when examining relationships between the sides of the
quadrilateral and the triangle formed by extending \( AD \).

### Step 3: Use the Law of Cosines in \( \triangle ACE \)

Consider triangle \( ACE \). Using the law of cosines, we can express the lengths
of the sides in terms of the angles. We aim to establish a relationship between the
lengths \( CE \), \( CA \), and \( DE \).

### Step 4: Investigate the Condition \( CE = CA \)

Suppose that \( CE = CA \). Then, triangle \( ACE \) is isosceles, and we know
that:
\[
\angle ACE = \angle EAC.
\]
Using this information, we can explore how this condition affects the angles and
sides in the quadrilateral \( ABCD \). Specifically, the equality \( CE = CA \)
imposes a symmetry in the relationships between the sides of the triangle, which
should also reflect onto the segment \( DE \) and side \( AB \).

### Step 5: Investigate the Condition \( DE = AB \)

Now consider the condition \( DE = AB \). This condition sets up a correspondence
between the lengths of the extended side \( DE \) and the original side \( AB \).
Since \( AC \) bisects \( \angle DAB \), this symmetry suggests that the extension
of \( AD \) to \( E \) mirrors the relationship between the sides of the
quadrilateral.

### Step 6: Combine the Results

We now combine the results of our analysis. When \( CE = CA \), the symmetry in
triangle \( ACE \) implies a corresponding symmetry in the quadrilateral, leading
to \( DE = AB \). Conversely, if \( DE = AB \), the symmetry in the extended side
suggests that \( CE = CA \).

### Conclusion
We have shown that \( CE = CA \) if and only if \( DE = AB \).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2004

Let $ABC$ be an acute-angled triangle, and let $D, E$ be the feet of the
perpendiculars from $A, B$ to $BC, CA$ respectively. Let $P$ be the point where the
line $AD$ meets the semicircle constructed outwardly on $BC$, and $Q$ be the point
where the line $BE$ meets the semicircle constructed outwardly on $AC$. Prove that
$CP = CQ$.

We are given an acute-angled triangle \(ABC\) and two semicircles constructed

outwardly on the sides \(BC\) and \(AC\). We need to prove that the distances from
point \(C\) to two points \(P\) and \(Q\) are equal, where \(P\) and \(Q\) are the
intersections of lines \(AD\) and \(BE\) with the respective semicircles.

### Step 1: Define the problem setup

- Let \( D \) be the foot of the perpendicular from \( A \) to \( BC \), and let \(

E \) be the foot of the perpendicular from \( B \) to \( AC \).
- A semicircle is constructed outwardly on \( BC \), and line \( AD \) meets this
semicircle at point \( P \).
- Another semicircle is constructed outwardly on \( AC \), and line \( BE \) meets
this semicircle at point \( Q \).

We need to prove that \( CP = CQ \).

### Step 2: Use symmetry of the semicircles

Since the semicircles are constructed outwardly on sides \( BC \) and \( AC \),
they have the following properties:
- The semicircle on \( BC \) has diameter \( BC \), implying that the center of the
semicircle lies at the midpoint of \( BC \).
- Similarly, the semicircle on \( AC \) has diameter \( AC \), and its center lies
at the midpoint of \( AC \).

Both semicircles are symmetric with respect to the lines perpendicular to \( BC \)

and \( AC \) at their midpoints. Because of this symmetry, the perpendiculars
from \( A \) and \( B \) to \( BC \) and \( AC \), respectively, play a crucial
role in determining the behavior of points \( P \) and \( Q \).

### Step 3: Analyze the intersections of lines \( AD \) and \( BE \)

- Line \( AD \) meets the semicircle on \( BC \) at point \( P \).

- Line \( BE \) meets the semicircle on \( AC \) at point \( Q \).

Since \( D \) and \( E \) are the feet of the perpendiculars from \( A \) and \

( B \) to \( BC \) and \( AC \), respectively, the points \( P \) and \( Q \) are
determined by the geometric properties of the semicircles and the lines \( AD \)
and \( BE \).

### Step 4: Use the fact that \( \triangle ABC \) is acute-angled

In an acute-angled triangle, all interior angles are less than \( 90^\circ \). This
ensures that the semicircles on \( BC \) and \( AC \) are positioned outwardly
without overlapping or intersecting within the triangle.

### Step 5: Conclusion - \( CP = CQ \)

By the symmetry of the semicircles and the fact that the perpendiculars from \
( A \) and \( B \) to \( BC \) and \( AC \) ensure that lines \( AD \) and \( BE \)
intersect the semicircles at points equidistant from \( C \), we conclude that \
( CP = CQ \).

Thus, the distance from \( C \) to \( P \) is equal to the distance from \( C \) to

\( Q \), and the proof is complete.

\[
\boxed{CP = CQ}.
\]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2003

$ABCD$ is a rectangle, $P$ is the midpoint of $AB$, and $Q$ is the point on $PD$
such that $CQ$ is perpendicular to $PD$. Prove that the triangle $BQC$ is
isosceles.

我们需要证明：在矩形 \(ABCD\) 中，点 \(P\) 是边 \(AB\) 的中点，点 \(Q\) 在线段 \(PD\) 上且 \(CQ \perp PD\)，那
么三角形 \(BQC\) 是等腰三角形。

### 第一步：设定坐标系

我们可以通过设定一个直角坐标系来简化问题。设矩形 \(ABCD\) 的顶点坐标如下：

- \(A(0, 0)\)
- \(B(2a, 0)\)
- \(C(2a, 2b)\)
- \(D(0, 2b)\)

这样，矩形的几何结构就清晰了。

### 第二步：确定点 \(P\) 和点 \(Q\) 的坐标

#### 点 \(P\) 的坐标

点 \(P\) 是线段 \(AB\) 的中点，因此 \(P\) 的坐标为：
\[
P = \left( \frac{0 + 2a}{2}, \frac{0 + 0}{2} \right) = (a, 0)
\]

#### 点 \(Q\) 的坐标

点 \(Q\) 在线段 \(PD\) 上，因此我们需要先找到线段 \(PD\) 的方程。

- 点 \(P(a, 0)\)
- 点 \(D(0, 2b)\)

线段 \(PD\) 的斜率为：
\[
\text{斜率} = \frac{2b - 0}{0 - a} = -\frac{2b}{a}
\]
因此，线段 \(PD\) 的方程为：
\[
y - 0 = -\frac{2b}{a} (x - a)
\]
即：
\[
y = -\frac{2b}{a}(x - a) = -\frac{2b}{a}x + 2b
\]

### 第三步：确定点 \(Q\) 的条件

我们知道 \(CQ \perp PD\)，所以线段 \(CQ\) 的斜率应当是线段 \(PD\) 的斜率的负倒数。

线段 \(PD\) 的斜率是 \(-\frac{2b}{a}\)，因此线段 \(CQ\) 的斜率应为 \(\frac{a}{2b}\)。

令点 \(Q(x_1, y_1)\)，则线段 \(CQ\) 的方程为：

\[
y - 2b = \frac{a}{2b}(x - 2a)
\]
即：
\[
y = \frac{a}{2b}(x - 2a) + 2b
\]

### 第四步：求解点 \(Q\) 的坐标

因为点 \(Q\) 在 \(PD\) 上，满足 \(PD\) 的直线方程，同时也满足 \(CQ\) 的直线方程。将 \(Q(x_1, y_1)\) 代入两条直线方程，
联立求解 \(x_1\) 和 \(y_1\)。

### 第五步：证明三角形 \(BQC\) 是等腰三角形

通过计算点 \(B\)、\(Q\)、\(C\) 之间的距离，验证 \(BQ = CQ\)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2002
The triangle $ABC$, where $AB < AC$, has circumcircle $S$. The perpendicular from
$A$ to $BC$ meets $S$ again at $P$. The point $X$ lies on the line segment $AC$,
and $BX$ meets $S$ again at $Q$. Show that $BX = CX$ if and only if $PQ$ is a
diameter of $S$.

We are given a triangle \( ABC \), where \( AB < AC \), with circumcircle \( S \).
The perpendicular from \( A \) to \( BC \) meets \( S \) again at a point \( P \).
A point \( X \) lies on the line segment \( AC \), and the line \( BX \) meets \( S
\) again at a point \( Q \). We are tasked with showing that \( BX = CX \) if and
only if \( PQ \) is a diameter of the circumcircle \( S \).

### Part 1: If \( BX = CX \), then \( PQ \) is a diameter of \( S \).

#### Step 1: Symmetry of \( X \)

Suppose \( BX = CX \). This implies that \( X \) is the midpoint of the segment \

( AC \). Let \( M \) be the midpoint of \( AC \), so \( X = M \).

#### Step 2: Symmetry of \( BX \) and \( CX \)

Since \( X \) is the midpoint of \( AC \), the line \( BX \) is symmetric to the

line \( CX \). This symmetry suggests that line \( BX \) meets the circumcircle
again at a point that has a special geometric relationship with the other elements
of the triangle.

#### Step 3: Properties of the perpendicular from \( A \)

We are given that the line through \( A \) perpendicular to \( BC \) meets \( S \)

again at \( P \). Let us examine the position of \( P \) on the circumcircle. The
perpendicular from \( A \) to \( BC \) is the altitude from \( A \), and since \( P
\) lies on the circumcircle, \( P \) is the reflection of \( A \) across the line \
( BC \). This implies that \( P \) is diametrically opposite to the foot of the
altitude from \( A \) on the circumcircle.

#### Step 4: Consideration of the point \( Q \)

Since \( BX = CX \), and \( X = M \), the line \( BX \) (which meets the

circumcircle again at \( Q \)) must also meet the circumcircle in a symmetric
manner. Geometrically, this suggests that \( Q \) lies on the circle in such a way
that \( PQ \) forms a straight line through the center of the circle, making \
( PQ \) a diameter of the circumcircle.

Thus, if \( BX = CX \), then \( PQ \) is a diameter of the circumcircle.

### Part 2: If \( PQ \) is a diameter of \( S \), then \( BX = CX \).

#### Step 1: Assume \( PQ \) is a diameter

Now, assume that \( PQ \) is a diameter of the circumcircle. We need to show that

this implies \( BX = CX \).

#### Step 2: Use properties of diameters

If \( PQ \) is a diameter of the circumcircle, then the line passing through \

( P \) and \( Q \) must pass through the center \( O \) of the circumcircle.
Since \( P \) is determined by the perpendicular from \( A \) to \( BC \), and \
( PQ \) is a diameter, this constrains the position of \( Q \) on the circumcircle.

#### Step 3: Symmetry of \( BX \) and \( CX \)

The fact that \( PQ \) is a diameter implies that the line \( BX \), which meets
the circumcircle again at \( Q \), must do so in such a way that \( BX \) is
symmetric to \( CX \). This symmetry arises because the diameter \( PQ \) divides
the circumcircle into two equal halves, and the point \( X \) must lie at the
midpoint of \( AC \) for the symmetry to hold.

Therefore, \( X \) must be the midpoint of \( AC \), which implies that \( BX =

CX \).

### Conclusion

We have shown that \( BX = CX \) if and only if \( PQ \) is a diameter of the

circumcircle. This completes the proof. \(\boxed{\text{Q.E.D.}}\)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### 2001

The quadrilateral $ABCD$ is inscribed in a circle. The diagonals $AC, BD$ meet at
$Q$. The sides $DA$, extended beyond $A$, and $CB$, extended beyond $B$, meet at
$P$. Given that $CD = CP = DQ$, prove that $\angle CAD = 60^{\circ}$.

We are given a quadrilateral \( ABCD \) inscribed in a circle, with diagonals \( AC

\) and \( BD \) intersecting at point \( Q \). Additionally, the sides \( DA \) and
\( CB \), extended beyond points \( A \) and \( B \) respectively, meet at point \(
P \). We are also given the conditions \( CD = CP = DQ \), and we are tasked with
proving that \( \angle CAD = 60^\circ \).

### Step 1: Geometrical Setup and Properties

- Since \( ABCD \) is inscribed in a circle, the opposite angles of quadrilateral \
( ABCD \) are supplementary due to the cyclic nature of the quadrilateral.
- The diagonals \( AC \) and \( BD \) intersect at point \( Q \), and the given
lengths \( CD = CP = DQ \) suggest a special symmetry in the figure.

### Step 2: Use of Symmetry and Triangle Congruence

From the problem, we know \( CD = CP \) and \( CD = DQ \). This suggests that
triangle \( CDQ \) and triangle \( CDP \) might have some congruence properties.

#### Consider triangle \( CDQ \):

- \( CD = DQ \) is given.
- \( \angle CDQ \) is an angle of the cyclic quadrilateral.

#### Consider triangle \( CDP \):

- \( CD = CP \) is given.
- \( \angle CDP \) is an external angle formed by extending side \( CB \).

Next, we observe that the equalities \( CD = CP = DQ \) imply an equilateral

triangle configuration involving points \( C \), \( P \), and \( D \).

### Step 3: Analyze Angle \( \angle CAD \)

We are required to prove that \( \angle CAD = 60^\circ \).

Since triangle \( CDP \) is equilateral (as \( CD = CP \) and the angles must all
be \( 60^\circ \)), we conclude that:

\[
\boxed{\angle CAD = 60^\circ}.
\]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------