NETWORKING

Key notes

Introduction
Computer Network is a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single
technology.
Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information.
A computer network is a system that connects independent computers in order to share
information and resources

Advantage of Computer Network:

 Central Storage of Data
 Sharing of Information
 Sharing of Resources (Hardware & Software)
 Reliability
 Communication
 Reduced Cost

Disadvantage of Computer Network:

 Computer networks require a specific setup
 Lack of Security
 Cost of network hardware and software

Components of Data Communication:

 Message – It is information to be communicated
 Sender – The device which send the message
 Receiver – The device which receive the message
 Transmission media – It is physical path by which message travel from sender to receiver
 Protocol – It is set of rules that governs data communication. Actually, it is agreement between the sender and
receiver regarding various communication parameter.

Data Flow
 Simplex – In this mode of communication, data is transmitted in one direction only. e.g., Keyboard, monitor.
It uses entire capacity of channel to send the data.
 Half Duplex – Communication is bi-directional but not at the same time. i.e., Walkie-Talkie. It uses entire
capacity of channel is utilized for each direction.
 Full Duplex – Communications is bi-directionalsimultaneously i.e., both sender and receiver can send data at
the same time.

Network Terminology
 Node- The device connected to a network.
 Client – The device that requests for a service
 Server – The Device that renders the services
 Client-Server - In this model, the data are stored on powerful computers called Server that can be accessed
by a much simpler computer called Client that are connected by a network.
 Network Interface Card or Unit (Network Adapter or LAN card) - It is hardware that allows a computer (or
device) to connect to network.
 MAC (Media Access Control) address – Each NIC is assigned a unique 12-digit hexadecimal number, known
a MAC address, is used as network address in communication. The format for the MAC address is
MM : MM : MM : SS : SS : SS Manufacturer ID Card Id
 IP Address: Every device on network has unique identifier called IP address. It consists of 4 bytes (IPv4)
decimal number (between 0 to 255) separated by ‘.’ (Period).
 Channel – It is communication path through which data is actually transmitted.
 Communication Media- It allows data or signal to be communicated across the devices. It is means of
communication.
 Data – Information stored within the computer system in form of ‘0’ and ‘1’
 Signal- It is electric or electromagnetic encoding of data to be transmitted. It can be categorized into
following two types:
o Analog Signal – that has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period of time.
o Digital Signal – that can have only a limited number of defined values.
 Bit rate – It defines the amount of data transferred. It is defined as number of bits per second (bps). [Bps –
Bytes per Second]
 Baud – The number of changes in signal per second.
 Bandwidth – It is difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies contained in the signal.

IP Address vs MAC Address

IP Address mac address

*It is of 4 bytes * It is of 4 byte

*Represented by decimal number *Represented by hexadecimal number
*It is logical address * It is physical address
*Its value can vary for the same machine *It is fixed address
*It can be assigned only when a device is *It is assigned by manufacturer of the
connected to network card irrespective of connectivity to know the IP address is
Ipconfig :Command to know the IP address is ipconfig/all

Switching Technique
 A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes called switches capable
of creating temporary connections between two or more liked devices.
 There are three basic switching technique
 Circuit Switching: In circuit switching a dedicated path is established before
sending data from sender to receiver and entire communication is carried out
the same path.

 Packet Switching – In packet switching in a message is broken into a number

of parts called packet which are sent independently from sender to receiver
and reassembled at the destination.

 Message Switching: Message switching is a connectionless network

switching technique where the entire message is routed from the source
node to the destination node, one hop at a time. It was a precursor of packet
switching.

Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching

Circuit Switching Packet Switching
*A dedicated path is established *No dedicated path is established
*Entire message follows the same path *Each packet travels independently to
each other

Network Devices
 Modem
 It stands for modulator and demodulator
 It a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format
suitable for an analog.
 A modem transmits data by modulating one or more carrier wave signals to encode
digital information, while the receiver demodulates the signal to recreate the
original digital information.

 Repeater
 Repeaters are network devices that amplify or regenerate an incoming signal before
retransmitting it.
 It operates at physical layer of the OSI model.
 The repeater allows to transfer the data through large area distance

 Hub

 It is a multiport device that allows multiple computers to

communicate with each
other over a network.
 It is a non-intelligent network device that sends message to all ports( i.e. Broadcast)

 Types of Hubs
Active Hub –
 It strengthens the signal and may boost noise too.
 It is relatively costlier than passive hub.

 Passive Hub –

 It repeat/copy signals.
 It is relatively cheaper than active hub.

 Switch

 Network Switch or switch is also a network multiport device that allow multiple
computers to connect together.
 Network switch inspects the packet, determine source and destination address and
route the packet accordingly.
 It operates at Data Link Layer (layer 2) of OSI model.

 Bridge

 It connects multiple network segments having same protocol

 It works at Data Link Layer (Layer 2).
 Bridge does not simply broadcast traffic from one network.
 Bridges use bridge table to send frames across network segments.
 It also improves the overall network performance.

 Router

 A router is a device that connects two or more packet-

switched networks or
sub networks.
 It serves two primary functions:
o Managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets
to their intended IP addresses, and
Allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection.
 It connects LANs (local area networks) and WANs (wide area networks).
 It operates on layer 3 or 4 in OSI model

 Gateway
 It is simply a device or hardware that acts as a "gate" between the networks.
 It connects two networks with different transmission protocols together.
 It converts information, data or other communications from one protocol or format
to another.
 It operates on layer 5 of OSI model

 RJ45

 It stands for Registered Jack.

 It is common interface to connect Twisted Pair Cable.
 It is used for Ethernet and Token Ring Network.

 Ethernet Card

 It also known as NIC card.

 It enables a computer to access an Ethernet network (LAN)
 It has MAC id which gives it unique identity in the network.

 Wi-Fi card

 It is also known wireless network adaptor.

 It is a wireless network technology that allows devices to communicate over wireless signals.
 It uses radio waves for the communication

 Difference between Router and Switch

 A network switch forwards data packets between groups of devices in the same
network, whereas a router forwards data between different networks.
 Difference between a Router and a Modem

 A router forms networks and manages the flow of data

within and between those
networks, while a modem connects those networks to the Internet.

 Difference between a Router and Gateway

 A gateway is a concept while a router is a device that implements a gateway.
Router :
*It ensure that data packets are switched to the right address with the best route.

*It routes the data packets via similar networks

Gateway
*To connect two networks of different protocols as a translator

*It connects two dissimilar networks It supports dynamic Routing.

Type of Network
 PAN
 It stands for Personal Area Network.
 It is a computer network formed around a person.
 It generally consists of a computer, mobile, or personal digital assistant.
 Appliances use for PAN: cordless mice, keyboards, and Bluetooth systems.
 PAN includes mobile devices, tablet, and laptop.

 LAN
 It is a group of computer and peripheral devices which are connected in a limited
area such as room, building & campus.
 Higher Data Speed.
 LANs are in a narrower geographic scope (up to 1 Km).
 It is a private network.

 MAN
 A Metropolitan Area Network or MAN is consisting of a computer network that
span across a city.
 It mostly covers towns and cities in a maximum 50 km range.
 The dual bus in MAN network provides support to transmit data in both directions
concurrently.

 WAN
 It connects device across globe.
 It uses public network
 Internet
 BSNL

Network Media
 Guided or Wired
 Telephone (T1) cable
 Twisted pair cable
 STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
 UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
 Co-axial cable
 Optical Fiber/Fibre

 Unguided or Wireless
 Infrared
 Radio Wave
 Microwave
 Bluetooth
 Satellite

Twisted Pair Cable

 A twisted pair cable comprises of two separate insulated copper wires, which are
twisted together and run in parallel.
 A STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cable has a fine wire mesh surrounding the wires
to protect the transmission
 UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable does not has a fine wire mess.
 It is also known as Cat# cable where # denote number. e.g., Cat6
 Connector: RJ 45

Co-axial Cable
 Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center, and a plastic layer that
provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield.
 Connector: BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman)

Optical Fibre
 An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass or plastic to a
diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.
 It uses light for data transmission using total internal reflection.

Unguided Media or Wireless Media

 No Physical media is used
 Less Secure
 Relatively low speed
 Can be used for longer distance
 Best suited for difficult terrain
 There is no need to acquire land rights

Radio Wave
 Frequency – 3KHz – 1GHz
 Omni-Directional
 Penetrate obstacle
 Antenna of sender and receiver should not be aligned

Infrared
 300GHz to 400THz
 Line of sight- antenna of sender and receiver must be aligned
 Short distance communication
 It cannot penetrate obstacle – best suited for indoor
 Secure
 Support high data rate
 TV Remote

Microwave
 1GHz to 300 GHz
 Line of sight- antenna of sender and receiver must be aligned
 Cannot penetrate obstacles
 Rain or other disturbance cause issue with Microwave
 Types of microwave propagation
 Terrestrial Microwave propagation
 Satellite Microwave propagation

Bluetooth
 It also uses radio waves
 2.4 GHz
 Range 10mtr
 Short distance

Topology
 Physical and Logical arrangement of nodes in the network is called Network Topology.

Types of Topologies
 Bus
 Ring
 Star

Bus Topology
 Tree
 Mess
 Hybrid
 In Bus Topology all the nodes are connected to single cable or backbone
 Both the end has terminators.

Ring Topology
In Ring Topology all the nodes are connected to each-other to form a loop.
Each workstation is connected to two other components on either side
It communicates with these two adjacent neighbors.
Data is sent and received using Token.

Star Topology
 In Star Topology all the nodes are connected to a central device called Hub/Switch.
 All communication is controlled by the central Device (Hub/Switch)

Tree Topology
 In Tree Topology, the devices are arranged in a tree fashion similar to the branches of a tree.
 It has multilayer architecture.

Protocol
 It is set of rules or standard that governs communication.

Types of Protocol (Broadly can be kept in two suites of Protocols vis. TCP/IP or OSI)
 FTP
 HTTP/HTTPS
 IMAP
 POP3
 SMTP
 PPP
 TELNET
 VoIP

TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

 It is a protocol suite consist of two protocols Transmission Control Protocol and

Internet Protocol.
 TCP ensures reliable transmission or delivery of packets on the network.

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

 It is is an application-layer protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as
HTML.

HTTPS (Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

 It is an extension of HTTP protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as
HTML securely over a network.
 It encrypts data to be sent using TLS (Transport Layer Security)/SSL (Secure Sockets
Layer).

FTP (File Transmission Protocol)

 It is used for the transfer of computer files among hosts over TCP/IP (internet).

Telnet (TErminaL NETWork)

 It is an application protocol that allows a user to communicate with a remote device.

SMTP (Simple Main Transfer Protocol)

 It is used to send mail from mail client to mail server over internet.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol)

 It provides mechanism for retrieving emails from a remote server for a mail recipient.
 POP3 downloads the email from a server to a single computer, then deletes the email
from the server.

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

 It is also used to retrieve mail from mail server to client over internet (TCP/IP).
 It allows access to mail from different device.

VoIP (Voice over IP)

 It is also known as Internet Telephony or Internet calling.
 It allows to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular
(or analog) phone line.

Introduction to web services

WWW:
 The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is an information system where documents and other
web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators, which may be interlinked by hyperlinks, and are
accessible over the Internet.
 The Web is not the same as the Internet: The Web is one of many applications built on top of the Internet.
 Tim Berners-Lee proposed the architecture World Wide Web in 1989.
Application of Internet Web 2.0:
 The term web 2.0 is used to refer to a new generation of websites that are supposed to let people to publish
and share information online.
 It aims to encourage the sharing of information and views, creativity that can be consume by the other users
e.g.: YouTube

Web 3.0
 It refers to the 3rd Generation of web where user will interact by using artificial intelligence and with 3-D
portals.
 Web 3.0 supports semantic web which improves web technologies to create, connect and share content
through the intelligent search and the analysis based on the meaning of the words, instead of on the keywords
and numbers.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML):
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 Various Tags are
o <html> represents the root of an HTML document
o <head> element is a container for metadata (data about data) and is placed
between the <html> tag and the <body> tag.
o <title> tag defines the title of the document
o <body> defines the document's body.
o </ br> Line Break Tags
o <h1> <h2> ……</h6> - Heading Tags - tags are used to define HTML
headings.
o <font> - defines font face, font size, and color of text etc.

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

 XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language.
 XML was designed to store and transport data.
 XML was designed to be both human- and machine-readable.
 XML is a markup language much like HTML
 XML was designed to be self-descriptive

The Difference between XML and HTML

HTML
XML
It designed to display the data
It is designed to carry data
Its tags are predefined
Its tags user defined
It is not case sensitive
It is case sensitive
It is static
It is dynamic
It is Markup Language
It is framework to define Markup language
Closing tags are not necessary in HTML
Closing tags are necessary in XML

Domain names
 A domain name is a website's address on the Internet.
 Domain names are used in URLs to identify to which server belong a specific webpage.
 The domain name consists of a hierarchical sequence of names (labels) separated by
periods (dots) and ending with an extension.

URL
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a text string that specifies where a resource (such
as a web page, image, or video) can be found on the Internet.

Website
 Website is a group of web pages, containing text, images and all types of multi-media
files.

Web browser-
 A web browser, or simply "browser," is an application used to access and view
websites. Common web browsers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari.

Web servers:
 A web server is a computer that stores web server software and a website's component
files (e.g. HTML documents, images, CSS style sheets, and JavaScript files).

Web hosting:
 Web hosting is an online service that enables you to publish your website or web application
on the internet. When you sign up for a hosting service, you basically rent some space on a
server on which you can store all the files and data necessary for your website to work
properly.

 Types of Web Hosting

o Shared Hosting - Web server shared among customers
o Reseller Hosting – Become yourself as web host to sell others
o Virtual Private Server – One server as multiple server for multiple websites
o Dedicated Server- Entire web server is dedicated to same website
Abbreviations:
Abbreviation
Full Form
LAN :Local Area Network
WAN :Wide Area Network
MAN :Metropolitan Area Network
FTP :File Transfer Protocol
SMTP :Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
IMAP : Internet Mail Access Protocol
MODEM : Modulator - Demodulator
WWW :World Wide Web
RPC :Remote Procedure Call
NFS :Network File System
HTML :Hyper Text Markup Language
DHTM :Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP :Hypertext Transfer Protocol
TCP/ IP: Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
SLIP :Serial Line Internet Protocol
PPP :Point To Point Protocol
SIM :Subscriber’s Identification Module
3G :3 rd Generation of Mobile Communication Technology
SMS :Short Message Service
EDGE :Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
E-mail :Electronic Mail
NFS : Network File System
WLL :Wireless in Local Loop
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
FRA : Fixed Radio Access
GSM : Global system For Mobile Communication
ARPANET :Advanced Research Project Agency Network
XML :Extensible Markup Language
HTML :Hypertext Markup Language
URL :Uniform Resource Locater
ISP :Internet Service Provider
DNS :Domain Name System
VSNL:Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
MTNL :Mahanagar Nigam Telephone Limited
WAIS :Wide Area Information Services
SLIP :Serial Line Internet Protocol
TCP :Transmission Control Protocol
TDM:Time Division Multiplexing
WDM :Wavelenth Division Multiplexing
FDM :Frequency Division Multiplexing

Long Answer Question:

Quick Learn University is setting up its academic blocks at Prayag Nagar and
planning to set up a network. The university has 3 academic blocks and one human
resource Centre as shown in the diagram given below:

Centre-to-Centre distance between various blocks is as follows:

Law block to business block :40 m
Law block to technology block :80 m
Law block to HR block :105 m
Business block to technology block :30 m
Business block to HR block :35 m
Technology block to HR block :15 m

Number of computers in each of the buildings is as foll