THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM – ANAPHY LAB

THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS • Structures that assist in

immune responses by
Ø The lympha'c and immune
filtering lymph and helping
systems func'on together
lymphocytes mature
Ø Immune system protects the body
from foreign invaders (e.g.,
BLOOD VERSUS LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
bacteria) that could cause disease
or death
Ø Blood and lymphatic capillaries
• Depends on lympha<c
run next to each other
system
Ø Blood capillaries permit fluid
Ø Lympha'c system consists of
movement in two directions
vessels, cells, and organs
• Into and out of capillary
• Carries excess fluid back to Ø Lymphatic capillaries only allow
bloodstream fluid movement into the capillary
• Filters potential pathogens • Endothelial cells overlap
from blood leading to one-way flow

FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Ø Drains excess interstitial fluid (IF)

from tissues
• IF becomes lymph once it
enters lymphatic system
• Eventually returned to
bloodstream
Ø Assists in carrying out immune
responses
Ø Absorbs dietary lipids/fats

STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
Ø Lymphatic vessels - transport
Ø IF enters lymphatic system via
lymph
lymphatic capillaries
• Lymph originally collected
Ø Located alongside blood capillaries
by lymphatic capillaries
Ø One-way flow
• Lymph reaches lymph
• IF enters lymphatic
nodes along the route
capillaries and lymph
• Lymph is screened for signs
cannot exit
of infection in lymph nodes
Ø Lymphatic organs and tissues

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 THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM – ANAPHY LAB

Ø Lacteals = lymphatic capillaries in

small intestine
• Used for absorption of
dietary lipids

LYMPHATIC DUCTS

Ø Return lymph to blood via

subclavian veins
• Right lymphatic duct
o Drains right upper
limb, right side of
the head and neck,
and right side of
thoracic cavity
• Thoracic duct (also known
as left lymphatic duct)
o Begins as cisterna
chyli within
abdomen
o Courses upward
through thoracic
LYMPHATIC VESSELS, TRUNKS, AND DUCTS cavity
• Drains left upper limb, left
Ø Lymphatic capillaries merge to side of head, neck, and
form lymphatic vessels thorax, and all structures
• Deliver lymph to lymph below diaphragm
nodes for filtration
• Contain valves to ensure
one-way flow
Ø Lymphatic vessels drain into
lymphatic trunks
• Drain large areas of lymph
Ø Lymphatic trunks drain into
lymphatic ducts
• Return lymph to blood

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 THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM – ANAPHY LAB

LYMPHATIC FLOW LYMPH NODES (2 of 2)

Ø Lymph flows through the Ø Filter lymph for signs of infection

lymphatics in the following order: Ø Grouped together in various
• Lymphatic capillaries locations
• Lymphatic vessels Ø Afferent lymphatic vessels add
• Lymphatic trunks lymph to lymph node
• Lymphatic ducts Ø Subcapsular sinus brings lymph to
Ø Flow of lymph is promoted by body filtration zone
movements, contractions of Ø Lymph flows from cortex (dividing
skeletal muscles, and breathing zone) toward medulla
• Valves in lymphatic vessels Ø Exits via efferent lymphatic vessels
help ensure one-way flow
also

LYMPH NODES (1 of 2)

Ø Lymphoid organs found along the

path of lymph flow
• Located commonly in groin,
armpits, neck, chest, and
abdomen
Ø Filter lymph for pathogens that
may cause disease TONSILS
• Immune cells proliferate in
lymph nodes during an Ø Tonsils
immune response • Unencapsulated lymphoid
• Nodes may become tissue
enlarged and tender during • Protect against inhaled and
infection ingested pathogens
• Help develop immunity to
oral pathogen
Ø Epithelium invaginates to form
tonsillar crypts
• Material collects here and
interacts with immune cells
Ø Chronic infections may lead to
removal (tonsillectomy)

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 THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM – ANAPHY LAB

Ø Decreases in size with age

Ø Capsule divides lobes of thymus
into lobules
• Cortex (outer region)
• Medulla (inner region)

MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT)

Ø Mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissue (MALT)
• Unencapsulated lymphoid
tissue
• Widely distributed in
mucosa of GI tract, airways,
breasts, and eyes
SPLEEN
• Aids in immune responses
to gastrointestinal
Ø Lymphoid organ located in left upper
pathogens and food
quadrant of abdomen
tolerance
• Recycles old red blood cells
Ø Bronchus-associated lymphoid
• Carries out immune responses
tissue (BALT) against blood-borne
• Found in walls of bronchi in pathogens
lungs • Stores platelets
• Helps protect against Ø Red pulp - mainly red blood cells
inhaled pathogens Ø White pulp - mainly white blood cells

THYMUS

Ø Lymphoid organ located in

mediastinum above heart
Ø Site of T cell maturation

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 THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM – ANAPHY LAB

OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 6a. MATURE NEUTROPHIL

FEATURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (1 of 2) v Nucleus: 2-5 lobes

v Chromatin: Coarse (magaspang) &
Ø Barriers - first line of protection clumped (nagbubuo-buo)
• Prevent entry of infectious v Cytoplasm: Full complement of
agents specific with few nonspecific
Ø Innate immune response - "first granules
responders" v Granules: Pink to rose-violet
• If infectious agents get past specific (B2-Microglobulin,
barriers, these factors Collagenase, Gelatinase,
quickly respond Lactoferrin, Transcobalamin I,
Ø Adaptive immune response — Neutrophil gelatinase-associated
requires exposure so that body can lipocalin)
respond to presence of specific
pathogens
• Slower response, but more
specific and effective
• Leads to immunological
memory

FEATURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (2 of 2)

Ø White blood cells play a significant

role
• Phagocytes - engulf and
destroy material
• Lymphocytes - coordinate
activities of adaptive
immunity
• Granular cells — release
chemicals that attach
pathogens
Ø Phagocytic cells participate mainly
in innate immunity
• Can also be involved in the
initiation of an adaptive
immune response

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 THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM – ANAPHY LAB

6b. MATURE EOSINOPHIL v Granules: Dark purple to blue-

black secondary (Histamine
v Nucleus: 2 lobes Platelet-activating factor,
v Chromatin: Coarse (magaspang) & Leukotriene C4, IL-4 & 13, VEGF A
clumped (nagbubuo-buo) & B, Chondroitin sulfates)
v Cytoplasm: Full complement of
secondary granules
v Granules: Reddish-orange
secondary (Major Basic Protein,
Eosinophil Cationic Protein,
Lysozyme, Catalase, Cathepsin D,
IL (Interleukin) 2, 4, 5, 6)

6c. MATURE BASOPHIL

v Nucleus: Unsegmented or bilobed

v Chromatin: Coarse (magaspang) &
clumped (nagbubuo-buo)
v Cytoplasm: Stains slightly pink to
colorless

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 THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM – ANAPHY LAB

ADDITIONAL INFOS: Lymphatic vessels:

Lymphatic and Immune System Lymphatic capillaries - merge and form to

become larger vessels, delivered to lymph
If there are certain abnormalities - Organs, nodes for filtration
vessels, and our body ARE directly Filtration zone in lymph nodes - necessary
affected for filtration especially if theres are certain
infections happening
NOTE: ONCE INTERSTITIAL FLUID (IF)
ENTERS, IT IS CALLED THE LYMPH Drain larger in size

Fluid connective tissue - (blood and lymph) Ø Lymphatic capillaries

Ø Lymphatic vessels
What are the 2 major structures in the Ø Lymphatic trunks
lymphatic system: Ø Lymphatic ducts

Lymphatic vessels - transportation of the 2 major divisions of lymphatic ducts

fluid
Lymphatic organs - for carrying out the Right lymphatic duct - drains fluid in the
different immunoresponses right part of the body
Thoracic duct - also known as left
These 2 run next on each other based on lymphatic duct, drains fluid
their location, alongside one another
described as they are intertwined with one Different veins involved in drainage
another
Ø Right internal jugular vein
Major difference lies on their functions Ø Right subclavian vein
Ø Left internal jugular vein
Blood capillaries - in and out movement, Ø Left subclavian vein
permit fluid movement 2 ways
Lymphatic capillaries - entry, one way of NOTE: Our body does not drain
fluid movement (exit is not available) symetrically
Capillaries - smallest blood vessel
Smallest vessels to larger - ang pag drain
Lacteal - lymphatic capillaries absorption
of dietary lipids and fats in the small NOTE: Kung saan nagfoflow yung lymph
intestine dapat meron lymph nodes

Inflamed lymph nodes - indicator of

infection

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 THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM – ANAPHY LAB

Lymph nodes: - Phagocytic cells

Adaptive - more specific and slow
Ø Afferent - entry point - lead to immunological memory, if it has
Ø Efferent - exit point been introduced to the patient’s body,
next time the body can react to it
NOTE: Enter via afferent then we have effrctively, vaccines for example
subscapular and lymph flows from cortex - Lymphocytic cells
toward medulla and exits via efferent
IL - interleukin (eosinophil)
Fluid connective tissues - tonsils

Tonsils - Stratified squamous epithelium

MALT - gi tract, against food pathogens

BALT - walls of bronchi of lungs, against
inhaled pathogens

NOTE: Location is their main difference

Left upper quadrant of the abdomen -

spleen

Spleen - recycles old red blood cells

(graveyard of rbc)

NOTE: No, irregular shape, pag pumasok

ng spleen, pitting of the rbc (RBC entering
spleen)

Red pulp - rbc

White pulp - wbc

Stores platelets - spleen

Thrombopoietin - liver

Barriers - adaptive, first line of protection

- skin
Innate immuno response - activated if
theres infectious agents are able to pass
the barriers; general, faster response than
adaptive

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ILLEUM (ANTERIOR VIEW)

TONSIL

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THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM – ANAPHY LAB

SPLEEN (ANTERIOR VIEW)

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