PROJECT/ASSIGNMENT

Class : 1 PUC
Subject : MATHEMATICS
Topic : COMBINATIONS
Prepared By : Mrs.SHWETHASHRI, MSc. BEd
S.D.P.T.PU COLLEGE MANDARTHI

OBJECTIVE:
To find number of ways of choosing flowers to decorate if different types flowers
available.

THEORY:
The number of combinations of n different objects taken r at a time, where
is nCr =( )

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Pen, paper, pencil, 5 different types flowers

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:
 Take 5 different types flowers Rose, Jasmine, Sunflower, marigold, Hibiscus
 Take 2 different types flowers out of 5 different types flowers
 Make different combinations from 2 flowers
 Take 3 different types flowers out of 5 in which at one flower is of same
type
 Make different combinations from 3 flowers

DEMONSTRATION:
Here we are finding the number of combinations of 2 different types of flowers
out of 5 different types of flowers
Make different combinations from 2 flowers as shown below
 Out of 5 flowers we can select 2 flowers in 5C2 ways

Here we are finding the number of combinations of 3 different types of flowers

out of 5 in which one flower say jasmine in common

Since group of 3 flowers consist of one jasmine and two of others that can be
selected in 4C2 X 1C1 ways

OBSERVATIONS:

Number of ways selecting 2 out of 5 C2 = = 5x2=10

( )
5 flowers
Number of ways selecting 3 out of 4 C2 x 1C1=2x1=2
5 flowers in which one flower is
same type

CONCLUSION:

This activity can be used for decoration of flowers by using different types flowers .
This activity can also be used for selecting team of players.
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the number of ways of choosing 4 cards from pack of 52 cards?

2. How many chords can be drawn through 25 points on a circle?
3. How many ways can team of 3 boys and 3 girls be selected from 5 boys and 4
girls?
4. What is the value of nC1 ?
5. What is the value of nCn ?
 PROJECT/ASSIGNMENT
Class : 1 PUC
Subject : MATHEMATICS
Topic : PERMUTATIONS
Prepared By : Mrs.SHWETHASHRI, MSc. BEd
S.D.P.T.PU COLLEGE MANDARTHI

OBJECTIVE:
To find number of signals that can be generated if different colours available

THEORY:
The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, where
and the objects do not repeat is nPr =

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Pen, paper, pencil, scale, 4 different coloured flags or paper strips.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:
 Take 4 different coloured flags or paper strips
 Take 2 different coloured flags or paper strips out of 4
 Make different signals from 2 different coloured flags or paper strips
 Take 3 different coloured flags or paper strips out of 4
 Make different signals from 3 different coloured flags or paper strips

DEMONSTRATION:
Here we are finding the number of signals that can be generated by 4 different
coloured flags /paper strips taking at least 2 flags/paper strips at a time
Arrange different signals from 2 different coloured flags or paper strips as shown
below

Upper vacant place can be filled in 4 ways and lower vacant place can be filled in
3 ways.
 Arrange different signals from 3 different coloured flags or paper strips as shown
below

Upper vacant place can be filled in 4 ways, middle vacant place can be filled in 3 ways
and lower vacant place can be filled in 2 ways.

OBSERVATIONS:

Number of 2 flag signals 4P2 = =4x3=12

Number of 3 flag signals 4P3 = =4x3x2=24

Total Number of signals 12+24=36

CONCLUSION:

This activity can be used not only for different signals that help to form different
words/numbers by using set of different letters/numbers.
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. How many number of signals that can be sent by 6 flags of different colours one
or more at time?
2. How many 3 digit number can be formed from the digits 1,2,3,4,5 ?
3. How many 4 letter code can be formed using the letters A,E,I,O,U ?
4. What is the value of nP0 ?
5. What is the value of nPn ?
Topic of assignment / activity : The study of left hand and right hand limit of a function
Objective: To understand the concept of left hand and right hand limits and hence find the
𝑥 2 −𝑐 2
value of lim
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥−𝑐

Material Required: Pencil, White paper, Calculator.

Previous knowledge required:
1. Skill of calculating the value of a function for the given value of x.
2. Concept of well defined and not defined value of a function.
Method of construction:
𝑥 2 −9
1. Consider the function f given by f(x) = .
𝑥−3
2. Observe that the function is not defined at x = 3( i.e. c = 3)
Demonstration:
Write the values of f(x) in the following tables:

Table 1
x 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 2.99999 2.999999 2.9999999
f(x)

Table 2
x 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001 3.000001 3.0000001
f(x)

Observation:
1. The value of f(x) as x →3 from the left, as in Table 1, are coming closer and closer
to………..
2. The value of f(x) as x →3 from the right, as in Table 2, are coming closer and closer
to………..
𝑥 2 −32
3. From the tables 1 and 2, lim =
𝑥→3 𝑥−3

Application:
The activity can be used to demonstrate the concept of lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) when f(x) is not defined at x
𝑥→𝑐
= c.
 Activity (Sets)

Objective : To verify the distributive property of three non empty sets A , B and C .
i.e � ∩ � ∪ � = � ∩ � ∪ � ∩ � .

Material Required : Cardboard , white thick sheets of paper , pencil , colours , scissors , adhesive.

Method of construction:
1. Cut five rectangular strips from a sheet of paper and paste them on the card board in such a way that
three of the rectangles are in horizontal line and two of the remaining rectangles are also placed
horizontally in a line just below the above three rectangles. Write the symbol U in the left/right top
corner of each rectangle as shown in fig 1 , fig 2 , fig 3 , fig 4 and fig 5.

2. Draw three circles and mark them as A , B and C in each of the five rectangles as shown in the figures.

3. Colour/shade the portions as shown in the figure.

Demonstration:

 U denotes the universal set represented by the rectangle in each figure.

 Circles A , B and C represent the subsets of the universal set U.

Fig 1:(� ∪ �) fig 2:(� ∩ �) fig 3:(� ∩ �)

fig 4 : � ∩ (� ∪ �) fig 5 : � ∩ � ∪ (� ∩ �)

 In fig 1 , coloured/shaded portion represents (� ∪ �) , coloured portions in fig 2 represents

(� ∩ �) , fig 3 represents (� ∩ �) , fig 4 represents � ∩ � ∪ � ,
fig 5 represents � ∩ � ∪ � ∩ � .
Observations:

1. Coloured portion in fig 1 represents …………………………….

2. Coloured portion in fig 2 represents …………………………….
3. Coloured portion in fig 3 represents …………………………….
4. Coloured portion in fig 4 represents …………………………….
5. Coloured portion in fig 5 represents …………………………….
6. The common coloured portions in fig 4 and 5 are ……………………………
7. � ∩ � ∪ � = ………………………………………….

Thus , the distributive property is verified .

Application:

Distributive property of set operations is used in the simplification of problems involving set operations.
Class: I PUC
Subject : Mathematics
Topic: Relation and Functions
Objective: Represent sum of two algebraic functions graphically
Materials Recquired: Pencil, Scale, Graph Sheet.

Theory:
Let �: � → � and �: � → � be any two real functions , where � ⊂ �. Then we
define (� + �): � → � by
�+ � � :� � + � � ,∀� ∈ �.

Method of construction:
1. Draw x-axis and y-axis in a graph sheet.
2. Draw graph for a function (�) .
3. Draw a graph for a function �(�) in the same graph.
4. Draw graph for a function �(�) + �(�) in the same graph.

Example:
� � = 2� − 1, � � = � + 4

� + � � = � � + � � , ∀� ∈ �
= 2� − 1 + � + 4
= 3� + 3
∴ � + � � = 3� + 3, ∀� ∈ �

Observation:
In Graph Blue line is (�) , Black line is �(�) and Red line is (� + �)(�)
If � = 0,
�+� 0 =� 0 +� 0
=2 0 −1+0+4
=0−1+0+4
=3
In Graph, Red Line passing through the point (0,3)
If � = 1,
�+� 1 =� 1 +� 1
=2 1 −1+1+4
=2−1+1+4
=6
In Graph, Red Line passing through the point (1,6)
If � = 2,
�+� 2 =� 2 +� 2
=2 2 −1+2+4
=4−1+2+4
=9
In Graph, Red Line passing through the point (2,9)

Conclusion:
By observation we conclude that ,
� + � � = � � + � � , ∀� ∈ �
Application:
Very easy to understand the concept of sum of two algebraic functions.
 Project/Assignment
Class: I PUC
Subject : Mathematics
Topic Trigonometric functions
Objective:
To find the trigonometric functions of any angle
Material required :
Pencil, scale , graph sheet, Protractor, compass Mathematical table
Theory:
Consider a unit circle with centre at origin of the coordinate axes.
Let P (a, b) be any point on the circle with angle AOP = x radian, i.e., length of arc
AP = x .
We define cos x = a
and sin x = b

Method of construction:
1. Draw x- axis and y-axis in a graph sheet.
2. Draw a circle with center at origin and radius 10cms or 5 cms and take radius
as one unit.
3. Take a point P on the circle and note abscissa and ordinate of the point using
graph sheet.
4. Measure the angle made by OP with positive x- axis in degrees using
Protractor
5. Find the values of six trigonometric functions by definition of trigonometric
functions
6. Also find the values of trigonometric functions of same angle using
mathematical table.
 Observation:

51.50 1440 2920

Exp. Table Exp. Table Exp. Table
Value Value Value Value Value Value
sin 0.78 0.7826 0.59 0.5877 -0.93 -0.9271
cos 0.62 0.6225 -0.81 -0.8090 0.37 0.3746
tan 1.25 1.2571 -0.72 -0.7265 -2.51 -2.4750
cosec 1.28 1.2777 1.69 1.7013 -1.07 -1.0785
sec 1.61 1.6063 -1.23 -1.2360 2.70 2.6694
cot 0.80 0.7954 -1.38 -1.3763 -0.39 -0.4040

Conclusion:
Values of trigonometric functions are nearly equal to table value.

Application
This activity can be used to to find values of trigonometric functions of any angle
and also to verify the signs of trigonometric functions