Historical Perspectives of

UNIT 1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF Tourism

TOURISM
Structure
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Background of Travel at Global Level
1.2.1 Ancient Period
1.2.2 Medieval Period
1.2.3 Modern Period
1.3 Travels in Bharat
1.3.1 Teerthatana
1.3.2 Paryatan
1.3.3 Deshatan
1.4 Historical Background of Global Travellers
1.5 Renaissance
1.6 Missionaries
1.7 Growth and Development of Travelling in Modern Period
1.7.1 Paid Holidays
1.7.2 Railways
1.7.3 Sea Transport
1.7.4 Road Transport
1.7.5 Air Transport
1.8 Industrialisation and Modern Tourism
1.9 Emergence of Modern Tourism in India
1.10 Let Us Sum Up
1.11 Key Words
1.12 Answers to Check Your Progress
1.13 Terminal Questions

1.0 OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, you should be able to:
understand the concept of travelling in ancient era;
describe what terms were used for tourism in ancient Bharat;
know the emergence of tourism on global level;
comprehend the relationship between industrialisation and tourism business;
and;
know the emergence of Modern Tourism in India.

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Tourism is now becoming popular day by day not only in our country but across
the globe. But, we had been using term Deshatan, Teerthatana and Paryatan in
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Concept and Impacts of our ancient Bharat. Though it was not commercialised in ancient society as is
Tourism
now a days. In our day-to-day life, quite often we use words tourism and its
various forms like health tourism, space tourism, religious tourism, etc. In this
introductory unit, you will learn historical perspectives of tourism - Globally
and Nationally, Industrialisation and tourism development, Renaissance and
tourism. You will also learn the historical background of tourism in ancient society
of Bharat. You will be familiar with the terms Deshatan, Teerthatana and Paryatan
commonly used for tourism.

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TRAVEL AT

GLOBAL LEVEL
Travelling for the purpose of leisure and pleasure in old era was also limited to
kings, ministers and elite class only which can be said to be excursion as per
modern definition as their journey was normally for less than 24 hours. If we
analyse all types of travelling whether done by common people or by elite class,
then we find that travelling done by both common people and elite class was not
commercialised as is now a days.

1.2.1 Ancient period

Travelling in ancient Bharat was the essential component of life. It was so
important that it had place in Ashram System of ancient society in Bharat. There
were four Ashramas namely Brahmacharya,Grihastha, Vanprastha and Sanyas.
Ancient Society was following these Ashrama System, in which each of four
Ashramas was divided into twenty five years assuming normal life span of hundred
years. The duty of each Ashramas was different, as gaining of knowledge of holy
texts (i.e. Shastra for example Veda and Puranas etc.) and War Skill (i.e.
ShustraVidya) was the main objective in the Brahmacharya Ashram. Gurukuls
were the places where disciples were supposed to reside and learn all these.
Second phase of Ashramas was Grihastha where people were living in family
and enjoying materialistic life. It was the stage where people having relationship
in other kingdom and were travelling to relatives’ home and were making stay
for few days in order to maintain the relationship. Third stage of Ashrama System
was Vanprastha. You can say it was transition phase where people were roaming
to different Pilgrimages, holy places and in the ashram of Guru. It was normally
located far away in the jungle where people of Grihastha Ashram were visiting
frequently and staying for few days. Fourth one was Sanyas Ashrama, in which
people were expected to leave their homes or can say detached themselves from
worldly life and roaming in order to achieve self-actualisation. Sometimes, they
set up their own Ashramas too. But in this stage they were supposed to keep
themselves away from materialistic life.

1.2.2 Medieval Period

Earlier perceptions with regard to travel in medieval period have been only on
account of pragmatic reasons unlike the usual motives of leisure, pleasure etc.
However, with research advances, this perception has been revised significantly,
evidences show high number of people regularly travelling short and long
distances for some of the motivations that can be attributed to modern day tourist.
12th century Southern Italy and Sicily vividly illustrates this phenomenon. On
6 account of its location in the central Mediterranean, this region has always been
at the helm of wider movements of people. In later 11th century, this region Historical Perspectives of
Tourism
started attracting more European visitors on account of three main reasons. The
first being, its concurrence by Normans, who unified the region and created a
powerful monarchy in the middle of Mediterranean which for centuries have
been dominated by Muslim sea power, thus enabling the Christian shipping and
travellers to move more freely and securely. Secondly, after beginning of crusading
movement of 1095, Europe witnessed a spur in religious travel, most of which
moved through Southern Italy and Sicily en-route to Jerusalem. Thirdly, during
12th Century, Europe witnessed a cultural renaissance wherein learned individuals
travelled afar in order to gain knowledge, to uncover classical traditions and to
have alternative experiences. Southern Italy and Sicily, steeped in classical history
with a Greek and Islamic past, attracted visitors inclined to imbibe both ancient
and eastern learning. On account of these reasons, there had been an influx of
visitors to this region. Visitors, who were neither migrants, conquerors, nor traders,
but travellers in their own right, what we might identify as tourists.

1.2.3 Modern Period

Early modern period travel has been characterised by Grand Tour of the 17th and
18th Centuries. It had been a rage among scholars of those times to study in
Rome, Florence and other cultural centres. Though the initial grand tours have
been primarily for the educational and knowledge seeking purpose only, however
later it got turned into more of a pleasure seeking activity. Later, modern period
tourism is attributed to the advancements in modes of transportation, advent of
industrialisation, concept of paid holidays and advent of jet age creating the
mass ability to move around and see new places. It was George Westinghouse
who instituted the idea of paid leave to increase worker’s efficiency, which
brought to a large number of people the time and money to fulfil their travel
dreams, thus increasing the demand for tourism. After the end of World War II,
people who had to travel earlier for military reasons, now wished to travel for
more positive reasons of leisure, pleasure and sharing with their loved ones the
experience of exotic lands. Many other factors that contributed to travel during
modern period have been gas/petrol no longer being rationed, growing economies,
cars being mass produced thus making people travel long distances in their own
cars, which eventually brought to fore the motel business in a way similar to inns
during empire era. Many other factors too contributed to the exponential growth
of tourism during modern period, like franchising model of business expansion
by motels and hotels, introduction of jet travel in 1950s and introduction of credit
card. So, tourism rose exponentially during modern times because there have
been better and cheaper modes of travel available, safer environment for travellers
and availability of time and money with people in post industrialisation era.

1.3 TRAVELS IN BHARAT

Bharatiya ancient texts describe the origin and concept of tourism in the Sanskrit
Literature. It has given us terms derived from the root word,‘Atana’ which means
going out. Accordingly, we have the terms:

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Concept and Impacts of 1.3.1 Teerthantana
Tourism

Literary it means Teertha (Pilgrim centre) + Atana (going out). It means going
out and visiting places of religious merit. In Hinduism, People used to go to four
dhamas and other shrines.

1.3.2 Paryatana
As name suggests, it means paritah (around) + Atana (going out). It means going
out for pleasure and knowledge. Example may be quoted from the old era when
elite class was going out for hunting etc.

1.3.3 Deshatan
In Sanskrit, it is described as Desha (country)+Atana (going out). It means
going out of the country primarily for trade and commerce. The basic objective
was economic gain. In simple terms Tourism is the act of travel for the purposes
of leisure, pleasure or business and the provision of services for this act.
There are two important components that make up tourism:
1) The practice of travelling for pleasure.
2) The business of providing tours and services for persons travelling.
Here we are discussing the features of above two components.
The following are required, to make travel possible:
1) Discretionary income, i.e. money to spend on non-essentials.
2) Time
3) Infrastructure in the form of accommodation facilities and means of
transport
Individually, sufficient health is also a condition, and of course the inclination to
travel. Furthermore, in some countries there are legal restrictions on travelling,
especially abroad. Communist states restrict foreign travel only to “trustworthy”
citizens. The United States prohibits its citizens from travelling some countries,
for example, Cuba.
There are four basic services to be provided for Tourists:
1) Travel Arrangements
2) Boarding and Lodging
3) Food
4) Entertainment
Tourism is travel for recreational or leisure purpose. The UN World Tourism
Organisation defines tourists as who “Travel to and stay in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business
and other purpose not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from
within the places visited”. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity.
During 6th Century BC Buddhist pilgrimage centres or visiting places like
Nalanda University and Takshshila were the places of great importance where

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people were visiting from not within the country but abroad too. Ashoka the Historical Perspectives of
Tourism
Great, travelled a great deal in his eagerness to spread the doctrines of Buddha.
Throughout his travels, from Pataliputra to Lumbini and finally to Gaya, Emperor
Ashoka had special memorials set up at each spot as well as rest houses where
travellers could rest. Trees were planted along the roads so that the travellers
were protected from the punitive sun.
Harsha was another great emperor who was greatly influenced by the Buddhist
scriptures, he built institutions and dharamshalas for the traveller. Rest houses
were built in the villages. A number of monasteries were also built for the pilgrims.
This shows that travel facilities were very good and travel was not a cumbersome
experience. At this time the Buddhist Sanga established the tradition of pilgrimage
where monks went from village to village preaching the value of the middle
path.

1.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GLOBAL

TRAVELLERS
According to western writers the Persians were probable the first real travellers
to India. They travelled from place to place for trade. There is evidence of caravans
of the Persian King, Darius. There is also reference to trade, commerce and cultural
exchanges between Persia and India. The Greeks showed great interest in travel
Homers’ Odyssey records the wander lust of the ancient Greeks. Ulysses the
Greek epic hero did a wonderful journey and his travel experiences induced the
Greeks in this field. Herodotus to whom western scholars poses as Father of
History also undertook travel to Asia Minor, Egypt and some other countries. He
travelled for about 1600 miles. His foremost aim of travel was to collect materials
for writing history. Great Greek philosophers like Plato, Aristotle and Pythagoras
undertook travel during this period. Generally Greek engaged in travels for
worshipping Gods and Goddesses, to participate in games and to witness fairs
and festivals. During the time of Alexander’s invasion of India, evidence can be
seen with regard to roads and the shady trees on both sides of the roads.

The writing of Greek historians reveals that the people used cars, palanquins,
bullock-carts, horses, camels and elephants for travel. Silk trade was going on
from China to Baghdad through camels in ancient time. Early travel particularly
in India and China was also largely based on trade and commerce. Trade and
commerce were the main reasons behind the journey. India and China enjoyed
the reputation of being fabulous countries. It is on the record that long before the
Christian era, travellers visited India in search of fortune. This trend continued
and became more marked in course of time with Europeans heading towards the
Indian shores for sole purpose of trade and commerce.

India attracted many great travellers like Vasco-da-Gama etc. to the county
because of its fabulous wealth. Many foreigners, Arabs and Europeans came to
India to establish trading posts. The great explorer, Christopher Columbus set
out to find new route to India and in the process discovered the new world. No
wonder India throughout had a great fascination for foreign travellers.

Mark Twain described it as a marvellous world of splendour and rags, the one
country under the sun with an imperishable interest, the one land that all men
desire to see.
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Concept and Impacts of Romans were the first people who undertook travel for pleasure. Horse drawn
Tourism
cars and decorative boats were the means of travel during that time. The roads
and bridges highly motivated them for such travels. They undertook travels for
worshipping Gods and for participating games in Olympics.

Religion was the main motivation during that time. Most of the travellers
during this period were pilgrims, travelling for religious purposes which became
a well-established culture in many parts of the world. By the end of Middle
Ages, large number of pilgrims were travelling to the main shrines in Europe.
Thus, travelling became more popular among the people.

The powerful influences of a crusading religion that slowly penetrated a foreign

land, such as Christianity in Europe and later in America, and Buddhism,lslam
and Hinduism in Asia took place to permit an acclimatisation and endurance of
very distinct languages literature, music, art, architecture and philosophy thus
played and continues to play a crucial part in travel.

Muslims religious people were also not lagged behind as every Muslim had to
undertake a religious travel to Mecca once in his life time. This is mentioned in
the holy book of Islam, Quran. It is otherwise called ‘Haj Pilgrimage’.

Bartholomew Diaz, a Portuguese, sailed to the southernmost point of the American

continent in 1453. He was followed by Vasco-da-Gama another Portuguese sailor
who rounded the Cape of Good Hope, sailed along the coast of Africa, crossed
the Arabian Sea and reached Calicut in India in 1498. This led to other European
countries to enter into this adventure.

1.5 RENAISSANCE
During the 15th century renaissance took place in Italy and quickly spread to
other European countries. It greatly increased the scientific knowledge of the
people. It attracted the European countries to come to Italy to enjoy the fruits of
Renaissance. Italy was Europe’s economic and cultural leader at that time. It led
to ‘grand tour’. The English from the 16th century visited Italy. Learning,
antiquities and social refinements of the old world were honored by these tourists.

In 1776 Samuel Johnson, the great English scholar undertook a tour to Italy and
after returning to his country he paid excellent encomium about Italy. It is referred
by Boswell in his book. From this, it is very clear that Italy was a land of art
treasure in those days.

1.6 MISSIONARIES
A missianary is a member of a religions group sent into an area to promote their
faith or perform ministries of services such as education, literacy, social justice,
health care, and economic development.

In order to spread their religion missionaries undertook tours during the 16th
century. In this context Francis Xavier came to India from Portugal.

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 Historical Perspectives of
Check Your Progress A Tourism

1) Throw light on historical background of Global Travellers.

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2) How travelling was associated with Buddhism in 6th Century BC?

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3) Write a brief note on the Renaissance of Italy in 15th Century.

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1.7 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF

TRAVELLING IN MODERN PERIOD
Industrial Revolution that started in England in 18th century caused deep impact
on every field. Tourism was also not left untouched from the same. It brought
drastic changes in every field in the second half of the nineteenth century. During
this period the concept of modern tourism came into being hand in hand with the
development of the industrialised societies of Western Europe and North America.
It is, therefore, considered as responsible for growth of modern tourism.

It is the Industrial Revolution that caused for the change in the economic and
social systems. It threw up great factory towns, big and small. To escape from
long working hours and poor living conditions they need a change and so they
undertook travels for pleasure. The nineteenth century saw the development of
large scale pleasure zones at some considerable distances from the large cities
and metropolitan centers of Central Europe.

1.7.1 Paid Holidays

Another result of the Industrial Revolution was the emergence of trade unions.
Because of the trade unions the workers were given paid holidays.
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Concept and Impacts of Modern tourism witnessed a great change because of this development. In fact,
Tourism
the introduction of paid holidays can truly be associated with development of
modern tourism.

1.7.2 Railways
Introduction of railways caused drastic growth in tourism and was crucial land
mark in the travel history. Passengers were first carried by rail in 1830 in England.
The newly completed railway track between Liverpool and Manchester in England
featured special provisions for passengers. However, the birth of organised rail
travel came in the year 1841.
The Credit of mass travel goes to Thomas Cook when he made this journey with
570 passengers by the Midland Countries railway at specially reduced fare. Later
on, it became more and more popular and Thomas cook conducted circular tours
of Scotland. This encouraged many other countries in Europe to open railway
lines. Railway tracks were laid in France, Austria and Switzerland. America did
the same in later years causing an immediate expansion in European tourism.

Rail travel is still important in some parts of the world, particularly Europe and
Japan. In Europe, the rail route, thanks to the Euro rail pass, has persisted as a
primary method of travel. In Japan, the famous “Bullet” trains have become
something of a tourist attraction themselves. In Canada, too, rail travel has retained
a quality image, though utilisation has declined steadily.
In India, train was operated first time in 1854 between Thane to Mumbai.
Introduction of railway was quite important and continuous improvement in the
services and expansion of railway led to rapid growth in tourism. Railway has its
more significance in the populous country like India which is large in size and
has diversified purchasing power of the population. Now it caters the need of
every class of the society as it facilitates low income group to very high income
group providing them general coaches to luxurious coaches. Now, India has
introduced number of tourist trains like Maharaja express, Palace on Wheels,
Ramayana Express and many more along with Gatiman and Tejas.
1.7.3 Sea Transport
The shipping made significant contribution to travel during the nineteenth century.
In America a number of sailing ships were built which were considered to be
superior to those built in England or elsewhere.
In 1840 Samuel Cunard established Cunard Steamship Company in England. It
greatly improved the growth of North Atlantic Shipping. America attracted the
other countries of Europe in sea travel. A great number of people from the
continent started going to America in search of fortune. The sea travel was
increased again due to the opening of Suez Canal.

1.7.4 Road Transport

The invention of motor car inaugurated a revolution in tourism. The entire shape
of tourism industry was therefore transformed by the invention of this new
transport medium. The motor car has revolutionised holiday habits. In both U.S.A
and the United Kingdom long journeys were performed by motor cars and motor
coach. Although the first motor car had come into operation by the end of the
19th century and up to the time of the First World War their numbers were small.
12 After the second World War their numbers jumped manifold, it became
increasingly important in the pursuit of leisure and tourism. There upon the Historical Perspectives of
Tourism
number of holiday makers travelling by road increased tremendously.

In India, the Arthashastra written by Kautilya also reveals the importance of the
travel infrastructure for the state, classification of routes and types of vehicles.
This is an indication that there was a well-developed mode of travel in India, for
the military, the commercial traveler as well as the civilian. All this was under
state protection. Travelling for pleasure on the rivers and to the hills was a tradition
started by the royal courts. However, such movements attracted all those who
had business at the court to move with it. During the rule of the Mughals, the
emperors travelled extensively and contributed to the developments of the resorts.
Road transport was very popular during the Mughal period. Many Mughal
emperors constructed cemented road for the trade and commerce. Trees were
planted on both sides of the roads. Ancient texts show that there was also provision
of the sarai, which was meant for the stay of travellers. Newer and faster roads
were built which made movement of traffic by road faster and comfortable. The
Grand Trunk Road is an excellent example of such efforts in Bharat. With the
fall of the great empires, there was a setback in trade and commerce. This reduced
the mobility of the people with the exception of the pilgrims. The sea side resorts,
hill stations and spas which were the centres of recreation and pleasure, were
hardly ever used in the early medieval period. Over the years, however the scenario
changed and the complex character of tourism emerged. The growth of modern
technology, rising incomes and improved facilities contributed to the emergence
of modern tourism.

1.7.5 Air Transport

A rapid development took place in air transport after the Second World War.
Not surprisingly, given the rapid growth of low cost airline services in North
America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and North Africa and other parts of the world,
air travel has become an increasingly popular form of transport for outbound
travel over the past decade. In India, the introduction of low air fare carriers
have changed the scenario of tourism industry as many of the middle class family
can be seen travelling to various destinations by such type of low air fare carriers.
It is also interesting to note here that sometimes travelling by low fare air carrier
is cheaper than fare of first class AC in the train.

1.8 INDUSTRIALISATION AND MODERN

TOURISM
Normally, Industrialisation is defined as the process by which an economy is
transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of
goods. Individual manual labour is often replaced by mechanised mass production,
and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines and further, this manufacturing
gives reason to evolve service industry specially hospitality industry. For example,
if there is any Special Economic Zone (SEZ) where a number of factories or
manufacturing units are located involving many engineers and managers or
officers. These experts will require accommodation and transportation and further
assistance in gathering for sharing their experiences time to time. Several factors
may be counted for industrialisation for example the availability of natural
resources etc. Natural resources are needed to make the products produced in 13
Concept and Impacts of the factories. A second factor is having a stable political environment so that
Tourism
favourable condition for production can be assured. If we talk about the advantage
of industrialisation then we can say it increases productivity, which enable
production of a large variety of products and service economically. This in turn
leads for improved standards of living for the entire society or the economy of
the country.

Industrialisation provides jobs to unskilled, semiskilled and skilled persons and

is mostly good for the economy. Mass production of goods puts people to work,
and the goods are cheaper so more people can buy them. Workers get paid and
use their money to buy the products. One big advantage of industrialisation is
that over time it tends to raise the standard of living for most of the people in a
society. Machines can be used to do the more dangerous and physically demanding
types of work, which saves lives and injuries. Industrialised nations tend to have
better health care systems, and there is more money to build infrastructure, such
as bridge, rails, roads, schools, communication systems and power distribution
networks.

Like two faces of coin there is disadvantage of industrialisation too as workers

become dependent on the factories and when they shut down by any reason
people become unemployed at large scale. There are other disadvantages of
industrialisation and the things it brings with it also usually create pollution,
fragmentation of natural habitats and general environmental degradation.

Migration from villages to urban area caused by industrialisation can be said to

be bad thing socially and perhaps environmentally. This can disrupt social
networks and cause people to feel much more alone in the world. This change
can upset the whole culture of a country. Recently a large number of reverse
migration was noted during Covid-19. A large number of migrated labourers
from Gujarat, Maharashtra, Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan etc. were seen returning to
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Jharkhand etc.

There is a close relationship between industrialisation and tourism. Both are

complimentary to each other. When manufacturing units are set up in any region
it gives reason to establish restaurants and hotels in the region. The movement of
high rank officers and managers etc. causes growth of travel agencies as these
officers require cars for their movement.

Industrial growth leads to production of goods that further need managers to sell
in the market through whole sellers or retailers. Again these managers will have
basis to grow restaurants, hotels and travel agencies as it was in case of
manufacturing units as discussed previously. Rather, selling phase of
manufacturing sector requires more hospitality services. MICE tourism is totally
conceptualised and developed because of this reason. In MICE, ‘M’ stands for
meeting. It is a get together of small group of managers or officers for sharing
their knowledge and experiences. In private sectors it is practiced at a regular
interval like monthly, quarterly or biannual etc. ‘I’ stands for incentive. When a
company observes that there is a number of authorised dealers which can achieve
some big target if offered some incentives of family tours etc., they offer them
such incentives. ‘C’ stands for conference. It is a large congregation of any
professionals like doctors, architect, teachers, scientists etc. where they meet
and share their knowledge. ‘E’ stands for exhibition.
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 Historical Perspectives of
1.9 EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOURISM IN Tourism
INDIA
From the previous discussion it is obvious that the purpose of travel to or in
India was either of religious nature or for higher education. This is in sharp
contrast to the modern day tourist who is more into leisure or experiencing new
culture.

The systematic development of tourism in India is also linked with the industrial
revolution and the change in the modes of travel with the introduction of railways.
automobiles and airlines. The air travel supplemented by the Railways brought
about a sea change in global movements and India also became a tourism partner.
Much has been achieved by way of increasing air seat capacity, increasing trains
and railway connectivity to important tourist centres and increasing availability
of accommodation by adding heritage hotels to the hotel industry and encouraging
paying guest accommodation. Road journey in the country is becoming easier
and popular among the public as much focus has been paid by recent governments.
Golden Trapezium connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata by four
lane road, an initiative by government is an example of such efforts.

During the British period and especially in the 19th as well as the 20th centuries
India did not become a prime destination for the overseas travelers. It had mainly
domestic tourists with a prime focus on pilgrimage tourism. But this changed
when the middle class backed by higher disposable income started to travel for
leisure. Concessions were also given to the students which also prompted more
travel in the country. All this coupled with better infrastructure in terms of hotels,
roads and air connectivity to the remotest place in the country has made tourism
in the country to take off. As Leave Travel Concession (LTC) changed the earlier
picture so did the increase in the disposable income of the Indian middle class,
the explosion of the Internet, the travel convenience and introduction of low cost
airlines has changed the entire tourism business. Now, the Central Government
has given tourism in India special attention. Railway Ministry has introduced
many tourist trains in different parts of the country connecting important tourist
destinations. Nirvana Express, Ramayana Express, Palace on Wheels etc. are
among such examples catering tourists’ luxury needs. Besides these, railway has
introduced semi high speed Trains like Vande Bharat, Gatiman and Tejas reducing
travelling time between different tourist places by their high speed and
simultaneously ensuring luxury and comfort needs of the travellers.

Many State Governments like Rajasthan, Kerala and Tamilnadu etc has also
emphasized on the tourist infrastructure. Uttar Pradesh Government has
constructed two world Class expressways one connecting Delhi to Agra and
another from Agra to Lucknow. After liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation
in the country at large scale India has become a prime destination for Business
tourism including MICE tourism while cultural tourism, medical tourism and
wellness tourism etc have also become attractions for the tourists across the
globe.

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Concept and Impacts of
Tourism
Check Your Progress B
1) Describe the growth and development of travelling in Modern Period.
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2) Write a brief note on Paid Holidays.

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3) Write a detailed note on emergence of Modern Tourism in India.

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1.10 LET US SUM UP

Tourism as phenomena has existence since civilisations. In ancient text it was
referred as Deshatana, Teerthatana and Paryatan. Travelling was the essential
part of Ashram System in ancient society in Bharat. In 6th Century different
Buddha Monks and kings travelled far destinations in order to spread the religion.
Italy was the main center of Renaissance in 15th Century. In 18th Century
Industrialisation in England gave commercialised shape to travelling that was
followed by the world later on. In India, introduction of railway and low air fare
carriers contributed much in mass tourism while liberalisation, privatisation and
globalisation in 1990 gave quick jump to business tourism.

1.11 KEY WORDS

Teerthatana: Going to pilgrimages
Deshatan: going to other countries for the purpose of trade and commerce.
Paryatan: Going to other place than usual residence for the purpose of leisure
and pleasure.
Paid Holidays: Holidays offered by employer with salary and travel expenses.
LTC: Leave Travel Concession means employer asks employees to go on leave
and he is offered concession for that travelling.

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Liberalisation: Different government signed agreement with World Trade Historical Perspectives of
Tourism
Organisation (WTO) for liberal policy and entry to the companies of other country
in their nation.

Privatisation: Means allowing various companies of the world in different sectors

where it was monopoly of the government companies earlier. For example- There
were monopoly of government companies like Life Insurance Corporation (LIC)
in insurance sector till 90s later on it was opened to various private sectors too.
Similarly, in Petroleum Sector only government companies like Indian Oil, Bharat
Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum were allowed later on it was opened to
various private companies like Reliance etc.

1.12 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Check Your Progress A
1) See Section 1.4
2) See Sub-section 1.3.3
3) See Section 1.5
Check Your Progress B
1) See Section 1.7
2) See Sub-section 1.7.1
3) See Section 1.9

1.13 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1) What terms were used for travelling in ancient Bharat?
2) Write a note on growth and development of tourism in medieval period.
3) What is the future prospect of sea transport in India?
4) Write an assay on Industrialisation and Modern Tourism growth.
5) Write a short note on Renaissance of 15th Century and tourism.

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