ADDITIONAL NOTES

Etymology of Investigation
1. The term came from the Latin word INVESTIGARE (vestigare in some books) which means “to track or to look into for traces”.
2. Fundamentally, it may have been derived from VESTIGIUM, another Latin word which means footprint. (MS Encarta Reference
Library, 2009)
3. Criminal Investigation came from the Latin term Investigat, which means “to inquire or to discover” during the 5th century
(Microsoft® Encarta® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation).

Components of Criminal Investigation

1. PATTERN Refers to a series of similarities that may link particular cases or indicate that the same person is committing a series
of crimes.
2. LEADS These are clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of an investigation.
3. TIPS Specifically refer to leads provided by the citizens that aid in the progress of an investigation.
4. THEORIES Beliefs regarding the based on the evidence, patterns, leads, tips and other information developed and uncover in
the case.

Trichotomy of Criminal Investigation

1. Training Being a critical factor in developing good and competent investigator, is the key to freedom from bandage of ignorance.
2. Tools To establish facts and develop evidence, a criminal investigator must use these tools-information, interview, interrogation,
and instrumentation.
3. Technique Essence of tactical strategy in investigation.

Reactive Investigation vs Proactive Investigation

Reactive Investigation - initiated on the basis of a complaint.

Categories of Reactive Investigation
a. Walk-through
● Suspect is easily determined and located.
b. Where-are-they
● Suspect has been tentatively identified but has not been located.
c. Whodunit
● This is a case in which no suspects are initially identified.

Proactive Investigation - these are designed to catch a criminal in the act of committing a crime.
a. Decoy operations are of blending and decoy types to catch criminals in flagrante delicto.
b. Undercover operations usually in the form of buy-bust and entrapment.
● Buy-bust operation
● Entrapment

. METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING INFORMATION

1. ELICITATION
● Obtain information through the process of direct communication.
● One or more of the parties to the communication is/are unaware of the
specific purpose of the conversation.
● Phases:
a. Determination of the mission.
b. Selection of the subject.
c. Accomplishment of the mission.

● Devices in the conduct of elicitation

a. Approach is the process of setting people to start talking.

Types:
1. Flattery – people are susceptible to praise.

Variants:
● Teacher-pupil approach – subject is treated as an authority.
● Kindred Soul approach – subject is placed in a pedestal having some specialized quality
● Good Samaritan approach – sincere and valid offers of help and assistance are made to the subject.
● Partial disagreement approach –produce talking by the word “I’m sure” if I fully agree.
ii. Provocative approach – utilization of conversational gambits.

Variants:
● Teaser Bait Approach – elicitor accumulates the sources of knowledge about a particular subject.
● Manhattan from Missouri Approach – elicitor adapts an unbelievable attitude above anything.
● Joe Blow Approach – it is “I know the answer to everything” approach.
● National Pride Approach – defend their country and its policies.

B. Probe is the process to keep the person or subject talking incessantly.

Types:
i. Competition Probe –used in connection with the teacher-pupil approach.
ii. Clarity probe – used to elicit information in an area which the response is not clear.
iii. High Pressure probe – it serves to pin down a subject in a specific area
iv. Hypothetical probe – it presents hypothetical situation

● CLANDESTINE OPERATION (COVERT/DISCREET)- A secret action undertaken in behalf of the government or other
friendly forces

Classification of Clandestine Agent

a. Principal Agent
b. Action Agent
● Spy is the primary and the most important human collector
● Propagandist mold the attitudes, opinions and actions of an individual group
● Saboteur undertake positive actions against unfriendly power resulting in the loss of an article, material or facility.
● Guerilla is a member of paramilitary group organized to grass the enemy.
● Strongman is an agent available to provide special protection.
● Provocateur induces an opponent to act to his own detriment.
● Cover Action exert influence from foreign government upon discretion of the sponsor.

A. Interview is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator.
 Cognitive Interview conduct of interview upon willing and cooperative
witnesses, to narrate their accounts without interruption.
 Question and Answer interview style whereby after each question by the
 investigator, the interviewee is required to answer.

Stages of Handling the Interview

● Preparation – investigator should review the facts in order that he would be
ready for the questioning.
● Approach – investigator must carefully select his kind of approach.
● Warming Up –clear the atmosphere, promote a conducive ground for
cordiality, respect and trust for each other.
● Cognitive Interview

INTERROGATION- is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect about his participation in a crime.

Forms of Interrogation
1. Direct – the subject is aware but he may not learn the true objectives of the interrogation
2. Indirect – the subject is aware.

Types of Interrogation
1. Screening. This is usually applied immediately after capture to obtain background information about the interrogee (subject).
2. Formal interrogation (detailed). This is the systematic attempt to exploit to an appropriate depth those areas of the interrogee’s
knowledge.
3. Debriefing. It is generally used when the area of knowledge ability of the interrogation is known.
4. Interview. Similar to debriefing although it is less formal.
5. Interrogation of lay personnel (special type). In this type, the techniques are similar to interrogation but special effort must be
made.
6. Tactical interrogation. The level of interrogation where the source has specific and detailed information that requires a trained
expert in the subject matter to be explored

Phases of Interrogation
1. Planning of Interrogation
2. Approach (Meeting the Interrogee). The first meeting in which it is extremely critical because the outcome may depend on the
initial impression created by the interrogator.
3. Questioning. This is the heart of the interrogation.
4. Termination. The termination of the interrogation will depend on various factors such as the physical condition of the subject.
5. Recording. The interrogator should take notes in cryptic if possible.
6. Reporting. The end product of an interrogation is the Tactical Interrogation Report containing the information gained. Report must
be made orally or in written form.

CLASSIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS
Memorandum Circular No. 196, dated 07/19/1968 (Security of Classified Matter in government offices.)

1. TOP SECRET
-any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would cause exceptionally grave damage to the nation, politically,
economically or militarily;
2. SECRET
-any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger national security, cause serious injury to the
interest or prestige of the nation or any governmental activity.
3. CONFIDENTIAL
– any information and materials, the unauthorized disclosure of which would beprejudicial to the interest or prestige of the nation or
governmental activity or would cause administrative embarrassment or unwarranted injury.
4. RESTRICTED
– any information and material which requires special protection other than thosedetermined to be Confidential, Secret, and Top
Secret matters.