INTRODUCTION

What is Nanotechnology ?

Semiconducting metal junction

An engineered DNA strand pRNA tiny motor formed by two carbon nanotubes

Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials,

devices and systems, through the understanding and control
of matter at dimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-
1000 nm), where new functionalities and properties of
matter are observed and harnessed for a broad range of
applications
 What is nano?
Power Prefix Origins

1012 tera teras: monster

109 giga gigas: giant
106 mega megas: large
103 kilo chilioi: thousand
10-3 milli milli: thousand
10-6 micro mikros: small
10-9 nano nanos: dwarf
 THE SCIENCE: Perspective on Size

From Ants to Atoms - 1 nm = 10-9 m

Item Size in nm

Red ant 50,00,000

Human hair (width) 80,000
Diameter of a typical bacterium 1,000-10,000
Average wavelength of visible light 400-700

Human immunodeficiency virus 90

Wavelength of extreme ultraviolet 40
light
Cell membrane 10
Diameter of DNA ~2.5
Ten hydrogen atoms 1
Water molecule (width) 0.3
How small is Nano?

Units in nanometers (nm)

 Compared to Human Hair

A Human Hair is about 1,00,000nm wide

Some Nano Definitions
 29 December 1959

“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist

Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting
at Caltech Nobel Prize in Physics 1965
Richard Feynmann
Norio Taniguchi in the year 1974
coined the term anotechnology”

American engineer, known for his

seminal work in molecular Norio Taniguchi
nanotechnology. Drexler formulated the
concept of nanomachines and their
Eric Drexler potential applications in various fields,
including medicine and manufacturing.
Smaller particle size determines larger interfacial area.
 Why Nanomaterial ?

Magnetic
Electronic
Optical

Mechanical

Chemical
 Why Nanomaterial ?
• Attainment of high surface area to volume ratio.

• High reactivity.

• Manifestation of novel phenomena and properties, including

changes in:
– - Physical Properties (e.g. melting point)
– - Chemical Properties (e.g. reactivity)
– - Electrical Properties (e.g. conductivity)
– - Mechanical Properties (e.g. strength)
– - Optical Properties (e.g. light emission)
 Size Dependence Properties
• Composites made from particles of nano-size ceramics or
metals smaller than 100 nanometers can suddenly become
much stronger than predicted by existing materials-science
models.

• For example, metals with a so-called grain size of around 10

nanometers are as much as seven times harder and tougher
than their ordinary counterparts with grain sizes in the micro
meter range.

• The Nano particles affects many properties such as

Melting point
Boiling point
Band gap
Optical properties
Electrical properties
Magnetic properties
• Even the structure of materials changes with respect to Size
 Mechanical Biological
Optical Properties
Properties Properties
Varies depending on
Stiffness, strength, Nanoparticles exhibit
their size, shape,
and toughness unique interactions
composition, and
increase with the with biological
surface properties
decreasing size of systems, including
nanoparticles cells, proteins, and
Plasmonic nucleic acids
Nanoparticles' unique
nanoparticles exhibit
mechanical properties
remarkable optical Their size, shape,
can be exploited for
properties and can be surface charge, and
developing new
used in sensing, composition dictate
materials with high
imaging, and therapy their biocompatibility,
strength and
toughness biodistribution, and
toxicity
The properties of materials can be different at the Nanoscale for
two main reasons:

First, Nanomaterials have a relatively larger surface area when

compared to the same mass of material produced in a larger form.

Nano particles can make materials more chemically reactive and

affect their strength or electrical properties.

Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the behaviour of

matter at the Nanoscale

Nanoscale materials are divided into three category,

1. Zero dimension – length , breadth and heights are confined at
single point. (for example, Nano dots)
2. One dimension – It has only one parameter either length (or)
breadth (or) height ( example:very thin surface coatings)
3. Two dimensions- it has only length and breadth (for example,
nanowires and nanotubes)
4. Three dimensions -it has all parameter of length, breadth and
height. (for example, Nano Particles).
 Nanotechnology in Nature
• Nanoparticles have existed for billions of years:

– Salt crystals in ocean breezes

– Terpene: hydrocarbons in the essential oils

and resins of trees (turpentine)

– Volcanic ash

– Lotus effect
Consumer Reports, July 2007
 Nanotechnology in Nature

• “Geckos hang upside down on the

ceiling by nanotechnology; on each
toe they have millions of tiny hairs,
and each hair has a minute force
which holds on to the ceiling.”
 The Lotus Effect
The lotus plant has the ability
to repel water due to the
nanoscale bumps on its
surface. This self-cleaning
effect has inspired
researchers to create water-
repellent materials for various
applications.
 The Blue Morpho Butterfly

The vibrant blue color of the

butterfly's wings is actually not due
to pigment, but rather to the
microscopic structure of the wing
scales. The scales reflect light in a
way that creates the blue color.
Scientists are studying this to create
artificial colors without pigments.
The Abalone Shell
The abalone shell is the perfect example of strength and flexibility. The
shell is made up of tiny tiles that interlock with each other, creating a
strong structure that is also flexible. Researchers are studying this
structure to create stronger and lighter materials for use in
construction and transportation.
The Spider's Silk

Spider silk is one of the strongest materials in the world, and it's all
thanks to nanotechnology. Silk fibers are made up of protein
molecules that are only a few nanometers in size. Researchers are
looking to replicate this process to create stronger and more
durable materials.
 The Diatom Algae

Diatom algae are unicellular organisms with a

unique glass-like shell that contains tiny,
intricate patterns. These patterns have inspired
researchers to create new materials with
unique optical properties, such as anti-
reflective coatings and light-reflecting surfaces.
• Nanobiotechnology and bionanotechnology are
terms refer to the intersection of nanotechnology
and biology.

• In broad terms, the difference between two

related field i.e. Nanobiotechnology and
bionanotechnology is in the primary direction for
the transfer of the knowledge and innovations

• Nanobiotechnology aims to exploit advances in

nanotechnology for improving biotechnology

• Conversely, bionanotechnology takes advantage

of natural or biomimetic systems and designs to
produce unique nanoscale structure.
Milestones in Nanotechnology: Achievements and
Breakthroughs

Invention of Scanning Discovery of Carbon Development of DNA

Tunneling Microscope Nanotubes Origami

The first microscope that One of the first materials to A technique for folding DNA
allowed scientists to see and be studied in into specific shapes, which
manipulate individual atoms. nanotechnology, with has potential applications in
potential applications in drug delivery,
electronics, energy storage, nanoelectronics, and more.
and more.
 Premordern examples of nanotechnologies
• Early examples of nanostructured materials were based on craftsmen’s empirical
understanding and manipulation of materials.

4Th Century : The Lycurgus cup [Rome ] is an example of dichroic glass, colloidal
gold and silver in the glass allow it to look opaque green when lit from outside but
translucent red when light shine through the inside. The scene on the cup depicts
an episode from the myth of Lycurgus, a king of the Thracians (around 800 BC).
6th centuries :
Vibrant stained glass windows in European cathedrals
owed their rich colors to nanoparticles of gold chloride and other
metal oxide and chlorides, gold nanoparticles also acted as
photocatalytic air purifiers.
• 13th-18th Centurities :
• Damascus saber blades contain carbon nanotubes and cementite
nanowires- an ultrahigh carbon steel formulation that gave them
strength, resilience, the ability to hold a keen edge and visible moire
pattern in the steel that gives the blades their name.
 Examples of discoveries and developments enabling
nanotechnology in the modern era

These are based on increasingly sophisticated scientific understanding and

instrumentation as well as experimentation.

• 1957 : Michael Faraday discovered colloidal ruby gold demonstrating

that nanostructured gold under certain lighting conditions produces
different colored solutions.
• 1947 : Jon Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at Bell
Labs discovered the semiconductor transistor and greatly expanded
scientific knowledge of semiconductor interfaces, laying the
foundation for electronic devices and information age.
• 1985: Rice Univ. researcher Harold kroto, sean O Brien , Robert
Curl and Richard Smalley discovered the Buckminsterfullerene
[C60], more commonly known as the buckyball which is a molecules
resembling a soccer-ball in shape and composed entirely of carbon,
as are graphite and diamond.
• 1991 : Sumio Lijima created the carbon nanotubes. Carban nanotube, like
bucky balls are entirely composed of carbon but in a tubular shape. They
exhibit extraordinary properties in terms of strength , electrical and thermal
conductivity among others.
• 1992 : C.T. Kresge and collegues discovered the nanostructured
catalytic materials MCM-41 and MCM-48, now used healy in refining
crude oil as well as for drug delivery, water treatment and other
varied applications.
• 1999: Cornell Univ., researcher Wilson Ho and Hyojune Lee
probed secrets of chemical bonding by assembling a molecule [iron
carbonyl Fe[Co]2 ] from constituent components [iron (fe) and
carbon monoxide (Co)] with a scanning tunneling microscope.

The progression of steps of using a scanning tunneling microscope tip to "assemble" an

iron carbonyl molecule, beginning with Fe (iron) and CO (carbon monoxide) molecules
(A), joining them to produce FeCO (B), then adding a second CO molecule (C), to
achieve the FECO2 molecule (D).
1999: Chad Mirkin invented dip-pen nanolithography [ DPN] leading to
manufacturable , reproducible” writing“ of electronic circuits as well
as patterning of biomaterials for cell biology research,
nanoencryption and other applications.
1999-early 2000’s : consumer products making use of nanotechnology began
appearing in the marketplace, including lightweight nanotechnology-enabled
automobile bumpers that resist denting and scratching, golf balls that fly
straighter, tennis rackets that are stiffer [therefore, the ball rebounds faster]
baseball bats with better flex and kick, nano-silver antibacterial socks, clear
sunscreens, wrinkle and strain resistant clothing, deep-penetrating therapeutic
cosmetics, scratch resistant glass coating, faster recharging batteries for cordless
electric tools, and improved displays for televisions, cell phons and digital
cameras.
2003: Naomi Halas, Jennifer Est, Rebekh Drezek and Renata Parsqualin
developed gold nanoshells which when turned in size to absorb near
infrared light served as platform for integrated discovery, diagnosis
and treatment of breast cancer without invasive biopsies, surgery or
systemically destructive radiation or chemotherapy.

Computer simulation of growth

Of gold nanoshell with silica

core and over layer of gold

2007: Angela Belcher and colleagues at MIT built a lithium ion battery with a
common type of virus that is nonharmful to humans, using a low cost and
environmentally being process. The batteries have the same energy
capacity and power performance as state of the art rechargeable batteries
being considered to power plug in hybrid cars and they could also be used
to power personal electronic devices.

• (L to R) MIT professors Yet-Ming Chiang, Angela Belcher, and Paula Hammond

display a virus-loaded film that can serve as the anode of a battery.
 Brief History
The concepts of nanotechnology are not new to
nature or to mankind. An early example of a
manmade nanoprocess is stained glass.
Key Figures in the History of Nanotechnology

Richard Feynman Eric Drexler

The physicist who laid the groundwork for The author of "Engines of Creation," which
the field with his "There's Plenty of Room popularized the concept of nanotechnology
at the Bottom" lecture. and inspired many researchers to pursue
this field.

Sumio Iijima Frances Arnold

The discoverer of carbon nanotubes, which The first woman to win the Nobel Prize in
have a wide range of potential applications Chemistry, for her work on directed
and are one of the most studied materials evolution of enzymes, which has
in nanotechnology. implications for the development of
nanomachines.
 Brief History
Birth of Nanotechnology
• Professor Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University used
the word “nanotechnology” to describe the science and
technology of processing or building parts with
nanometric tolerances.
•A nanometer is a unit of length in the metric system,
equal to one billionth of a meter.
 History
Dr. Richard P. Feynman
• “Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the
Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”

Prof. Richard Feynman , a American physicist , provided

inspiration for the field of nanotechnology in 1959.

Prof. Feynman had described a process by which the ability to

manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed.

Prof Richard Feyman gave a 1959 talk which many years later
inspired the conceptual foundations of nanotechnology.
 History
Eric Drexler
•In the field of nanotechnology, there is a name that always stands
out and it is Prof. K. Eric Drexler.

• Coined the term “Grey Goo”…the potential problem of

self-replicating and autonomous artificial intelligence
machines. a nightmarish scenario of nanotechnology in
which out-of-control self-replicating nanobots destroy
the biosphere by endlessly producing replicas of
themselves and feeding on materials necessary for life.

Prof. Kim Eric Drexler is an American Engineer best

known for popularizing the potential of molecular
nanotechnology from the 1970s and 1980s.

* 1991 his doctoral thesis was revised and published as the book
Nanosystems : Molecular Machinery Manufacturing and
Computation [1992] which received the Association of American
Publisher awards for best Computer Science book of 1992.
 History
Eric Drexler, Cell Repair Machines
• “By working along molecule by
molecule and structure by
structure, repair machines will be
X
able to repair whole cells. By
working along cell by cell and
tissue by tissue, they…will be
able to repair whole organs…they
will restore health.” - Drexler,
1986
Stylized example of
targeted cell repair.
 History
Buckyballs
• Three gentlemen—Harold Kroto
from the University of Sussex,
Robert Curl and Richard Smalley
from Rice University—were
awarded the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry in 1996 for their
discovery of a new composition of
carbon, Carbon 60.

Carbon-60 buckyball is
shaped like a soccer ball. Example of Nobel prize diploma.
 History
Fullerenes
• Carbon 60 was named after Richard Buckminster
Fuller, who went by the nickname “Bucky.”

A “Buckyball.” Dome over biosphere in Montreal.

“
 Different methods

 Chemical Method

Chemical precipitation
Sol Process
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Pyrolysis

Physical Method

 Hydrothermal Method
 Lithographic Techniques
 Sputtering
Gold Nanoparticle- Conjugate Preparation
 Antibody coated gold
Protein A coated gold
nanoparticle
nanoparticle
Gold nanoparticle- lectin Streptavidin-coated
gold particles
conjugate
• Biological Method (Intracellular and
Extracellular)

• More eco-friendly and at Ambient

Temperature and Pressure.

Biological systems: Cyanobacteria, Bacteria, Fungi, Plants,

Actinomycetes
Biological systems used so far…..

Bacteria: Fungi: Plants:

Bacillus subtilis Fusarium oxysporum Aloe vera
S layer bacteria F. semitactum Azardirachta indica
Sulfate-Reducing F. acuminatum Triticum aestivum
Bacteria F. solani Avena sativa
Aspergillus fumigatus Cinnamomum
Pseudomonas
camphora
stutzeri AG259 A. niger
Medicago sativa
Phoma glomerata
Lactobacillus strains Tamarindus indica
Verticillium sp.
etc
Klebsiella aerogenes Saccharomyces
cerevisae MKY3
Torulopsis sp. etc

etc
Metal Nanoparticles synthesized:

Silver Cds
Gold Titania
Platinum Pbs
Silica ZnS
Gypsum Magnetite
Calcium carbonate Iron oxide
Iron Sulphide
 Fungal system is more adventitious
than Bacteria…because….

• High tolerance towards metals, and a high wall-

binding capacity.

• Easy to culture on large scale by the thin solid

fermentation method

• Extracellular Synthesis

• Added advantage during downstream Processing.

 The fungal system provides economic viability,
possibility of easily covering large surface areas by
suitable growth of the mycelia.

• Eukaryotic nature of fungi that has made them as

favorite hosts for heterologous expression of high-
value mammalian protein for manufacturing by
fermentation.
Myconanotechnology a new concept

• The term “Myconanotechnology” was first

coined by Rai et al. in 2009

• Myconanotechnology- is the use of fungi for

the synthesis of metal nanoparticles as
biological system

Rai M., Gade A., Yadav A., and Bridge P., Applied Mycology, 2009
Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
• Different microflora such as Bacteria, Fungi, Yeast and
Plants are exploited as nanofactories for the synthesis of
nanoparticles.

• Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles is way of developing

an environment friendly technology.

• This one is the cheapest and easiest method than others.

Plants exploited for Phytosynthesis of
metal nanopartilces:

 Members of Asteraceae
 Members of Apocynaceae
 Members of Solanaceae
 Indian Spices
 Papaya
 Neem
opuntia
Plant pathogenic fungi used for synthesis
of silver nanopartilces:

 Fusarium spp.
 Phoma spp.
 Alternaria spp.
 Aspergillus spp.
 Mushroom spp.
 Candida spp
Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using
Fusarium sp.

Extinction (a.u.)

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
300 400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength (nm)

Ingle, A. P., Gade, A. K., Pierrat, S., Sönnichsen, C and Rai, M. K. (2008).
Current Nanoscience. 4: 141-144.
Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from callus
extract of papaya

1.00

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
A

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.00
250.0 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800.0
nm

Namrata Mude, Avinash Ingle, Aniket Gade and Mahendra Rai. (2008). Journal of Plant
Biochemistry and Biotechnology. (Communicated).
 Methods for Detection and
Characterization

1. Visual Observation
2. UV-VIS Spectroscopy Analysis
3. FTIR measurements
4. XRD Techniques
5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and EDX
6. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
1. Visual observation:

Colour change after challenging the fungal cell filtrate with

aqueous silver ion (1mM), the intensity of colour depends upon the time of
incubation.

Gaikwad, S., Birla, S., Ingle, A., Gade, A., Marcato, M., Rai, M. and Duran,
N. (2013). Screening of different Fusarium species to select potential species
for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Journal of Brazilian Chemical
Society. 24 (12), 1974-1982
SPR is defined as collective oscillation of conduction
electrons at the surface of the metal nanoparticles
due to excitation by the corresponding resonant
wavelength of light.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is the manifestation of a
resonance effect due to the interaction of conduction electrons of
metal nanoparticles with incident photons. The interaction relies
on the size and shape of the metal nanoparticles and on the
nature and composition of the dispersion medium.
2. UV-Visible spectra scanning:

It shows sharp peak at around 422 nm for silver nanoparticles

Screening of Different Fusaria for the Mycosynthesis
of SNPs
UV-Vis Peak shift
Sr.
Fusarium sp. Absorbance Peak Properties
No.
(nm)
1 F. graminearum 417 Blue shift Narrow & Asymmetric
2 F. solani 422 Red shift Narrow & Asymmetric
3 F. oxysporum 416 Blue shift Narrow & Symmetric
4 F. culmorum 423 Red shift Narrow & Symmetric
5 F. scirpi 422 Red shift Narrow & Symmetric
6 F. tricinctum 435 Red shift Narrow & Symmetric
7 F. acuminatum 436 Red shift Narrow & Symmetric
8 F. semitectum 439 Red shift Broad & Asymmetric
9 F. proliferatum 439 Red shift Broad & Symmetric
10 F. equiseti 440 Red shift Narrow & Symmetric
11 F. moniliforme 431 Red shift Narrow & Symmetric
3. FTIR measurements:

Carried out to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for the

reduction of the metal ions and capping of the bioreduced metal
nanoparticles synthesized.
 IR spectrum Values for some functional groups
Wave Number (cm-1) Functional Group Associated Groups
690–515 C–Br stretch Alkyl halide
700–610 –C≡C–H: C–H bend Alkynes
725–720 C–H rock Alkanes
850–550 C–Cl stretch Alkyl halides
900–675 C–H “oop” Aromatics
910–665 N–H wag 1°, 2° amines
950–910 O–H bend Carboxylic acids
1000–650 =C–H bend Alkenes
1250–1020 C–N stretch Aliphatic amines
1300–1150 C–H wag (–CH 2 X) Alkyl halides

1320–1000 C–O stretch Alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers

1335–1250 C–N stretch Aromatic amines

1360–1290 N–O symmetric stretch Nitro compounds

1370–1350 C–H rock Alkanes
1470–1450 C–H bend Alkanes
1500–1400 C–C stretch Aromatics

1550–1475 N–O asymmetric stretch Nitro compounds

1600–1585 C–C stretch Aromatics
1650–1580 N–H bend 1° amines
1680–1640 –C=C– Stretch alkenes

1710–1665 C=O stretch α, β–unsaturated aldehydes, ketones

1715 C=O stretch Ketones, saturated aliphatic
1730–1715 C=O stretch α, β–unsaturated esters
1740–1720 C=O stretch Aldehydes saturated aliphatic
1750–1735 C=O stretch Esters saturated aliphatic
1760–1690 C=O stretch Carboxylic acids
1760–1665 C=O stretch Carbonyls (general)
2260–2100 –C≡C– stretch Alkynes
2260–2210 C≡N stretch Nitriles
2830–2695 H–C=O: C–H stretch Aldehydes
3000–2850 C–H stretch Alkanes
3100–3000 =C–H stretch Alkenes
3100–3000 C–H stretch Aromatics

3330–3270 –C≡C–H: C–H stretch Alkynes (terminal)

3300–2500 O–H stretch Carboxylic acids
3400–3250 N–H stretch 1°, 2° amines, amides
3500–3200 O–H stretch h–bonded alcohols, phenols
XRD

The scattered X-rays are the ones

that are important from XRD
perspective.
4. XRD:

Carried out to identify the possible structure of nanopartilces.

5.SEM and EDS
To determine the size and shape of nanoparticles.
To determine elemental composition of the sample.
 6. TEM Analysis:
TEM analysis for determination of size, topology, diameter and
number of nanoparticles.

Gaikwad, S., Ingle, A., Gade, A., Rai, M., Falanga, A., Incoronato, N., Russo,
L.,Galdiero, S. and Galdiero, M. (2013). Antiviral activity of mycosynthesized silver
nanoparticles against Herpes Simplex virus and Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3.
International Journal of Nanomedicine. 8, 4303–4314
Histogram: Range, size, diameter of the silver nanoparticles
demonstrated by TEM
 A B C

D E F

Characterization of mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles from F.

moniliforme where, (A) FTIR spectrum, (B) NTA Particle size distribution,
(C) NTA 3D plot of Particle size/ relative intensity (D) XRD pattern (E) Zeta
potential (F) TEM micrograph (scale bar 100 nm).
Mechanism for the synthesis of Silver
Nanoparticles by biological methods
Mechanism of Mycosynthesis:

Exact
Mechanism
Is yet
unknown
NADH dependant Nitrate Reductase enzyme is responsible
Possible mechanism of mycosynthesis confirmed:

The secretion of extracellular Nitrate reductase was qualitatively

estimated by using substrate disc (Himedia, Mumbai), the colour of disc was
changed from white to pink (reddish) after incubating in the cell filtrate.

Disc in cell filtrate Disc in distilled water

(reddish in colour) (white in colour)
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity against human
pathogenic bacteria

1
a
1 2 a
b c In plates:
c b
(a) Only cell filtrate
(b) 1mM AgNO3
(c) Nanopartilces
3

a Against:
b
3 b 4 (1) E. coli
c (2) S. typhi

a (3) S. epidermidis
c
(4) S. aureus [MDR]

Ingle, A. P., Gade, A. K., Pierrat, S., Sönnichsen, C and Rai, M. K. (2008).
Current Nanoscience. 4: 141-144.
Synergistic Effect of silver nanopartilces against bacteria

1 2 3

S. aureus S. aeruginosa E. coli

Silver nanopartilces increases the efficiency of

commercially available antibiotics
Effect of silver nanopartilces impregnated with fabrics
against pathogenic bacteria

1 2

A B
A B

S. aureus E. coli

Silver nanoparticles synthesized from P. glomerata

 ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES
AND MODE OF ACTION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES

Gade A. K, Bonde P. P., Ingle A.P., Marcato P.D., Duran N, Rai M.K. (2008),
J. Biobased Material and Bioenergy. 2: 243-247.
Synergistic Effect of silver nanopartilces against Fungi

Candida albicans Phoma glomerata Fusarium semitactum

Silver nanopartilces increases the efficiency of

commercially available antifungal agent (Flucanazol)

Gajbhiye, M. B., Kesharwani, J. G., Ingle, A. P., Gade, A. K and Rai, M. K. (2009).
Journal of Nanomedicine, 5(4): 282-286. .
 Synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles
Treatments
Treatmentsand
and Zone
Zoneofof
TestBacteria
Test Fungi Inhibition
inhibition (mm)
(mm)
F l u c o n a z o le F l u cFiltrate
o n a z o le
F l u c o n a z o le +
A g+AgNO
N Ps3
E.. glomerata
P coli 0
18 6 22 10
S.. semitectum
F typhi 0
13 11 14 15
S. epidermidissp.
Trichoderma 0
16 20 16
S. aureus
C. albicans 0
12 9 26 17

Gajbhiye, M. B., Kesharwani, J. G., Ingle, A. P., Gade, A. K and Rai, M. K. (2009).
Journal of Nanomedicine, 5(4): 282-286. .
• Biologically synthesized silver
nanoparticles are more active than
chemical methods
Activity of biologically and chemically synthesized silver
NPs
Mechanism for the synthesis of
Silver Nanoparticles by
biological methods
Mechanism of Mycosynthesis:

Exact
Mechanism
Is yet
unknown

SANT GADGE BABA Nanobiotechnology

AMRAVATI DEPARTMENT OF group
UNIVERSITY BIOTECHNOLOGY
NADH dependant Nitrate Reductase enzyme is responsible

Ingle, A. P., Gade, A. K., Pierrat, S., Sönnichsen, C and Rai, M. K.

(2008). Current Nanoscience. 4: 141-144.
Possible mechanism of mycosynthesis confirmed:

The secretion of extracellular Nitrate reductase was qualitatively

estimated by using substrate disc (Himedia, Mumbai), the colour of disc was
changed from white to pink (reddish) after incubating in the cell filtrate.

Disc in cell filtrate Disc in distilled water

(reddish in colour) (white in colour)

Ingle, A. P., Gade, A. K., Pierrat, S., Sönnichsen, C and Rai, M. K. (2008).
Current Nanoscience. 4: 141-144.
Fungal mechanism of silver nanoparticles formation
Applications of nanotech
 Application to Biology/Medicine:
Carbon Nanotube

Kills Cancer Cells

Near Infra Red

Heat
 Nanotechnology in Cancer
– Thermal ablation of cancer
cells
• Nanoshells have metallic
outer layer and silica core
• Selectively attracted to cancer
shells either through a
phenomena called enhanced
permeation retention or due
to some molecules coated on
the shells
• The nanoshells are heated
Thermal ablation of cancer cells assisted by
with an external energy nanoshells coated with metallic layer and an
source killing the cancer cells external energy source – National Cancer Institute

SANT GADGE BABA Nanobiotechnology

AMRAVATI DEPARTMENT OF group
UNIVERSITY BIOTECHNOLOGY
Application as Biosensor
• Carbon nanotubes and graphene
have wide applications as biosensors.

• Can sense presence of biomolecules,

complimentary DNA strands or
antigens with electrochemical
analyzers.
 Targeted drug delivery

− Nanoparticles containing drugs are coated with

targeting agents (e.g. conjugated antibodies)
− The nanoparticles circulate through the blood
vessels and reach the target cells
− Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
− Improved delivery of poorly water soluble drugs
− Co-delivery of two or more drugs

SANT GADGE BABA Nanobiotechnology

AMRAVATI DEPARTMENT OF group
UNIVERSITY BIOTECHNOLOGY
Targeted drug delivery – Targeted drug delivery using
a multicomponent nanoparticle containing
therapeutic as well as biological surface modifying
agents – Mauro Ferrari, Univ. of Cal. Berkley
 ZnO nanoparticles as
anti-cancer agents
• ZnO nanoparticles preferentially kill
cancerous T cells over normal T cells.

• The toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles is

due to induction of ROS in cancerous
cells.
 Drug targeting and imaging of
cancerous cells

•CNT coupled to EGF & cisplatin can be targeted to Head

and Neck Squamous Carcinoma cells
•Imaging can be done when the same is coupled to
Quantum Dot.
 Biomedical applications
• Drug delivery
– polymeric nanofibres (drug + carrier)
• increase dissolution rate
• increase surface area
• Wound dressing
– biodegradable polymeric fibres spray
• aids the formation of normal skin growth
• prevent the formation of scar tissue
• non-woven nanofibrous membranes with pore
(500~1000 nm)

SANT GADGE BABA Nanobiotechnology

AMRAVATI DEPARTMENT OF group
UNIVERSITY BIOTECHNOLOGY
Application to Biology/Medicine:
Gold Nanoparticles
• Gold nanoparticles studded with short segments
of DNA could form the basis of an easy-to-read
test for the presence of a genetic sequence in a
sample
• DNA complementary to half of such a sequence
may be attached to one set of particles in
solution, and DNA complementary to the other
half be attached to a second set of particles
• If the sequence of interest is present in the
sample, it will bind to the DNA tentacles on both
sets of spheres, trapping the Gold nanoparticles
in a dense web.
• This agglomeration will cause the solution to
change color
(from red- unagglomorated to blue-
agglomorated)
 Agglomeration of Gold Nanoparticles

Change in colour from red- unagglomorated to blue-agglomorated

 Quantum Dots
Quantum dots are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size, having
optical and electronic properties that differ from larger particles due to quantum
mechanics.
Quantum dots (QDs) are man-made nanoscale crystals that that can transport
electrons. When UV light hits these semiconducting nanoparticles, they can
emit light of various colors.
 Consumer Goods

•Foods and beverages

−Advanced packaging materials,
sensors, and lab-on-chips for food
quality testing
•Appliances and textiles
−Stain proof, water proof and wrinkle
free textiles
•Household and cosmetics
− Self-cleaning and scratch free
products, paints, and better
cosmetics

SANT GADGE BABA Nanobiotechnology

AMRAVATI DEPARTMENT OF group
UNIVERSITY BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Detection and Diagnosis

–Nanotechnology offers tools and techniques for more

effective detection, diagnosis and treatment of diseases

–Detection and Diagnosis

–Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases
more efficiently
–Nanowire and cantilever lab on chips help in early
detection of cancer biomarkers

SANT GADGE BABA Nanobiotechnology

AMRAVATI DEPARTMENT OF group
UNIVERSITY BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Nano-based textile
antimicrobial products

• Nano-Fabrics
• Nano-Dressings
• Children wares
• etc
Tissue Impregnation by Silver
Nanoparticles

Padding Centrifugation
 Without Ag (Control)

Cotton tissue

With Ag

Antibacterial
activity

Durán et al., Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 3, 203 (2007)

SANT GADGE BABA Nanobiotechnology
AMRAVATI DEPARTMENT OF group
UNIVERSITY BIOTECHNOLOGY
SANT GADGE BABA Nanobiotechnology
AMRAVATI DEPARTMENT OF group
UNIVERSITY BIOTECHNOLOGY
Fruits preservations
It increase storage capacity

Fruits coated with silver nanoparticles and

sodium alginate
Cytotoxicity
• Toxicity of metal nanoparticles towards the
cells

Need to study the cytotoxicity

• Heavy metal NP’s are also toxic to life forms
including human beings

• Cytotoxicity helps to determine the

bioactivity of metal NP’s against normal
cells

• Silver NP’s of 25µg/ml conc. and above are

toxic to normal human cells
 Conclusion
•Nanotechnology will generate revolution in
medical, electronic and agriculture

•Allows for precise, targeted delivery of

therepeutic agents

•Stealth technology for health monitoring

(LO technology (low observable technology)

•Can lead to design of multifunctional

biomaterials. ?

SANT GADGE BABA Nanobiotechnology

AMRAVATI DEPARTMENT OF group
UNIVERSITY BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Biological methods are better for the synthesis
of nanopartilces

•Biogenic methods are rapid, cost effective,

simple and eco-friendly